UID:
almafu_9961089613202883
Umfang:
1 online resource ( XVII, 474 s.) :
,
ill.
ISBN:
0-444-63797-4
Anmerkung:
Front Cover -- BIOMASS AS RENEWABLE RAW MATERIAL TO OBTAIN BIOPRODUCTS OF HIGH-TECH VALUE -- BIOMASS AS RENEWABLE RAW MATERIAL TO OBTAIN BIOPRODUCTS OF HIGH-TECH VALUE -- Copyright -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Reference -- 1 - BIOMASS FOR FUELS AND BIOMATERIALS -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Resources -- 1.2.1 Evaluation of Resources -- 1.2.1.1 Forestry and Wood Processing Wastes -- 1.2.2 Logging Residues -- 1.2.3 Saw-Milling -- 1.2.4 Plywood Production -- 1.2.5 Particle Board Production -- 1.2.6 Pulp Industry -- 1.2.6.1 Agricultural and Food Processing Residues -- 1.2.6.2 Municipal Wastes -- 1.2.6.3 Dedicated Crops (Terrestrial and Aquatic) -- 1.3 Biorefining as a Possibility to Obtain Bioproducts -- 1.3.1 Chemical Composition of Biomass -- 1.3.2 Biomass Valorization Using the Biorefinery Concept -- 1.3.3 Chemicals From Biomass -- 1.4 Categories of Bioproducts -- 1.5 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 2 - MICROALGAE AS RENEWABLE RAW MATERIAL FOR BIOPRODUCTS: IDENTIFICATION AND BIOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF MICROALGAE FROM A R ... -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Materials and Methods -- 2.2.1 Growth Conditions -- 2.2.2 Identification Microalgal Species -- 2.2.3 Analysis Methods -- 2.3 Results -- 2.3.1 Growth Conditions -- 2.3.2 Identification of Microalgae Species -- 2.3.3 Biochemical Composition of Harvested Biomass -- 2.3.4 Fatty Acid and Neutral Sugar Composition -- 2.4 Discussion and Review -- 2.4.1 Production Systems -- 2.4.2 Microalgae Species -- 2.4.3 Composition of Microalgae -- 2.4.4 Biorefinery -- 2.4.5 Products -- 2.5 Outlook -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 3 - MACROALGAE BIOMASS AS SORBENT FOR METAL IONS -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Marine Macroalgae -- 3.2.1 Divisions -- 3.2.2 Abundance -- 3.2.3 Uses -- 3.2.4 Characterization -- 3.3 Biosorption Ability in Raw Forms -- 3.3.1 Cationic Heavy Metals -- 3.3.1.1 Mechanism and Biosorption Capacities.
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3.3.1.2 Kinetics -- 3.3.1.3 Effect of pH -- 3.3.1.4 Effect of Ionic Strength -- 3.3.1.5 Effect of Temperature -- 3.3.1.6 Regeneration -- 3.3.1.7 Continuous Mode Applications -- 3.3.2 Anionic Metals and Toxic Metalloids -- 3.3.2.1 Arsenic -- 3.3.2.2 Antimony -- 3.3.2.3 Chromium -- 3.4 Biosorption Ability After Chemical Modifications -- 3.4.1 Surface Modification Approaches -- 3.4.1.1 Protonation -- 3.4.1.2 Saturation With Light Cations -- 3.4.1.3 Base Treatment -- 3.4.1.4 Treatment With Aldehydes -- 3.4.1.5 Oxidation -- 3.4.1.6 Other Surface Modifications -- 3.4.2 Encapsulation -- 3.4.3 Algal Waste -- 3.5 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 4 - INTEGRATED PROCESSING OF BIOMASS RESOURCES FOR FINE CHEMICAL OBTAINING: POLYPHENOLS -- 4.1 Complex and Integrated Processing of Biomass Resources -- 4.1.1 Biomass: Categories and Types, Assessment, and Possibilities to Develop and Increase Biomass Resources -- 4.1.1.1 Biomass Categories and Types -- 4.1.1.2 Biomass Feedstock -- 4.1.2 Integrated Processing of Biomass for Obtaining Fine Chemicals (Polyphenols, Carotenoids, Oils, and Other Bio Products) -- 4.1.2.1 The Biorefinery Concept. Green Chemistry Highlights Installment -- 4.1.2.2 Biomass for Biomaterials and Bioproducts -- 4.1.2.3 A Biorefining System to Obtain Priory Bio Products -- 4.2 Pholyphenols as Secondary Bioactive Aromatic Compounds Recovered by Biorefining -- 4.2.1 Phytochemical Research: Extraction, Purification, and Quantification of Polyphenols Using Conventional and "Green" Techniques -- 4.2.1.1 Conventional Extraction Conditions and Methods -- 4.2.1.1.1 Extraction of Polyphenols -- 4.2.1.1.1.1 Extraction Conditions -- 4.2.1.1.1.2 Extraction Methods -- 4.2.1.2 Microwave-Assisted Extraction, Supercritical Fluid Extraction, Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction. Up to Date of Working Conditions.
