Kooperativer Bibliotheksverbund

Language: English

In: Pediatrics, August 2017, Vol.140(2)

Keywords: Asperger Syndrome -- History ; Autistic Disorder -- History ; Eugenics -- History

ISSN: 00314005

E-ISSN: 1098-4275

DOI: 10.1542/peds.2017-1419

URL: View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed

In: Oikos, October 2014, Vol.123(10), pp.1224-1233

Description: Soil systems maintain important ecosystem processes crucial for plant life and food production. Especially agricultural systems are strongly affected by climate change due to low vegetation cover associated with high temperatures and drought. Nevertheless, the response of soil systems to climate change is little explored. We used microcosms with a simplified soil community to address effects of climate change using independent temperature and dryness gradients and addressed their effects on top–down control and litter decomposition. The community consisted of maize litter as a basal resource, fungi, springtails and as top predators mites and centipedes. As the body‐size structure is of high importance for communities, we included differently‐sized springtails and predator species. After seven weeks, the experiment was terminated, and the impact of climate change on direct feeding interactions and indirect effects across trophic levels was analysed. With increasing temperature and dryness, consumption rates increased, thereby amplifying the negative influence of consumer populations on their resources. Hence, these climate‐change variables increased the top–down control of 1) predators (mainly mites) on springtails and 2) fungi on litter decomposition. In addition, we found that the climate‐change variables strengthened trophic cascades from predators on fungi whose density was thus increasingly decoupled from top–down control by their springtail consumers. Their increased decomposition rates are of high importance for carbon cycling and may result in accelerated nutrient turnover. In conclusion, our results suggest that climate change may strongly influence the structure and functioning of soil systems by strengthening consumption rates and trophic cascades, which will have far reaching consequences for the nutrient turnover and productivity of agricultural ecosystems.

Keywords: Climate Change – Environmental Aspects ; Droughts – Environmental Aspects ; Agricultural Ecology – Environmental Aspects ; Ecosystems – Environmental Aspects;

ISSN: 0030-1299

E-ISSN: 1600-0706

DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2013.00894.x

In: Oikos, December 2017, Vol.126(12), pp.1717-1725

Description: With the world continuously warming, a mechanistic understanding of how temperature affects interaction strengths, which are fundamental to food‐web stability, is needed. As interaction strengths are determined by the flows of energy from resources to consumers, we investigated effects of temperature on animal energetics. We used newly compiled datasets on respiration rates and assimilation efficiencies to assess how temperature affects the energy use (respiration rates) and the efficiency of energy gain (assimilation efficiency) for different consumer types. Furthermore, we incorporated our findings in a simulation of temperature effects on maintenance feeding rates (i.e. energy consumption necessary to sustain life). Our analysis revealed a generally positive temperature dependence of assimilation efficiencies across consumer types thus implying a net energy gain with warming. The temperature scaling of respiration rates did not differ between consumer types. Based on these parameters we calculated maintenance feeding rates and compared them to empirically measured (realized) feeding rates. This comparison revealed that detritivores and herbivores have the potential to increase their biomasses under warming as their maintenance feeding rates increase less strongly than their realized feeding rates. For carnivores, however, we found a stronger increase of their maintenance feeding rates compared to their realized feeding rates, which should lead to decreased population sizes under warming. Overall, our results increase the understanding of climate change effects on ecosystems as they suggest profound energetic consequences for natural communities.

Keywords: Energy Consumption – Analysis ; Climate Change – Analysis;

ISSN: 0030-1299

E-ISSN: 1600-0706

DOI: 10.1111/oik.04419

In: Journal of Animal Ecology, May 2012, Vol.81(3), pp.516-523

Description:  Model analyses show that the stability of population dynamics and food web persistence increase with the strength of interference competition. Despite this critical importance for community stability, little is known about how external factors such as the environmental temperature affect intraspecific interference competition.  We aimed to fill this void by studying the functional responses of two ground beetle species of different body size, and . These functional response experiments were replicated across four predator densities and two temperatures to address the impact of temperature on intraspecific interference competition.  We generally expected that warming should increase the speed of movement, encounter rates and in consequence interference among predator individuals. In our experiment, this expectation was supported by the results obtained for the larger predator, , whereas the opposite pattern characterized the interference behaviour of the smaller predator  These results suggest potentially nontrivial implications for the effects of environmental temperature on intraspecific interference competition, for which we propose an explanation based on the different sensitivity to warming of metabolic rates of both species. As expected, increasing temperature led to stronger interference competition of the larger species, , which exhibited a weaker increase in metabolic rate with increasing temperature. The stronger increase in the metabolic rate of the smaller predator, , had to be compensated by increasing searching activity for prey, which did not leave time for increasing interference.  Together, these results suggest that any generalization how interference competition responds to warming should also take the species’ metabolic response to temperature increases into account.

