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  • Open access  (9)
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Improving Household Survey Instruments for Understanding Agricultural Household Adaptation to Climate Change : Water Stress and Variability (2013)
    Washington, DC : World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_797586210
    Format: Online-Ressource
    Content: The Living Standards Measurement Study (LSMS) surveys which have collected information on many dimensions of household well-being for over 36 countries since 1980 are one of the most important data sources for informing policy making on development. The LSMS surveys have been used to assess household welfare, to understand household behavior, and to evaluate the welfare impact of various government policies. These surveys, however, lack well-designed instruments for understanding farm-level adaptation behavior to climate variability, in particular water resource variability and stress in agriculture. For the purpose of improving the quality, relevance and sustainability of smallholder agricultural data in Sub-Saharan Africa, the Living Standards Measurement Study-Integrated Surveys on Agriculture (LSMS-ISA) project was started with a grant from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, and is implemented by the LSMS team in the Development Research Group (DECRG) of the World Bank. Under the LSMS-ISA initiative, the World Bank is supporting seven countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, namely Ethiopia, Malawi, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Tanzania, and Uganda, to establish systems of multi-topic, panel household surveys with a strong focus on agriculture. The surveys collect essential information to improve our understanding of economic development in Africa, particularly with regards to agriculture and linkages between farm and non-farm activities.
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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    Stabi Berlin
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Health Outcomes in Poor Countries and Policy Options : Empirical Findings from Demographic and Health Surveys (2013)
    Washington, D.C. : World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_797604472
    Format: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Research Working Paper 2831
    Content: Empirical studies on health at a disaggregate level-by socioeconomic group or geographic location-can provide useful information for designing poverty-focused interventions. Using Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data, the author investigates the determinants of health outcomes in low-income countries both at the national level, and for rural and urban areas separately. DHS data from more than 60 low-income countries between 1990 and 1999 reveal two interesting observations. First is the negative association between the level and inequality in child mortality. Second is the significant gap in child mortality between urban and rural areas, with the rural population having a much slower reduction in mortality compared with the urban population. Given that the poor are mainly concentrated in rural areas, the evidence suggests that health interventions implemented in the past decade may not have been as effective as intended in reaching the poor. The empirical findings in this study consolidate results from earlier studies and add new evidence. the author finds that at the national level access to electricity, vaccination in the first year of life, and public health expenditure can significantly reduce child mortality. The electricity effect is shown to be independent of income. In urban areas only access to electricity has a significant health impact, while in rural areas increasing vaccination coverage is important for mortality reduction.
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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    Stabi Berlin
  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Benefits to Local Communities from Community Conservancies in Namibia : An Assessment (2009)
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_1017852162
    Format: Online-Ressource
    Content: This article evaluates the benefits of community-based activities in wildlife conservancies in Namibia by asking three questions. Do community conservancies contribute to an increase in household welfare? Are such programmes pro-poor; that is, do they improve welfare more for poorer households than for the less poor? Does participation in conservancy increase household welfare more for participants than non-participants? This study bases the analyses on a 2002 survey covering seven conservancies and 1192 households. The results suggest that community conservancies have a positive impact on household welfare. The authors also conclude that this impact is poverty-neutral in some regions and pro-poor in others. Further, welfare benefits from conservancies appear to be fairly evenly distributed between participant and non-participant households.
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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    Stabi Berlin
  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Environmental Determinants of Child Mortality in Rural China : A Competing Risks Approach (2013)
    Washington, DC : World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_797605002
    Format: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Research Working Paper 3241
    Content: We use a competing risk model to analyze environmental determinants of child mortality using the 1992 China National Health Survey, which collects information on cause of death. Our primary question is whether taking into account of cause of death using a competing risk model, compared with a simple model of all-cause mortality, affects conclusions about the effectiveness of policy interventions. There are two potential analytical advantages in using cause of death information: (1) obtaining more accurate estimates and (2) validating causal relationships. Although, we do not find significant differences between estimates obtained from the competing risk model and those from simpler hazard models, we do find evidence supporting the causal interpretations of the effect of access to safe water on child mortality. Our analysis also suggests that a respondent-based health survey can be used to collect relatively reliable information on cause of death. Modifying future demographic and health survey (DHS) instruments to collect cause of death information inexpensively may be worthwhile for enhancing the analytical strength of the DHS.
