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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Nitrogen Legacy : The Long-Term Effects of Water Pollution on Human Capital (2020)
    Washington, D.C. :The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9959377670202883
    Format: 1 online resource (33 pages)
    Series Statement: Water Papers
    Content: The fallout of nitrogen pollution is considered one of the largest global externalities facing the world, impacting air, water, soil, and human health. This paper combines data from the Demographic and Health Survey data set across India, Vietnam, and 33 African countries to analyze the causal links between pollution exposure experienced during the very earliest stages of life and later-life health. The results show that pollution exposure experienced in the critical years of development-from birth until age three-is associated with decreased height as an adult, a well-known indicator of overall health and productivity, and is robust to several statistical checks. Because adult height is related to education, labor productivity, and income, this also implies a loss of earning potential. The analysis begins within an assessment in India, where the data are more available, and is then extended to geographic settings including Vietnam and 33 countries in Africa. The results are consistent and show that early-life exposure to nitrogen pollution in water can lower height-for-age scores during childhood in Vietnam and during infancy in Africa. These findings add to the evidence on the enduring consequences of water pollution and identify a critical area for policy intervention.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9143
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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    Fulltext
    FU Berlin
    EUV Frankfurt
    HTW Berlin
    Charité
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Does Rainfall Matter for Economic Growth? : Evidence from Global Sub-National Data (1990-2014) (2019)
    Washington, D.C. :The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9959104516102883
    Format: 1 online resource (22 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: Much micro-econometric evidence suggests that precipitation has wide ranging impacts on vital economic indicators such as agricultural yields, human capital, and even conflict. And yet paradoxically most macro-econometric evidence (especially in the climate economy literature) finds that precipitation has no robust and significant impact on various measures of aggregate economic output. This paper argues that spatial aggregation of weather at the country level explains this result. The paper uses annual subnational gross domestic product data to show a concave relationship between precipitation and local gross domestic product growth between 1990 and 2014. It then demonstrates that when the data are aggregated at larger spatial scales, the impact decreases and eventually vanishes. The impact of precipitation on aggregate economic activity is predominantly felt in developing countries; it is insignificant in developed countries. Agriculture is found to be the dominant pathway. The results have significant consequences for measuring the economic impacts of climate change.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8888
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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    FU Berlin
    EUV Frankfurt
    HTW Berlin
    Charité
  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Salt of the Earth : Quantifying the Impact of Water Salinity on Global Agricultural Productivity (2020)
    Washington, D.C. :The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9959377670102883
    Format: 1 online resource (25 pages)
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers.
    Content: Salinity in surface waters is on the rise throughout much of the world. Many factors contribute to this change, including increased water extraction, poor irrigation management, and sea-level rise. To date no study has attempted to quantify the impacts on global food production. This paper develops a plausibly causal model to test the sensitivity of global and regional agricultural productivity to changes in water salinity. To do so, it utilizes several local and global data sets on water quality and agricultural productivity and a model that isolates the impact of exogenous changes in water salinity on yields. The analysis trains a machine-learning model to predict salinity globally, to simulate average global food losses over 2000-13. These losses are found to be high, in the range of the equivalent of 124 trillion kilocalories, or enough to feed more than 170 million people every day, each year. Global maps building on these results show that pockets of high losses occur on all continents, but the losses can be expected to be particularly problematic in regions already experiencing malnutrition challenges.