Keywords: Food Webs ; Functional Responses ; Global Warming ; Interaction Strength ; Metabolic Rates

ISSN: 0021-8790

E-ISSN: 1365-2656

DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2011.01931.x

Language: English

In: Religions, 01 May 2012, Vol.3(2), pp.424-440

Description: In an essay titled ‘The Exiled Tongue’ (2002), Nobel Prize winner Imre Kertész develops a genealogy of Holocaust and émigré writing, in which the German language plays an important, albeit contradictory, role. While the German language signified intellectual independence and freedom of self-definition (against one’s roots) for Kertész before the Holocaust, he notes (based on his engagement with fellow writer Jean Améry) that writing in German created severe difficulties in the post-war era. Using the examples of Hilde Spiel and Friedrich Torberg, this article explores this notion and asks how the loss of language experienced by Holocaust survivors impacted on these two Austrian-Jewish writers. The article argues that, while the works of Spiel and Torberg are haunted by the Shoah, the two writers do not write in the post-Auschwitz language that Kertész delineates in his essays, but are instead shaped by the exile experience of both writers. At the same time though, Kertész’ concept seems to be haunted by exile, as his reception of Jean Améry’s works, which form the basis of his linguistic genealogies, shows an inability to integrate the experience of exile.

Keywords: Friedrich Torberg ; Hilde Spiel ; Jean Améry ; Imre Kertész ; Exile Literature ; Post-War Era ; Auschwitz ; Holocaust Literature

E-ISSN: 2077-1444

DOI: 10.3390/rel3020424

URL: View full text in DOAJ

Language: English

In: The American Naturalist, 01 July 2017, Vol.190(1), pp.131-143

Description: Living organisms are constrained by both resource quantity and quality. Ecological stoichiometry offers important insights into how the elemental composition of resources affects their consumers. If resource quality decreases, consumers can respond by shifting their body stoichiometry, avoiding low-quality resources, or up-regulating feeding rates to maintain the supply of required elements while excreting excess carbon (i.e., compensatory feeding). We analyzed multitrophic consumer body stoichiometry, biomass, and feeding rates along a resource-quality gradient in the litter of tropical forest and rubber and oil-palm plantations. Specifically, we calculated macroinvertebrate feeding rates based on consumer metabolic demand and assimilation efficiency. Using linear mixed effects models, we assessed resource-quality effects on macroinvertebrate detritivore and predator communities. We did not detect shifts in consumer body stoichiometry or decreases in consumer biomass in response to declining resource quality, as indicated by increasing carbon-to-nitrogen ratios. However, across trophic levels, we found a strong indication of decreasing resource quality leading to increased consumer feeding rates through altered assimilation efficiency and community body size structure. Our study reveals the influence of resource quality on multitrophic consumer feeding rates and suggests compensatory feeding to be more common across consumer trophic levels than was formerly known.

Keywords: Resource Quality Depletion ; Ecological Stoichiometry ; Consumer Feeding Rates ; Consumer Resource Interaction ; Multitrophic Communities

ISSN: 00030147

E-ISSN: 15375323

DOI: 10.1086/691790

URL: View this record in University of Chicago Press

Language: English

In: Oxford German Studies, 01 June 2015, Vol.44(2), pp.177-198

Description: From its fin-de-siècle inception against the backdrop of Wilhelmine-era body culture and Lebensreform movements, the liberal German periodical Geschlecht und Gesellschaft consistently worked to push the boundaries of sexual discourse within a framework of bourgeois respectability. Until the end of World War I, it did so by prioritizing aesthetic discourse, with contributors undertaking progressive, sexually explicit readings of the Western canon, challenging controversial censorship decisions - using 'high' culture to appeal to an educated Bildungsbürgertum readership - and exploring a new Darwinian-inspired sexual ethics. While the institutional and intellectual history of the furor sexualis as a paradigm of modernity has largely been mapped since Foucault, with historians charting the 'scientification', 'biologization' and 'medicalization' of German society in early twentieth-century modernity, this article positions aesthetic discourse as a key aspect of the pursuit of the truth of sex. It also shows how this cultural paradigm largely disappeared in the Weimar era, when shifts in middle-class demographics led to an increasing focus on science in discussions of sex. [Es scheint] mir angebracht, sich klar zu werden, was die Erotik in der Kunst, wie sie in unserm Buch zum Ausdruck kommt, bezweckt. Sie dient als Ausflußbett für alle Regungen im Menschen, die sexuellen Timbre haben und sich im Liebesleben nicht erschöpfen. Ihr Maß ist ein erhebliches, wird aber immer noch so völlig unterschätzt, daß man nicht klar und laut genug von ihrem Dasein sprechen kann. Emil Schultze-Malkowsky, 'Die Erotik in der Kunst' (1908)

Keywords: Geschlecht Und Gesellschaft ; Aesthetics ; Sexuality ; Class ; Bourgeoisie ; Censorship ; Canon ; Ethics ; Sexual Morality ; Respectability ; Darwin ; Scientification ; Sexology ; History & Archaeology ; Languages & Literatures

ISSN: 0078-7191

E-ISSN: 1745-9214

DOI: 10.1179/0078719115Z.00000000083

Source: Taylor & Francis (Taylor & Francis Group)

