Umfang:
1128 p.
,
2146 grams
ISBN:
9781138624474
Inhalt:
Based on the premise that many, if not most, reactions in organic chemistry can be explained by variations of fundamental acid–base concepts, Organic Chemistry: An Acid–Base Approach provides a framework for understanding the subject that goes beyond mere memorization. Using several techniques to develop a relational understanding, it helps students fully grasp the essential concepts at the root of organic chemistry.This new edition was rewritten largely with the feedback of students in mind and is also based on the author’s classroom experiences using the first edition.Highlights of the Second Edition Include:- Reorganized chapters that improve the presentation of material- Coverage of new topics, such as green chemistry- Adding photographs to the lectures to illustrate and emphasize important concepts- A downloadable solutions manualThe second edition of Organic Chemistry: An Acid–Base Approach constitutes a significant improvement upon a unique introductory technique to organic chemistry. The reactions and mechanisms it covers are the most fundamental concepts in organic chemistry that are applied to industry, biological chemistry, biochemistry, molecular biology, and pharmacy. Using an illustrated conceptual approach rather than presenting sets of principles and theories to memorize, it gives students a more concrete understanding of the material
Anmerkung:
2777 color images and 22 color tables
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IntroductionBrief History of Organic ChemistryVariety and Beauty of Organic MoleculesNotesWhy Is an Acid–Base Theme Important?Acids and Bases in General ChemistryAcids and Bases in Organic ChemistryThere Are Two Acid–Base Definitions: How Are They Related?Acid and Base StrengthElectronegativity and Atom SizeDetermination of Acid–Base Strength Based on Electronegativity and Size ArgumentsLewis Acids and BasesWhy Is Acid–Base Chemistry a Theme for Organic Chemistry?Biological RelevanceCorrelation of Concepts with HomeworkAnswers to In-Chapter QuestionsHomeworkNotesBondingOrbitals and the Periodic TableIonic versus Covalent Chemical BondsCovalent BondsStrength of a Covalent BondMolecular OrbitalsTetrahedral Carbons and sp3 HybridizationBreaking Covalent BondsPolarized Covalent s-BondsBiological RelevanceCorrelation of Homework with ConceptsAnswers to In-Chapter QuestionsHomeworkNotesAlkanes, Isomers,-
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and an Introduction to NomenclatureFundamental Structure of Alkanes Based on the sp3-Hybrid ModelMillions of Alkane HydrocarbonsAcid or Base Properties of AlkanesNaming Millions of Isomers: Rules of Nomenclature: The IUPAC Rules of NomenclatureRings Made of Carbon: Cyclic CompoundsCombustion Analysis and Empirical FormulasBiological RelevanceCorrelation of Homework with ConceptsAnswers to In-Chapter QuestionsHomeworkNotesFunctional GroupsIntroducing a Functional Group: AlkenesAcid–Base Properties of AlkenesHydrocarbon Functional Groups: AlkynesHydrocarbons with Several p-BondsHeteroatoms and Polarized Covalent s-BondsFormal ChargeReactive IntermediatesHeteroatom Functional GroupsAcid–Base Properties of Functional GroupsPhysical Properties and Intermolecular ForcesFunctional Groups with Polarized p-BondsBenzene: A Special Cyclic HydrocarbonBiological RelevanceCorrelation of Homework with ConceptsAnswers to In-Chapter QuestionsHomeworkNotesAcids, Bases, Nucleophiles,-
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and ElectrophilesAcid–Base EquilibriaFactors That Influence KaFactors That Influence the Strength of a Carboxylic AcidEnergetics and Reaction CurvesAlcohols and Amines Are AcidsHydrogen Atom Attached to a Carbon Is an AcidAcid–Base Reaction of Alkenes with Mineral AcidsLewis Acids and BasesOrganic BasesNucleophilesBiological RelevanceCorrelation of Homework with ConceptsAnswers to In-Chapter QuestionsHomeworkNotesChemical Reactions, Bond Energy, and KineticsChemical ReactionFree Energy: Influence of Enthalpy and EntropyBond-Dissociation Enthalpy and ReactionsTransition StatesEnergetics: Starting Materials, Transition States, Intermediaries,-
