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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Mapped in or mapped out? : the Romanian poor in inter-household and community networks (2004)
    Washington, DC :World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958090934602883
    Format: v, 89 pages : , illustrations, color map ; , 26 cm.
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 1-280-08536-3 , 9786610085361 , 1-4175-2569-X
    Series Statement: World Bank working paper ; no. 33
    Note: Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph , Intro -- TABLE OF CONTENTS -- Acknowledgments -- 1. Introduction -- Description of the Study -- Main Findings -- Policy Implications -- 2. Sources of Income-An Overview -- Public and Private Formal Transfers -- Formal Private Social Flows -- Formal Private Organizations -- Informal Income -- 3. Informal Inter-household Flows -- Informal Inter-household Flows by Category -- Maps of Inter-household Transfers -- 4. Who Participates in Informal Transactions? -- Household Welfare -- Household Characteristics -- Social Capital -- Inter-household Flows: Multivariate Tests -- 5. Social Capital, Local Governance, and Empowerment of the Poor -- Social Capital and Access to Resources-The Case of Triple Exclusion? -- Social Capital, Local Governance, and Public Assistance -- Social Capital and Quality of Public Service Delivery -- Decentralization and Local Government Efficacy -- 6. Policy Implications -- Appendices -- A -- B -- C -- References. , English
    Additional Edition: ISBN 0-8213-5888-X
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
    URL: http://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/book/10.1596/0-8213-5888-X
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    HU Berlin
    FU Berlin
    HWR Berlin
    UB Potsdam
    EUV Frankfurt
    TH Brandenburg
    HTW Berlin
    Charité
    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Sovereign Rents and the Quality of Tax Policy and Administration / (2008)
    Washington, D.C., : The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958108887702883
    Format: 1 online resource (28 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: The availability of windfall revenues from natural resource exports or foreign aid potentially weakens governments' incentives to design efficient tax systems. Cross-country data for developing countries provide evidence for this hypothesis, using a World Bank indicator of "efficiency of revenue mobilization." Aid's negative effects on the quality of tax systems are robust to correcting for potential reverse causality, to changes in the sample, and to alternative estimation methods. Fuel export revenues are also associated with lower-quality tax policy and administration, but this finding is somewhat sensitive to outliers. Non-fuel resource exports, in contrast, show no relationship to the efficiency of revenue mobilization.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4773
    URL: Volltext
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    Online Resource
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    FU Berlin
    HWR Berlin
    UB Potsdam
    EUV Frankfurt
    TH Brandenburg
    HTW Berlin
    Charité
    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Aid Dependence and the Quality of Governance : A Cross-Country Empirical Analysis (1999)
    Washington, D.C., : The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958098518902883
    Format: 1 online resource (44 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: July 2000 - Do higher levels of aid erode the very quality of governance poor countries need for sustained and rapid income growth? Good governance-in the form of institutions that establish predictable, impartial, and consistently enforced rules for investors-is crucial for the sustained and rapid growth of per capita incomes in poor countries. Aid dependence can undermine institutional quality by weakening accountability, encouraging rent seeking and corruption, fomenting conflict over control of aid funds, siphoning off scarce talent from the bureaucracy, and alleviating pressures to reform inefficient policies and institutions. Knack's analyses of cross-country data provide evidence that higher aid levels erode the quality of governance, as measured by indexes of bureaucratic quality, corruption, and the rule of law. This negative relationship strengthens when instruments for aid are used to correct for potential reverse causality. It is robust to changes in the sample and to several alternative forms of estimation. Recent studies have concluded that aid's impact on economic growth and infant mortality is conditional on policy and institutional gaps. Knack's results indicate that the size of the institutional gap itself increases with aid levels. This paper-a product of Regulation and Competition Policy, Development Research Group-is part of a larger effort in the group to identify the determinants of good governance and institutions conducive to long-run economic development. The author may be contacted at sknack@worldbank.org.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-2396
    URL: Volltext
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    FU Berlin
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    UB Potsdam
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    TH Brandenburg
    HTW Berlin
    Charité
    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Worldwide Governance Indicators and Tautology : Causally Related Separable Concepts, Indicators of A Common Cause, Or Both? (2008)
    Washington, D.C., : The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958097588002883