URL: View record in Taylor & Francis

In: German History, 2016, Vol. 34(3), pp.419-444

Description: This article charts the development of psychoanalytic cases of homosexuality in the early twentieth century against the backdrop of seemingly stable sexological understandings of congenital homosexual identity and behaviour. It argues that psychoanalysts offered alternative models to the taxonomies of sexology, which had remained intellectually tied to discourses of pathology and difference. It contrasts Freud’s approach to homosexuality in several famous early cases, such as ‘Dora’ and Daniel Paul Schreber, with rarely considered cases and writings by Isidor Sadger and others. This analysis reveals nuanced distinctions between early psychoanalytic positions: whereas Freud’s approach created the potential for greater equality between homosexual and heterosexual subjectivities by abolishing straightforward categories of the ‘normal’ and the ‘pathological’, and by arguing for a universal bisexuality and polyvalent sexuality, Sadger and others remained focused on the question of a cure, and continued to prioritize a heterosexual norm. From this early psychoanalytic focus on male homosexual cases, the article traces a shift towards female homosexuality in the interwar period, including consideration of wider environmental and social factors in homosexual development and identification. Throughout, this article considers how the search for authenticity led psychoanalysts to scrutinize the evidentiary status of patient statements rather than take these at face value, opening up new possibilities and frameworks for the representation of queer subjectivities.

Keywords: Psychoanalysis ; Sexology ; Homosexuality ; Freud ; Queer

ISSN: 0266-3554

E-ISSN: 1477-089X

DOI: 10.1093/gerhis/ghw038

Source: Oxford University Press

In: Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, December 2016, Vol.178(4), pp.828-833

Description: Phylogenetic positioning within Eutardigrada is based mainly on claw and buccopharyngeal morphology. In tardigrades that lack claws, i.e. representatives of the genus , buccopharyngeal structures are the only morphological characters used for systematic classification. Investigating the feeding apparatus of Dastych, [Dastych H, 1983] with light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy () techniques, the present study added morphological affirmation to the recently published molecular classification of as a representative of Isohypsibiidae. The present study aimed to disentangle which of the Isohypsibiidae genera is most closely related to. From a morphological point of view and with the images presently available, appears closest to and . The present study once more revealed the need for investigations that combine molecular and detailed morphological data to finally disentangle the phylogeny of Isohypsibiidae.

Keywords: Buccopharyngeal ; Isohypsibius Dastychi ; Phylogeny Isohypsibiidae

ISSN: 0024-4082

E-ISSN: 1096-3642

DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12408

Language: English

In: Psychopharmacology, Feb, 2010, Vol.208(2), p.353(11)

Description: Byline: Thomas Wobrock (1), Alkomiet Hasan (1), Berend Malchow (1), Claus Wolff-Menzler (1), Birgit Guse (1), Nicolas Lang (2), Thomas Schneider-Axmann (1), Ullrich K. H. Ecker (3), Peter Falkai (1) Keywords: Schizophrenia; Substance abuse; Cortical inhibition; Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS); Cannabinoids; Electrophysiology Abstract: Rationale/objectives There is a high prevalence of substance use disorder (SUD) in first-episode schizophrenia (SZ), but its contribution to the underlying SZ pathophysiology remains unclear. Several studies using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) have observed abnormalities in human motor cortex (M1) excitability in SZ. Studies on cortical excitability comparing SZ patients with and without comorbid substance abuse are lacking. Methods A total of 29 first-episode SZ patients participated in this study 12 had a history of comorbid cannabis abuse (SZ-SUD) and 17 did not (SZ-NSUD). We applied TMS to right and left M1 areas to assess the resting motor threshold (RMT), short-interval cortical inhibition (SICI), intracortical facilitation (ICF), and the contralateral cortical silent period (CSP). Results In SICI and ICF conditions, right M1 stimulation led to significantly higher motor evoked potential ratios in SZ-SUD compared to SZ-NSUD. This suggests lower cortical inhibition and increased ICF in first-episode SZ with previous cannabis abuse. There were no group differences in RMT and CSP duration. Neither were there any significant correlations between psychopathology (as indexed by Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale), disease characteristics, the extent of cannabis abuse, and TMS parameters (SICI, ICF, and CSP). Conclusions Comorbid cannabis abuse may potentiate the reduced intracortical inhibition and enhanced ICF observed in first-episode SZ patients in some previous studies. This finding suggests an increased alteration of GABA.sub.A and NMDA receptor activity in cannabis-abusing first-episode patients as compared to schizophrenia patients with no history of substance abuse. This may constitute a distinct vulnerability factor in this special population. Author Affiliation: (1) Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Georg-August-University Gottingen, Von-Siebold-Strasse 5, 37075, Gottingen, Germany (2) Department of Neurology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, 24195, Kiel, Germany (3) School of Psychology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia Article History: Registration Date: 18/11/2009 Received Date: 09/07/2009 Accepted Date: 16/11/2009 Online Date: 09/12/2009 Article note: T. Wobrock and A. Hasan contributed equally.

Keywords: Marijuana ; Cannabinoids ; Substance Abuse ; Gaba ; N-methyl-d-aspartate ; Schizophrenia ; Comorbidity ; Psychotherapy

ISSN: 0033-3158