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  • 1
    UID:
    gbv_1017865078
    Format: Online-Ressource
    Content: This paper provides a descriptive analysis of the profile of village and small-town enterprises in Pakistan drawing on a large-scale survey of enterprises. Although the enterprise sector does not appear to be particularly dynamic, the data indicate that there has been employment growth in this sector. The average annual compound employment growth has been about 1% in village enterprises and 3% in small-town enterprises. Access to formal finance, the cost of finance and cumbersome loan procedures pose major challenges for rural entrepreneurs in Pakistan, particularly in terms of availing of long-term financing for investment purposes. Access to and quality of electricity supply, marketing difficulties and transportation-related problems also pose major obstacles. These obstacles have a negative impact on enterprise productivity and the level of investments made by existing firms and discourage the start-up of new enterprises. Addressing the constraints faced by non-farm business in villages and small towns is needed to promote private investments, generate employment and reduce poverty.
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 2
    UID:
    gbv_1017865213
    Format: Online-Ressource
    Content: Information and communication technology (ICT) has contributed to global electronic commerce. In this study, researchers examine the effects of two types of ICT usage (Internet and wireless) on two types of e-commerce, namely, business-to-business (B2B) and business-to-consumer (B2C). Based on panel data of 31 countries over six years (2005–2010), researchers' analysis confirms that both B2B and B2C e-commerce are positively affected by a country's economic growth but are affected differently by the two types of ICT usage. Moreover, ICT exerts a stronger effect on e-commerce in less wealthy countries than in wealthy countries. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Washington, DC : World Bank
    UID:
    gbv_797578536
    Format: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Research Working Paper 6126
    Content: Recent global initiatives on debt relief and development assistance call for increasing aid for trade to the poorest countries. The paper applies a multi-country computable general equilibrium model to measure the effectiveness of alternative aid for trade categories. The findings show that aid for trade policies expand trade and alleviate international income inequalities in the recipient countries, that will benefit mainly from aid for trade adjustment and technical assistance
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 4
    UID:
    gbv_1017852693
    Format: Online-Ressource
    Content: China's rapid economic growth has generated a surge in energy demand that is reallocating global fuel balances. We employ a global energy computable general-equilibrium model to analyze alternative scenarios for economic growth, Chinese currency appreciation, and oil price shocks, with a special focus on China energy markets. Imports from the Middle East, Central Asia, Russia, and Sub-Saharan Africa are found to comprise a growing share of China's energy. Imports to China grow from 12% of world energy imports in 2010 to 17% by 2050 when over 80% of China's oil demand will be imported
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 5
    UID:
    gbv_797553517
    Format: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Research Working Paper 6081
    Content: Recruiting and retaining leaders and public servants at the grass-roots level in developing countries creates a potential tension between providing sufficient returns to attract talent and limiting the scope for excessive rent-seeking behavior. In China, researchers have frequently argued that village cadres, who are the lowest level of administrators in rural areas, exploit personal political status for economic gain. Much existing research, however, compares the earnings of cadre and non-cadre households in rural China without controlling for unobserved dimensions of ability that are also correlated with success as entrepreneurs or in non-agricultural activities. The findings of this paper suggest a measurable return to cadre status, but the magnitudes are not large and provide only a modest incentive to participate in village-level government. The paper does not find evidence that households of village cadres earn significant rents from having a family member who is a cadre. Given the increasing returns to non-agricultural employment since China's economic reforms began, it is not surprising that the returns to working as a village cadre have also increased over time. Returns to cadre-status are derived both from direct compensation and subsidies for cadres and indirectly through returns earned in off-farm employment from businesses and economic activities managed by villages.
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    [Goleta, California] : punctum books
    UID:
    b3kat_BV046896933
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource
    ISBN: 9781950192588
    Note: Teilweise in chinesischer Schrift
    Additional Edition: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe ISBN 978-1-950192-57-1
    Language: English
    Keywords: Aufsatzsammlung
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 7
    UID:
    edochu_18452_27846
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (9 Seiten)
    Content: The combination of near edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy with nanoscale X-ray imaging is a powerful analytical tool for many applications in energy technologies, catalysis, which are critical to combat climate change, as well as microelectronics and life science. Materials from these scientific areas often contain key elements, such as Si, P, S, Y, Zr, Nb, and Mo as well as lanthanides, whose X-ray absorption edges lie in the so-called tender photon energy range 1.5–5.0 keV. Neither conventional grazing incidence grating nor crystal monochromators have high transmission in this energy range, thereby yielding the tender photon energy gap. To close this gap, a monochromator setup based on a multilayer coated blazed plane grating and plane mirror is devised. The measurements show that this novel concept improves the photon flux in the tender X-ray regime by two-orders-of-magnitude enabling previously unattainable laboratory and synchrotron-based studies. This setup is applied to perform nanoscale spectromicroscopy studies. The high photon flux provides sufficient sensitivity to obtain the electronic structure of Mo in platinum-free MoNi4 nanoparticles for electrochemical energy conversion. Additionally, it is shown that the chemical bonding of nano-structures in integrated circuits can be distinguished by the electronic configuration at the Si-K edge.
    Content: Peer Reviewed
    In: Weinheim : Wiley-VCH, 7,1
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Basel : MDPI
    UID:
    b3kat_BV049633244
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (vi, 351 Seiten)
    ISBN: 9783036593784
    Note: Special issue reprint "International Journal of Molecular Sciences"
    Additional Edition: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe, Hardcover ISBN 978-3-0365-9379-1
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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  • 9
    UID:
    gbv_797578544
    Format: Online-Ressource
    Series Statement: Policy Research Working Paper 6128
    Content: This study examines the major constraints of rural business entry and performance in Yemen. The Yemen rural investment climate survey made it possible to analyze rural investment climate constraints for rural businesses. The survey was used to investigate both farm and nonfarm rural enterprises. The rural investment climate was assessed using a combination of subjective impressions related by rural entrepreneurs, and a more objective, empirical set of analyses that employed indicators to rank the constraints to "doing business" in the areas surveyed. These empirical analyses included application of the entry model, the performance model, the closure model, and the migration model. The migration model was introduced to identify how the rural investment climate variables at the community level increase migration and economic activities. Based on the assessment of the rural investment climate, this paper identifies and explains four critical areas in which the rural investment climate in Yemen can be improved: market demand, access to markets, access to finance, and the provision of business services. Because farm and nonfarm businesses often experience common or similar constraints, the climate in which they operate can often be improved with the same measures and policies. Addressing the constraints that affect rural women entrepreneurs in particular, who play a vital role in rural nonfarm enterprises, warrants clear priority as a means to generate income and employment. Security and labor issues are identified as the key such constraints that disproportionately affect women.
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
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