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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Migration and Remittances : Causes and Linkages (2006)
    Washington, D.C., : The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958104704502883
    Format: 1 online resource (25 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: The authors empirically examine the determinants of remittance flows at the cross-country level. They consider, among other things, the significance of the level of migration, the education level of migrants, and financial sector development in determining remittances. Given the potential endogeneity problems, the migration and financial development variables are instrumented in the estimation. They find that the migration level is the main driver of remittance flows, even after controlling for the endogeneity bias through instrumental variable estimation. The authors also find that the education level of migrants relative to the population in home countries, the size of the economy, and the level of economic development of recipient countries adversely affect remittance flows. While they find the effect of financial sector development to be positive, its significance is not strongly supported in their analysis.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4087
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Occupational Hazards : Why Migrants Faced Greater Economic and Health Risks during the COVID-19 Pandemic (2021)
    Washington, D.C. :The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9960151022602883
    Format: 1 online resource (53 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: This paper investigates the economic and health risks arising from the COVID-19 pandemic for migrant workers in the European Union. It assesses migrants' economic and health vulnerabilities using ex ante measures based on both supply and demand shocks. The analysis finds that immigrants were more vulnerable than native-born workers to both income- and health-related risks, and that this greater exposure stems from the occupations in which migrant workers are concentrated. Migrants work to a greater degree than native-born citizens in occupations that are less amenable to teleworking arrangements, and in economic sectors that experienced greater reductions in demand during the pandemic. This has led to an increase in both their income and employment risks. Immigrants from regions outside Europe were more vulnerable than those from within Europe or native-born workers. The paper shows that individual characteristics, such as educational attainment, age, and geographical location, fail to explain the native-migrant gap in exposure to economic and health risks posed by the pandemic. Limited language ability, the concentration of migrants in jobs with labor shortages among native-born workers, and a reliance on immigrant networks to find jobs all appear to play significant roles in migrants' exposure to pandemic-related risks.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9873
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Temporary Migration for Long-Term Investment / (2021)
    Washington, D.C. :The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9960054838702883
    Format: 1 online resource (75 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: In the presence of credit constraints, temporary migration abroad provides an effective strategy for workers to accumulate savings to finance self-employment when they return home. This paper provides direct evidence of this link and its effects on workers' employment trajectories by using a new, large-scale survey of temporary migrants from Bangladesh. It constructs and estimates a dynamic model that establishes connections between asset accumulation and credit constraints, and, thus, between workers' migration and self-employment decisions. Interlinked impacts also emerge from simulations of three key policy interventions that target migration costs or domestic credit constraints for entrepreneurship. Lowering migration costs increases emigration, reduces the age at which workers depart, and reduces the duration of their time abroad, which together lead to higher savings and domestic self-employment. Reducing the interest rate for entrepreneurial loans reduces migration and savings levels, undercutting the positive effects on business creation at home. Correcting workers' inflated perceptions about overseas earnings potential reduces emigration rates and durations, triggering a decrease of both repatriated savings and self-employment in Bangladesh. The findings, which have implications for migrant-sending countries, highlight the need for policies to take into account the linkages between migration and self-employment decisions.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9740
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Euro-Mediterranean Partnership : Trade in Services as an Alternative to Migration? (2009)
    Washington, D.C., : The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958076709002883
    Format: 1 online resource (24 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: This paper discusses options to facilitate movement of workers between high-income and developing countries within the framework of trade agreements, focusing on the European Union's partnership agreements with neighboring countries. Existing frameworks for cooperation offer the possibility of expanding temporary rather than longer-term or permanent movement of workers since extant trade agreements provide scope for negotiating specific market access commitments for services, including those delivered through the cross-border movement of natural persons. Even though the potential for such "embodied" trade in services will not be anywhere near what would be associated with substantial liberalization of migration regimes, furthering the services trade dimension in the European Union's trade agreements offers significant potential Pareto gains. For the partner countries these gains from temporary movement of service providers are both direct - through greater employment in/revenue from providing services in the European Union - and indirect - by helping to increase and sustain higher growth at home.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5049
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  • 5
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    Online Resource
    Global Talent Flows / (2016)
    Washington, D.C. :The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958143911702883
    Format: 1 online resource (36 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: The global distribution of talent is highly skewed and the resources available to countries to develop and utilize their best and brightest vary substantially. The migration of skilled workers across countries tilts the deck even further. Using newly available data, the paper first reviews the landscape of global talent mobility, which is both asymmetric and rising in importance. Next, the determinants of global talent flows at the individual and firm levels are presented and some important implications are sketched. Third, the national gatekeepers for skilled migration and broad differences in approaches used to select migrants for admission are reviewed. Looking forward, the capacity of people, firms, and countries to successfully navigate this tangled web of global talent will be critical to their success.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-7852