    Format: 1 online resource (31 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: Aggregate indexes of the quality of governance, covering large samples of countries, are widely used in research and in aid policy. Few studies examine the validity of these indexes, however. This paper partially fills this gap by examining empirically the dimensionality of the Worldwide Governance Indicators. The six indexes purportedly measure distinct concepts of control of corruption, rule of law, government effectiveness, regulatory quality, political stability, and voice and accountability. Using standard statistical techniques for testing measurement validity, the analysis concludes that the six indexes do not discriminate usefully among different aspects of governance. Rather, each of the indexes merely reflects perceptions of the quality of governance more broadly. An implication of the findings is that the Worldwide Governance Indicator indexes are frequently misused in research and policy applications, where it is commonly assumed that the indexes provide distinct measures of different aspects of the quality of governance. A further implication is that Transparency International's even more widely-known aggregate index similarly reflects perceptions not only of corruption, as intended, but of the quality of governance more broadly.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-4669
    URL: Volltext
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    FU Berlin
    HWR Berlin
    UB Potsdam
    EUV Frankfurt
    TH Brandenburg
    HTW Berlin
    Charité
    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Aid Quality and Donor Rankings / (2010)
    Washington, D.C., : The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958246212202883
    Format: 1 online resource (33 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: This paper offers new measures of aid quality covering 38 bilateral and multilateral donors, as well as new insights about the robustness and usefulness of such measures. The 2005 Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness and the follow-up 2008 Accra Agenda for Action have focused attention on common donor practices that reduce the development impact of aid. Using 18 underlying indicators that capture these practices - derived from the OECD-DAC's Survey for Monitoring the Paris Declaration, the new AidData database, and the DAC aid tables - the authors construct an overall aid quality index and four coherently defined sub-indexes on aid selectivity, alignment, harmonization, and specialization. Compared with earlier indicators used in donor rankings, this indicator set is more comprehensive and representative of the range of donor practices addressed in the Paris Declaration, improving the validity, reliability, and robustness of rankings. One of the innovations is to increase the validity of the aid quality indicators by adjusting for recipient characteristics, donor aid volumes, and other factors. Despite these improvements in data and methodology, the authors caution against overinterpretation on overall indexes such as these. Alternative plausible assumptions regarding weights or the inclusion of additional indicators can still produce marked shifts in the ranking of some donors, so that small differences in overall rankings are not meaningful. Moreover, because the performance of some donors varies considerably across the four sub-indexes, these sub-indexes may be more useful than the overall index in identifying donors' relative strengths and weaknesses.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5290
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    FU Berlin
    UB Potsdam
    EUV Frankfurt
    HTW Berlin
    Charité
    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    When Do Donors Trust Recipient Country Systems? / (2012)
    Washington, D.C., : The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958246443202883
    Format: 1 online resource (48 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: The 2005 Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness sets targets for increased use by donors of recipient country systems for managing aid. The target is premised on a view that country systems are strengthened when donors trust recipients to manage aid funds, but undermined when donors manage aid through their own separate parallel systems. This study provides an analytical framework for understanding donors' decisions to trust or bypass country systems. Empirical tests are conducted using data from three OECD-DAC surveys designed to monitor progress toward Paris Declaration goals. Tests show that a donor's use of the recipient country's systems is positively related to: (1) the donor's share of aid provided to the recipient (a proxy for the donor's reputational stake in the country's development); (2) perceptions of corruption in the recipient country (a proxy for the trustworthiness or quality of the country's systems); and (3) public support for aid in the donor country (a proxy for the donor's risk tolerance). Findings are robust to corrections for potential sample selection, omitted variables or endogeneity bias.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6019
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    FU Berlin
    UB Potsdam
    EUV Frankfurt
    HTW Berlin
    Charité
    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Aid and Trust in Country Systems / (2009)
    Washington, D.C., : The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958112275502883
    Format: 1 online resource (58 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: The 2005 Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness sets targets for increased use by donors of recipient country systems for managing aid. A consensus view holds that country systems are strengthened when donors trust recipients to manage aid funds, but undermined when donors manage aid through their own separate parallel systems. This paper provides an analytical framework for understanding donors' decisions to trust in country systems or instead to micro-manage aid using their own systems and procedures. Where country systems are sufficiently weak, the development impact of aid is reduced by donors' reliance on them. Trust in country systems will be sub-optimal, however, if donors have multiple objectives in aid provision rather than a sole objective of maximizing development outcomes. Empirical tests are conducted using data from an OECD survey designed to monitor progress toward Paris Declaration goals. Trust in country systems is measured in three ways: use of the recipient's public financial management systems, use of direct budget support, and use of program-based approaches. The authors show using fixed effects regression that a donor's trust in recipient country systems is positively related to (1) trustworthiness or quality of those systems, (2) tolerance for risk on the part of the donor's constituents, as measured by public support for providing aid, and (3) the donor's ability to internalize more of the benefits of investing in country systems, as measured by the donor's share of all aid provided to a recipient.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5005