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and Products on a Reaction CurveCompeting ReactionsReaction Curves and IntermediariesMechanismsWhy Does a Chemical Reaction Occur? Defining a "Reactive" CenterReversible Chemical ReactionsKineticsNo ReactionBiological RelevanceCorrelation of Homework with ConceptsAnswers to In-Chapter QuestionsHomeworkNotesRotamers and ConformationRotamersLonger Chain AlkanesConformations of Alkenes and Alkynes: Introducing p-BondsInfluence of Heteroatoms on the Rotamer PopulationCyclic AlkanesSubstituted CyclohexanesLarger RingsCyclic AlkenesIntroducing Heteroatoms into a RingBiological RelevanceCorrelation of Homework with ConceptsAnswers to In-Chapter QuestionsHomeworkNotesStereoisomers: Chirality, Enantiomers,-
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and DiastereomersStereogenic Carbons and StereoisomersAbsolute Configuration [(R) and (S) Nomenclature]Specific Rotation: A Physical PropertyRelationship of Specific Rotation and Absolute ConfigurationMixtures of Enantiomers and RacematesAlkenesDiastereomersStereogenic Centers in Cyclic MoleculesStereogenic Centers in Complex MoleculesOptical ResolutionBiological RelevanceCorrelation of Homework with ConceptsAnswers to In-Chapter QuestionsHomeworkNotesAcid–Base Reactions of p-Bonds: Addition ReactionsAlkenes and Acid–Base ChemistryCarbocation IntermediatesAlkenes React with Weak Acids in the Presence of an Acid CatalystAlkenes React as Lewis Bases with DihalogensAlkenes React as Lewis Bases with BoraneAlkenes React as Lewis Bases with Mercury(II) CompoundsAlkynes React as Brønsted–Lowry Bases or Lewis BasesOxidation Reactions of AlkenesNonionic Reactions: Radicals and Alkene PolymerizationSynthetic TransformationsOrganization of Reaction TypesBiological RelevanceCorrelation of-
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Homework with ConceptsAnswers to In-Chapter QuestionsHomeworkNotesNucleophiles: Lewis Base-Like Reactions at sp3 CarbonAlkyl Halides, Sulfonate Esters,-
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and the Electrophilic C-X BondNucleophiles and Bimolecular Substitution (the SN2 Reaction)Functional Group Transformations via the SN2 ReactionTertiary Halide Reacts with a Nucleophile When the Solvent Is WaterSolvolysis Reactions of Alkyl HalidesPreparation of Halides by Substitution ReactionsReactions of EthersFree Radical Halogenation of AlkanesSynthetic TransformationsOrganization of Reaction TypesBiological RelevanceCorrelation of Homework with ConceptsAnswers to In-Chapter QuestionsHomeworkNotesBases-Induced Elimination ReactionsBimolecular EliminationStereochemical Consequences of the E2 ReactionE2 Reaction in Cyclic MoleculesUnimolecular Elimination: The E1 ReactionIntramolecular Elimination1,3-Elimination: DecarboxylationElimination Reactions of Vinyl Halides: Formation of AlkynesFunctional Group Exchanges Based on EliminationOrganization of Reaction TypesBiological RelevanceCorrelation of Homework with ConceptsAnswers to In-Chapter QuestionsHomeworkNotesSubstitution and-
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Elimination Reactions Can CompeteFew Simplifying AssumptionsProtic versus Aprotic and WaterNucleophilic Strength versus Base StrengthNature of the HalideWhat about Secondary Halides?Strength and Limitations of the Simplifying AssumptionsWhen Do the Assumptions Fail?Correlation of Homework with ConceptsAnswers to In-Chapter QuestionsHomeworkNotesSpectroscopic Methods of IdentificationLight and EnergyMass SpectrometryInfrared SpectroscopyNuclear Magnetic Resonance SpectroscopyIdentifying Monofunctional MoleculesCarbon-13 NMR Spectroscopy: Counting the CarbonsBiological RelevanceCorrelation of Homework with ConceptsAnswers to In-Chapter QuestionsHomeworkNotesOrganic Molecules That Contain Alkali Metals or Transition Metals (Organometallics)Introducing Magnesium into a MoleculeReaction of Aryl and Vinyl Halides with MagnesiumGrignard Reagents Are BasesGrignard Reagents Are Poor Nucleophiles with Alkyl HalidesOrganolithium ReagentsOrganocupratesOrganometallic DisconnectionsOrganization of-