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4.2.1.2.1 Microwave-Assisted Extraction -- 4.2.1.2.2 Principle of Extraction and General Procedures of Microwave-Assisted Extraction -- 4.2.1.2.3 Optimum Operation Conditions for Polyphenols Separated With Microwave-Assisted Extraction From Biomass -- 4.2.1.2.4 Supercritical Fluid Extraction -- 4.2.1.2.5 Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction -- 4.2.1.3 Assessment of Natural Polyphenols Biological Activity -- 4.2.1.3.1 Antioxidant Activity (Radical Scavenging Activity) -- 4.3 Conclusions -- References -- Further Reading -- 5 - ASSESSING THE SUSTAINABILITY OF BIOMASS USE FOR ENERGY PRODUCTION: METHODOLOGY FOR INVOLVING STAKEHOLDERS IN DECISION M ... -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Theory Behind the Stakeholder Analysis Approach -- 5.2.1 Identifying the Stakeholders for a Biomass-Based Energy Project -- 5.2.2 The Role of Stakeholders in Developing Successful Bioenergy Applications -- 5.2.3 Methods for Decision Making Through Participatory Processes -- 5.2.4 Biofuel and Bioenergy Applications: Stakeholders and Supply Chain-Market-Legislation-Regulation Relations in Macro-Level An ... -- 5.3 Methodology -- 5.4 Results and Discussion -- 5.5 Conclusions -- Annex -- References -- Further Reading -- 6 - BIODIESEL, A GREEN FUEL OBTAINED THROUGH ENZYMATIC CATALYSIS -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.1.1 What Is Biodiesel? And Why Biodiesel? -- 6.2 Feedstocks for Biodiesel -- 6.3 Oil Extraction -- 6.4 Biodiesel Production by Nonenzymatic Transesterification -- 6.4.1 Chemocatalytical Production of Biodiesel -- 6.4.1.1 Homogenous Alkaline Catalysis -- 6.4.1.2 Heterogeneous Alkaline Catalysis -- 6.4.1.3 Acid Catalysis -- 6.5 Production of Biodiesel in Supercritical Conditions in Noncatalytical Processes -- 6.6 Biodiesel Production by Enzymatic Transesterification -- 6.6.1 Lipases, the Biocatalysts for Biodiesel Fabrication -- 6.6.2 Enzyme Immobilization.