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-9144
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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    FU Berlin
    EUV Frankfurt
    HTW Berlin
    Charité
  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Water in the shadow of conflict in the Middle East and North Africa (2021)
    Washington, DC : International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_1774377292
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (xxiii, 101 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    ISBN: 9781464817489
    Series Statement: Ebb and flow / The World Bank Group Volume 2
    Content: The Middle East and North Africa Region encapsulates many of the issues surrounding water and human mobility. It is the most water-scarce region in the world and is experiencing unprecedented levels of forced displacement. Ebb and Flow: Volume 2. Water in the Shadow of Conflict in the Middle East and North Africa examines the links between water risks (harmful outcomes related to water, from droughts and floods to lack of sanitation), conflict, and forced displacement. It aims to better explain how to address the vulnerabilities of forcibly displaced persons and their host communities, and to identify water policy and investment responses. Contrary to common belief, the report finds that the evidence linking water risks with conflict and forced displacement in the region is not unequivocal. Water risks are more frequently related to cooperation than to conflict at both domestic and international levels. But while conflict is not necessarily a consequence of water risks, the reverse is a real and concerning phenomenon: conflict amplifies water risks. Since 2011, there have been at least 180 instances of intentional targeting of water infrastructure in conflicts in Gaza, Libya, the Syrian Arab Republic, and the Republic of Yemen. Forcibly displaced persons and their host communities face myriad water risks. Access to safe drinking water is a daily struggle for millions of forcibly displaced Iraqis, Libyans, Palestinians, Syrians, Yemenis, and international migrants in the region, heightening public health risks. Tanker trucks often help fill the gap; however, significant issues of water quality, reliability, and affordability remain. Host communities also face localized declines in water availability and quality as well as unplanned burdens on water services following the arrival of forcibly displaced persons. The reality of protracted forced displacement requires a shift from humanitarian support toward a development approach for water security, including structured yet flexible planning to deliver water services and sustain water resources for forcibly displaced persons and their host communities
    Note: Gesehen am 18.10.2021
    Additional Edition: ISBN 9781464817465
    Language: English
    URL: kostenfrei
    URL: kostenfrei
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    Online Resource
    Stabi Berlin
    UB Potsdam
    Informationszentrum DGAP
  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Water, migration, and development (2021)
    Washington, DC : International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_1774376105
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (xi, 145 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    ISBN: 9781464817472
    Series Statement: Ebb and flow / The World Bank Group Volume 1
    Content: Migration shapes the lives of those who move and transforms the geographies and economies of their points of departure and destinations alike. The water sector, and the availability of water itself, implicitly and explicitly shape migration flows. Ebb and Flow, Volume 1. Water, Migration, and Development presents new global evidence to advance our understanding of how fluctuations in water availability, as induced by rainfall shocks, influence internal migration, and hence regional development. It finds that cumulative water deficits result in five times as much migration as water excess does. But there are important nuances in why and when these events lead to migration. Where there is extreme poverty and migration is costly, water deficits are more likely to trap people than induce them to migrate. Water shocks can also influence who migrates. Workers leaving regions because of water deficits are often less advantaged than typical migrants and bring with them lower skills, raising important implications for the migrants themselves and receiving regions. Cities are the destination of most internal migrants, but even here, water scarcity can haunt them. Water shortages in urban areas, which lead to so-called day zero events, can significantly slow urban growth and compound the vulnerability of migrants. No single policy can be completely effective at protecting people and their assets from water shocks. Instead, the report puts forth a menu of overlapping and complementary policy options that target both people and places to improve livelihoods and turn water-induced crises into opportunities for growth. A key message is that policies that focus on reducing the impacts of water shocks must be complemented by strategies that broaden opportunities and build the long-term resilience of communities. Doing so will give individuals more agency to determine the best outcome for themselves and to thrive wherever they may choose to locate
    Note: Literaturverzeichnis: Seite 141-145 , Gesehen am 18.10.2021
    Additional Edition: ISBN 9781464817458
    Language: English
    URL: kostenfrei
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    Online Resource
    Stabi Berlin
    UB Potsdam
    Informationszentrum DGAP
  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Uncharted Waters : The New Economics of Water Scarcity and Variability (2017)
    Washington, D.C. :The World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almahu_9949191305902882
    Format: 1 online resource (98 pages)
    ISBN: 9781464811807
    Series Statement: World Bank e-Library.
    Content: The 21st century will witness the collision of two powerful forces - burgeoning population growth, together with a changing climate. With population growth, water scarcity will proliferate to new areas across the globe. And with climate change, rainfall will become more fickle, with longer and deeper periods of droughts and deluges. This report presents new evidence to advance understanding on how rainfall shocks coupled with water scarcity, impacts farms, firms, and families. On farms, the largest consumers of water in the world, impacts are channeled from declining yields to changing landscapes. In cities, water extremes especially when combined with unreliable infrastructure can stall firm production, sales, and revenue. At the center of this are families, who feel the impacts of this uncertainty on their incomes, jobs, and long-term health and welfare. Although a rainfall shock may be fleeting, its consequences can become permanent and shape the destiny of those who experience it. Pursuing business as usual will lead many countries down a 'parched path' where droughts shape destinies. Avoiding this misery in slow motion will call for fundamental changes to water policy around the globe. Building resilience to rainfall variability will require using different policy instruments to address the multifaceted nature of water. A key message of this report is that water has multiple economic attributes, each of which entail distinct policy responses. If water is not managed more prudently--from source, to tap, and back to source--the crises observed today will become the catastrophes of tomorrow.