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Reaction TypesBiological RelevanceCorrelation of Homework with ConceptsAnswers to In-Chapter QuestionsHomeworkNotesCarbonyl Compounds: Structure, Nomenclature,-
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ReactivityCarbonyl GroupAldehydes and Ketones: NomenclatureChemical Reactivity of Ketones and AldehydesCarboxylic Acids: Nomenclature and PropertiesDicarboxylic AcidsDicarboxylic Acids Have Two pKa ValuesCarboxylic Acid Derivatives: Structure and NomenclatureAcyl Substitution with Carboxylic Acid DerivativesSulfonic AcidsBiological RelevanceCorrelation of Homework with ConceptsAnswers to In-Chapter QuestionsHomeworkNotesOxidationDefining and OxidationOxidation of Alcohols with Chromium (VI)Oxidation of Alkenes RevisitedOxidative CleavageSummary of Functional Group ExchangesOrganization of Reaction TypesBiological RelevanceCorrelation of Homework with ConceptsAnswers to In-Chapter QuestionsHomeworkNotesReactions of Aldehydes and KetonesChemical Reactivity of the Carbonyl GroupReaction of Aldehydes or Ketones with Strong NucleophilesWeak Nucleophiles: Reversible versus Irreversible Acyl AdditionAlcohols: Weak Nucleophiles That Yield Reactive ProductsAmines Are-
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NucleophilesCarbon–Carbon Bond-Forming Reactions and Functional Group ModificationOrganization of Reaction TypesBiological RelevanceCorrelation of Homework with ConceptsAnswers to In-Chapter QuestionsHomeworkNotesReductionDefining a ReductionHydrides as Reducing AgentsHydride Reduction of Other Functional GroupsCatalytic HydrogenationDissolving Metal ReductionsSummary of Functional Group ExchangesOrganization of Reaction TypesBiological RelevanceCorrelation of Homework with ConceptsAnswers to In-Chapter QuestionsHomeworkNotesCarboxylic Acid Derivatives and Acyl SubstitutionChemical Reactivity of Carboxylic Acid DerivativesAcyl Substitution: Hydrolysis of Acid DerivativesPreparation of Acid ChloridesPreparation of Acid AnhydridesPreparation of EstersPreparation of AmidesReaction of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives with Carbon NucleophilesReaction of Organometallics with Electrophilic "Carbonyl" MoleculesDicarboxylic Acid DerivativesBaeyer–Villiger OxidationSulfonic Acids and-
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DerivativesNitrate Esters, Sulfate Esters,-
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and Phosphate EstersNitriles Are Carboxylic Acid DerivativesCarbon–Carbon Bond-Forming Reactions and Functional Group Exchanges of Acid DerivativesOrganization of Reaction TypesBiological RelevanceCorrelation of Homework with ConceptsAnswers to In-Chapter QuestionsHomeworkNotesAromatic Compounds and Benzene DerivativesBenzene and AromaticityFunctionalized Benzene Derivatives and a New Nomenclature SystemElectrophilic Aromatic SubstitutionDisubstituted Benzene DerivativesPolysubstituted Benzene DerivativesReduction of Aromatic CompoundsAromaticity in Monocyclic Molecules Other than BenzenePolynuclear Aromatic HydrocarbonsNucleophilic Aromatic SubstitutionAromatic Amines and Diazonium SaltsBenzyne IntermediatesAromatic Disconnections and Functional Group Exchange ReactionsSynthesis of Aromatic CompoundsOrganization of Reaction TypesBiological RelevanceCorrelation of Homework with ConceptsAnswers to In-Chapter QuestionsHomeworkNotesEnolate Anions: Acyl Addition and Acyl-
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SubstitutionAldehydes and Ketones Are Weak AcidsNonnucleophilic BasesEnolate AlkylationAcyl Addition ReactionsEnolate Anions from Unsymmetrical KetonesIntramolecular Aldol CondensationEster Enolate AnionsDecarboxylationKnoevenagel Reaction, the Malonic Ester Synthesis, and the Acetoacetic Acid SynthesisPhosphorus Ylids and the Wittig ReactionNew Synthetic PossibilitiesOrganization of Reaction TypesBiological RelevanceCorrelation of Homework
Weitere Ausg.:
9781482238235
Sprache:
Englisch
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