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6.6.2.1 Immobilization by Adsorption -- 6.6.2.2 Cross-Linking of Enzymes -- 6.6.2.3 Immobilization by Covalent Attachment -- 6.6.2.4 The Support -- 6.6.2.5 Activation of the Carboxyl Group -- 6.6.2.5.1 Reagents -- 6.6.2.5.2 Activation of the Hydroxyl Group -- 6.6.2.5.3 The Use of Detergents for Covalent Immobilization of Lipases -- 6.6.2.6 Entrapment Methods -- 6.6.2.7 Whole Cell Immobilization -- 6.6.3 Supercritical Enzymatic Biodiesel Fabrication -- 6.6.4 Key Factors in Enzyme Alcoholysis of Triacylglycerols -- 6.6.4.1 The Nature of Acyl Acceptor -- 6.6.4.2 The Effect of Temperature -- 6.6.4.3 The Water Content of Enzyme Systems -- 6.6.4.4 Solvent Effects -- 6.6.5 Possible Improvements of Enzymatic Synthesis of Biodiesel -- 6.6.5.1 Techniques to Improve the Reaction of Obtaining Biodiesel -- 6.6.5.1.1 Using a Mixture of Lipases -- 6.6.5.1.2 Lipase Pretreatment -- 6.6.6 Improving Enzyme Stability and Activity -- 6.6.6.1 Protein Engineering -- 6.6.6.2 Metabolic Engineering -- 6.7 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 7 - CATALYTIC APPROACHES TO THE PRODUCTION OF FURFURAL AND LEVULINATES FROM LIGNOCELLULOSES -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Conversion of Lignocelluloses to Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) -- 7.2.1 Possible Pathways for the Formation of Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) -- 7.2.2 Feedstocks -- 7.2.2.1 Monosaccharides -- 7.2.2.2 Polysaccharides -- 7.2.2.3 Lignocelluloses -- 7.2.3 Catalyst and Medium -- 7.2.3.1 Catalytic Conversions in Water -- 7.2.3.2 Catalytic Conversions in Ionic Liquids (ILs) -- 7.2.3.3 Catalytic Conversions in Biphasic Systems -- 7.2.4 Derivatives -- 7.2.4.1 Derivatization of the Aldehyde or Hydroxymethyl Group -- 7.2.4.2 Oxidation Reaction of the Aldehyde or Hydroxymethyl Group -- 7.2.4.3 Reduction Reaction of Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) -- 7.2.4.4 Condensation Reaction of Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF).
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7.2.4.5 Transformations Involving Cleavage of the Furan Ring -- 7.3 Conversion of Lignocelluloses Into Levulinic Acid (LA) -- 7.3.1 Possible Pathways for the Formation of Levulinic Acid (LA) -- 7.3.2 Catalytic Conversions in Aqueous Media -- 7.3.3 Catalytic Conversions in Alcohol Media -- 7.3.4 Derivatives -- 7.3.4.1 Esters, Amides, Ketals, Alcohols, and Ethers -- 7.3.4.2 Transformation into Fuels -- 7.3.4.3 Transformations Leading to Renewable Monomers, Solvents, and Special Chemicals -- 7.4 Conclusion and Outlook -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 8 - BIOMASS-DERIVED POLYHYDROXYALKANOATES: BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Biosynthesis of Polyhydroxyalkanoates -- 8.3 Recovery Methods -- 8.3.1 Chemical Digestion of Non-Polyhydroxyalkanoates Cellular Content -- 8.3.2 Polyhydroxyalkanoates Solvent Extraction -- 8.3.3 Purification of the Extracted Polyhydroxyalkanoates for Medical Applications -- 8.4 Properties of Microbial Polyesters -- 8.4.1 Polyhydroxyalkanoates Biodegradability -- 8.4.2 Cytotoxicity -- 8.4.3 Biocompatibility -- 8.4.4 Noncarcinogenicity -- 8.5 Polyhydroxyalkanoates Modifications -- 8.5.1 Bulk Material Modification -- 8.5.2 Surface Modifications: Chemical and Physical Methods -- 8.6 Medical Applications of Polyhydroxyalkanoates -- 8.6.1 Medical Sutures -- 8.6.2 Cell Growth for Tissue Engineering -- 8.6.3 Skin Tissue Engineering -- 8.6.4 Nerve Conduits Tissue Engineering -- 8.6.5 Drug Carriers -- 8.6.6 Vascular Grafting -- 8.6.7 Pericardial Patch -- 8.6.8 Heart Valves -- 8.6.9 Bone Tissue -- 8.7 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 9 - BIOCHEMICAL MODIFICATION OF LIGNOCELLULOSIC BIOMASS -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Structural Features of Lignocellulose -- 9.3 Lignocellulosic Biomass Conversion -- 9.4 Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass -- 9.4.1 Cellulases: Modular Structures and Their Functions.
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9.4.2 Structural Features of Substrate.
Weitere Ausg.:
ISBN 0-444-63774-5
Sprache:
Englisch
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