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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    Stabi Berlin
  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Child Mortality in Rural India (2013)
    Washington, DC : World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_797606505
    Format: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Research Working Paper 3281
    Content: The authors focus on infant and child mortality in rural areas of India. They construct a flexible duration model framework that allows for frailty at multiple levels and interactions between the child's age and individual socioeconomic, and environmental characteristics. The model is estimated using the 1998-99 wave of the Indian National Family and Health Survey. The estimated results show that socioeconomic and environmental characteristics have significantly different effects on mortality rates at different ages. These are particularly important immediately after birth. The authors use the estimated model for policy experiments. These indicate that child mortality can be reduced substantially, particularly by improving the education of women and reducing indoor air pollution caused by cooking fuels. In addition, providing access to electricity and sanitation facilities can reduce under-five-years mortality rates significantly.
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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    Stabi Berlin
  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Do Households Gain from Community-Based Natural Resource Management? An Evaluation of Community Conservancies in Namibia (2013)
    Washington, D.C. : World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_797606106
    Format: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Research Working Paper 3337
    Content: Community-based natural resource management is an important strategy to conserve and sustainably use biodiversity and wildlife in Namibia. The authors examine the extent to which conservancies have been successful in meeting their primary goal of improving the lives of rural households. They evaluate the benefits of community conservancies in Namibia by asking three questions: Do conservancies increase household welfare? Are conservancies pro-poor? And, do participants in conservancies gain more relative to those who choose not to participate? The authors base their analyses on a 2002 survey covering seven conservancies and 1,192 households. The results suggest that community conservancies have a positive impact on household welfare. This impact is poverty-neutral in some regions and pro-poor in others. Further, welfare benefits from conservancies appear to be somewhat evenly distributed between participant and nonparticipant households.
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Child Mortality in Rural India (2011)
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_101785226X
    Format: Online-Ressource
    Content: This paper focuses on infant and child mortality in rural areas of India. We construct a flexible duration model, which allows for frailty at multiple levels and interactions between the child's age and individual, socioeconomic, and environmental characteristics. The model is estimated using the Indian National Family and Health Survey 1998/1999. The estimation results show that socioeconomic and environmental characteristics have significantly different impacts on mortality rates at different ages. These are particularly important immediately after birth. The parameter estimates indicate that child mortality can be reduced substantially, particularly by improving the education of women, providing safe water, and reducing indoor air pollution caused by dirty cooking fuels. Finally, we still found substantial differences in mortality rates between states, which are associated with differences in schooling expenditures, female immunization, and poverty rates.
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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    Stabi Berlin
  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Quantifying Carbon and Distributional Benefits of Solar Home System Programs in Bangladesh (2012)
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_797518797
    Format: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Research working paper WPS 5545
    Content: Scaling-up adoption of renewable energy technology, such as solar home systems, to expand electricity access in developing countries can accelerate the transition to low-carbon economic development. Using a purposely collected national household survey, this study quantifies the carbon and distributional benefits of solar home system programs in Bangladesh. Three key findings are generated from the study. First, dissemination of solar home systems brings about significant carbon benefits: the total carbon emissions avoided from replacing kerosene use for lighting by solar home systems in non-electrified rural households was equivalent to about 4 percent of total annual carbon emissions in Bangladesh in 2007. This figure increases to about 15 percent if the grid-electricity generation is used as the energy baseline to estimate the carbon avoided from the installation of solar home systems. Second, solar home system subsidies in rural Bangladesh are progressive when the program is geographically targeted. Third, there exists a market potential for solar home systems in many rural areas if micro-credit schemes are made available and the propensity to install solar home systems is very responsive to income, with a 1-percent increase in per capita income increasing the probability of installing solar home systems by 12 percent, controlling for other factors.
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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    Stabi Berlin
  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Health Impact of Extreme Weather Events in Sub-Saharan Africa (2012)
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_797527338
    Format: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Research working paper WPS 4979
    Content: Extreme weather events are known to have serious consequences for human health and are predicted to increase in frequency as a result of climate change. Africa is one of the regions that risks being most seriously affected. This paper quantifies the impact of extreme rainfall and temperature events on the incidence of diarrhea, malnutrition and mortality in young children in Sub-Saharan Africa. The panel data set is constructed from Demographic and Health Surveys for 108 regions from 19 Sub-Saharan African countries between 1992 and 2001 and climate data from the Africa Rainfall and Temperature Evaluation System from 1980 to 2001. The results show that both excess rainfall and extreme temperatures significantly raise the incidence of diarrhea and weight-for-height malnutrition among children under the age of three, but have little impact on the long-term health indicators, including height-for-age malnutrition and the under-five mortality rate. The authors use the results to simulate the additional health cost as a proportion of gross domestic product caused by increased climate variability. The projected health cost of increased diarrhea attributable to climate change in 2020 is in the range of 0.2 to 0.5 percent of gross domestic product in Africa.
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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    Stabi Berlin
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