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Transit Migration : All Roads Lead to America (2016)
    Washington, D.C. :The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958143908902883
    Format: 1 online resource (48 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: The paths of many migrants include multiple destinations and transit routes, yet this pattern is almost never reflected in empirical analyses. For example, 9 percent of recent immigrants to the United States arrived from a transit country as opposed to the country where they were born. Among those arriving from many high-income countries, the transit migration ratio exceeds 30 percent. To explain these patterns, this paper constructs a dynamic model of global migration that allows transit migration opportunities to impact the attractiveness of locations. After estimating the structural parameters of the model, the paper simulates various counterfactual scenarios to highlight the spillovers of transit migration paths.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-7880
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Migrant Networks And Foreign Direct Investment / (2006)
    Washington, D.C., : The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958072714702883
    Format: 1 online resource (23 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: While there exists sizeable literature documenting the importance of ethnic networks for international trade, little attention has been devoted to studying the effects of networks on foreign direct investment (FDI). The existence of ethnic networks may positively affect FDI by promoting information flows across international borders and by serving as a contract enforcement mechanism. This paper investigates the link between the presence of migrants in the United States and U.S. FDI in the migrants' countries of origin, taking into account the potential endogeneity concerns. The results suggest that U.S. FDI abroad is positively correlated with the presence of migrants from the host country. The data further indicate that the relationship between FDI and migration is driven by the presence of migrants with a college education.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4046
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Global Migration of Talent and Tax Incentives : Evidence from Malaysia's Returning Expert Program (2016)
    Washington, D.C. :The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958143909402883
    Format: 1 online resource (54 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: This paper presents the first evidence on the efficacy of a major program designed to encourage the return migration of high-skilled individuals. The Malaysian Returning Expert Program targets high-skilled Malaysians abroad and provides them with tax incentives to return. At several eligibility thresholds, the probability of acceptance into the program increases discontinuously. Using administrative data on applicants, the analysis is able to identify the impact of acceptance to the Returning Expert Program on the probability of returning to Malaysia. The fuzzy regression discontinuity design estimates suggest that program approval increases the return probability by 40 percent for applicants with a preexisting job offer in Malaysia. There is no significant treatment effect for those who apply without a job offer. The estimated migration elasticity with respect to the net-of-tax rate, averaged across all applicants, is 1.2. Fiscal cost-benefit analysis of the Returning Expert Program finds a modest net fiscal effect of the program, between minus USD 6,900 and plus USD 4,200 per applicant, suggesting that the program roughly pays for itself.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-7875
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  • 9
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    Online Resource
    Impacts of temporary migration on development in origin countries / (2022)
    Washington, District of Columbia :The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9961265131902883
    Format: 1 online resource (52 pages)
    Content: Temporary migration is widespread globally. While the literature has traditionally focused on the impacts of permanent migration on destination countries, evidence on the effects of temporary migration on origin countries has grown over the past decade. This paper highlights that the economic development impacts, especially on low- and middle-income origin countries are complex, dynamic, context-specific and multi-channeled. The paper identifies five main pathways: (i) labor supply, (ii) human capital, (iii) financial capital and entrepreneurship, (iv) aggregate welfare and poverty, and (v) institutions and social norms. Several factors shape these pathways and their eventual impacts. These include initial economic conditions at home, the scale and double selectivity of emigration and return migration, and employment and human capital accumulation opportunities experienced by migrants while they are overseas, among others. Meaningful policy interventions to increase the development impacts of temporary migration require proper analysis, which, in turn, depends on high quality data on workers' employment trajectories. This is currently the biggest research challenge to overcome to study the development impacts of temporary migration.
    Language: English
    URL: Deutschlandweit zugänglich
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Diasporas / (2009)
    Washington, D.C., : The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9961164419302883
    Format: 1 online resource (41 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: Migration flows are shaped by a complex combination of self-selection and out-selection mechanisms. In this paper, the authors analyze how existing diasporas (the stock of people born in a country and living in another one) affect the size and human-capital structure of current migration flows. The analysis exploits a bilateral data set on international migration by educational attainment from 195 countries to 30 developed countries in 1990 and 2000. Based on simple micro-foundations and controlling for various determinants of migration, the analysis finds that diasporas increase migration flows, lower the average educational level and lead to higher concentration of low-skill migrants. Interestingly, diasporas explain the majority of the variability of migration flows and selection. This suggests that, without changing the generosity of family reunion programs, education-based selection rules are likely to have a moderate impact. The results are highly robust to the econometric techniques, accounting for the large proportion of zeros and endogeneity problems.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4984
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