    Additional Edition: Print Version: ISBN 9781464811791
    Language: English
    URL: http://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/book/10.1596/978-1-4648-1179-1
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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    HU Berlin
    EUV Frankfurt
    HTW Berlin
  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Export Diversification from an Activity Perspective : An Exploration using Occupation Data (2023)
    Washington, DC :World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9961213431302883
    Format: 1 online resource (55 pages).
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers
    Content: With international production fragmentation, countries specialize in activities along the production chain rather than particular products. This paper therefore analyzes export diversification taking an activity perspective. It measures export activities combining new data on the export income of workers in industries cross classified by occupational classes. Based on the panel data, the paper documents that countries initially specialize along the extensive margin (shifting activities across industries) but later on along the intensive margin (shifting activities across occupational classes). New activity specialization is found to be strongly related to the proximity of this activity to the initial export basket. Yet, countries that defy proximity appear to grow faster. The results show that an activity perspective delivers novel insights into trade development and structural change.
    Language: English
    URL: kostenfrei
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    Online Resource
    Stabi Berlin
    UB Potsdam
    Charité
  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Fit for (Re)Purpose? : A New Look at the Spatial Distribution of Agricultural Subsidies (2023)
    Washington, District of Colombia :World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9961128767902883
    Format: 1 online resource (35 pages).
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers
    Content: Agricultural subsidies make up a large share of public budgets, exceeding 40 percent of total agricultural production value in some countries. Subsidies are often important components of government strategies to raise agricultural productivity, support agricultural households, and promote food security. They do so by reducing production costs, promoting the use of inputs or modern farming techniques, encouraging the production of certain crops, and raising household incomes. Given the magnitude of these subsidies, their distributional implications and the externalities they impose on the environment are of significant consequence. This paper uses a new spatial analysis to explore the distributional implications of agricultural output subsidies across 16 countries/regions and the distributional and select environmental implications of input subsidies across 23 countries/regions. The findings show that, relative to the spatial distribution of income, both types of subsidy are distributionally mixed. Output subsidies are relatively progressive in 10 countries/regions and regressive in six, while input subsidies are relatively progressive in 11 countries/regions, regressive in nine, and neutral in three. The results also show that input subsidy schemes significantly increase fertilizer use, particularly in richer regions within countries, leading to soil saturation of nitrogen, an indicator of accelerated environmental degradation.
    Language: English
    URL: kostenfrei
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    Online Resource
    Stabi Berlin
    UB Potsdam
    Charité
  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    After Big Droughts Come Big Cities : Does Drought Drive Urbanization? (2023)
    Washington, District of Colombia :World Bank,
    Details
    UID:
    almafu_9961128769902883
    Format: 1 online resource (47 pages).
    Series Statement: Policy research working papers
    Content: Existing research points to a possible link between slow-onset symptoms of climate change and migration. It is also known that rates of urbanization are fastest in some of the world's poorest countries, which are incidentally also at greater risk of climate-induced migration. These separate findings suggest that slow-onset climate phenomena such as droughts have likely become a key driver of urbanization across much of the developing world. While intuitive, this link has not been convincingly established by extant research. This study examines the climate-urbanization nexus by constructing a novel measure of urban growth that uses remotely sensed information from the World Settlement Footprint dataset. Relying on panel data that cover the entire globe between 1985 and 2014, the paper shows that drought leads to faster urban growth. The results indicate that a hypothetical drought lasting 12 months is associated with a 27 percent increase in the average annual increment of built-up area. The paper leverages novel data from several Sahelian cities to illustrate that much of this growth takes the form of non-infill development that extends outward from previously built-up localities.
    Language: English
    URL: kostenfrei
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    Online Resource
    Stabi Berlin
    UB Potsdam
    Charité
  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The hidden wealth of nations : the economics of groundwater in times of climate change (2023)
    Washington, DC : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_1881032604
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (ix, 62 Seiten) , Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten
    Content: Groundwater is our most important freshwater resource, but the lack of systematic analysis of its economic importance has evaded attention from policymakers and the general public-threatening the resource. "The Hidden Wealth of Nations: The Economics of Groundwater in Times of Climate Change" report offers new data and evidence that advances understanding of the value of groundwater, the costs of mismanagement, and the opportunities to leverage its potential
    Content: Its findings also reflect on the policy issues policymakers confront when attempting to align the private and social costs of groundwater use. A central message of this report is that groundwater needs to be politically prioritized and should be carefully managed through integrated cross-sectoral action to benefit society, the economy, and the environment
    Note: Volltext: PDF , English , en_US
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/39917
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
    URL: kostenfrei
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    Stabi Berlin
    UB Potsdam
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