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    FU Berlin
    UB Potsdam
    EUV Frankfurt
    HTW Berlin
    Charité
    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Aid Tying and Donor Fragmentation / (2012)
    Washington, D.C., : The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958246451502883
    Format: 1 online resource (29 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: This study tests two opposing hypotheses about the impact of aid fragmentation on the practice of aid tying. In one, when a small number of donors dominate the aid market in a country, they may exploit their monopoly power by tying more aid to purchases from contractors based in their own countries. Alternatively, when donors have a larger share of the aid market, they may have stronger incentives to maximize the development impact of their aid by tying less of it. Empirical tests strongly and consistently support the latter hypothesis. The key finding - that higher donor aid shares are associated with less aid tying - is robust to recipient controls, donor fixed effects and instrumental variables estimation. When recipient countries are grouped by their scores on corruption perception indexes, higher shares of aid are significantly related to lower aid tying only in the less-corrupt sub-sample. This finding is consistent with the argument that aid tying can be an efficient response by donors when losses from corruption may rival or exceed losses from tying aid. When aid tying is more costly, as proxied by donor country size and income, it is less prevalent. Aid tying is lower in the Least Developed Countries, consistent with the OECD Development Assistance Committee's recommendation to its members.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5934
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    FU Berlin
    UB Potsdam
    EUV Frankfurt
    HTW Berlin
    Charité
    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Deterring Kickbacks and Encouraging Entry in Public Procurement Markets : Evidence from Firm Surveys in 88 Developing Countries (2017)
    Washington, D.C. :The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958250945802883
    Format: 1 online resource (45 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: There is relatively little systematic evidence on the links between procurement systems and outcomes such as competition and corruption levels. This paper adds to the evidence base, using data on almost 34,000 firms from the World Bank's Enterprise Surveys, in 88 countries that also have procurement systems data from Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability (PEFA) assessments. The analysis finds that in countries with more transparent procurement systems, where exceptions to open competition in tendering must be explicitly justified, firms are more likely to participate in public procurement markets. Moreover, firms report paying fewer and smaller kickbacks to officials in countries with more transparent procurement systems, effective and independent complaint mechanisms, and more effective external auditing systems. These findings-particularly on kickbacks-are robust to the inclusion of many controls and to a range of sensitivity tests. The study finds evidence that better procurement systems matter more for smaller firms' participation in procurement markets and payment of kickbacks to obtain contracts, consistent with the view that information and transactions costs that are incurred in learning about bidding opportunities and fulfilling bidding requirements are more onerous for smaller firms. Falsification tests show that other, non-procurement indicators from the PEFA assessments are not associated with procurement outcomes, and that the PEFA procurement indicators are not strongly associated with other "governance"-related outcomes in firm surveys that are unrelated to procurement.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8078
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    FU Berlin
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    It's Only Words : Validating the CPIA Governance Assessments (2013)
    Washington, D.C., : The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9958246393102883
    Format: 1 online resource (46 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: This study analyzes the validity of the World Bank's Country Policy and Institutional Assessments governance ratings, an important factor in allocating the Bank's concessionary International Development Association funds. It tests for certain biases in the ratings, and examines the quality of the written justifications that accompany the ratings. The study finds no evidence of bias in favor of International Development Association-eligible countries, despite a potential moral hazard problem inherent in the ratings process. However, there is some evidence of an upward bias in ratings for one region, relative to the other five regions. The study finds significant regional differences in the quality of the written justifications accompanying the six World Bank regions' proposed ratings. The length of these write-ups has exploded over time. Although higher-quality write-ups are also longer on average, there is wide dispersion in the word count at any given quality level, and some long write-ups provide little relevant information. Higher quality write-ups are associated with a lower likelihood that central unit reviewers will either disagree with proposed ratings, or request additional information to assess the proposed rating. Controlling for quality, longer write-ups are associated with a greater probability that central reviewers will disagree with a proposed rating. Although checks and balances built into the process appear to work reasonably well, the author concludes that a more proactive role for central unit reviewers and regional chief economists' offices could further enhance the quality of write-ups and reduce regional bias.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6526
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    FU Berlin
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