Kooperativer Bibliotheksverbund

UID:

Format: xvii, 460 Seiten : , Illustrationen, Diagramme.

Edition: Second edition

ISBN: 978-0-12-813259-3

Language: English

Subjects: Biology

Keywords: Knochenstoffwechsel ; Aufsatzsammlung

UID:

Format: 1 online resource (xvii, 460 pages). : , illustrations

Edition: Second edition.

ISBN: 0-12-813260-4 , 0-12-813259-0

Note: Includes index. , Front Cover -- BASIC AND APPLIED BONE BIOLOGY -- BASIC AND APPLIED BONE BIOLOGY -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Biographies -- Preface (First Edition) -- Preface (Second Edition) -- I - BASIC BONE BIOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY -- 1 - Bone Morphology and Organization -- THE FUNCTIONS OF BONE -- BONE IS ORGANIZED AS A MULTISCALE MATERIAL -- BONE COMPOSITION -- THE NANOSCALE ORGANIZATION OF BONE -- Collagen -- Enzymatically Mediated Collagen Cross-Linking -- Nonenzymatically Mediated Collagen Cross-Linking -- Collagen Orientation -- Bone Mineral -- Noncollagenous Extracellular Matrix Proteins -- Proteoglycans and Glycosaminoglycans -- Glycoproteins -- SIBLING Proteins -- Osteocalcin -- Osteonectin -- THE MICROSTRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION OF BONE -- Woven Bone -- Primary Bone -- Primary Lamellar Bone -- Plexiform Bone -- Primary Osteons -- Secondary Bone -- Interstitial Bone -- THE MACROSCOPIC ORGANIZATION OF BONE -- Cortical Bone -- Skeletal Envelopes -- THE BLOOD SUPPLY AND INNERVATION OF BONE -- Blood Supply -- Innervation of Bone -- BONE FLUID COMPARTMENTS -- BONE MASS AND BONE QUALITY -- Rate of Bone Turnover -- Bone Trabecular Architecture -- Tissue Material (Intrinsic) Properties -- Microdamage Accumulation -- Suggested Readings -- 2 - Bone Marrow and the Stem Cell Niche -- NICHES IN DEVELOPMENT -- IMAGING OF NICHES -- BONE MARROW NICHE CELLS -- Nonhematopoietic -- Osteoblastic Cells -- Mesenchymal Stromal/Stem Cell Populations -- Adipocytes -- Endothelial Cells -- Hematopoietic -- Megakaryocytes -- Macrophages -- Neutrophils -- Osteoclasts -- NEURONAL REGULATION OF THE HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL NICHE -- HORMONAL REGULATION OF THE HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL NICHE -- NICHES AND MALIGNANCIES -- AGING AND THE BONE MARROW MICROENVIRONMENT -- THE FUTURE -- Suggested Readings -- 3 - Bone Cells -- OSTEOCLASTS. , Osteoclast Morphology and Function -- Osteoclast Differentiation and Fusion -- Osteoclast Apoptosis -- Regulation of Osteoclast Generation and Survival -- OSTEOBLASTS -- Osteoblast Morphology and Function -- Osteoblast Formation and Differentiation -- Osteoblast Apoptosis -- Regulation of Osteoblast Generation and Survival -- Bone Lining Cells -- OSTEOCYTES -- Osteocyte Morphology and Functions -- Osteocytogenesis and Osteocyte Maturation -- Osteocyte Apoptosis: Consequences and Regulation -- Preservation of Osteocyte Viability by Mechanical Stimuli -- Aging and Osteocyte Apoptosis -- Hormonal Regulation of Osteocyte Life Span -- Regulation of Bone Formation by Osteocytes: The Sclerostin Paradigm -- Regulation of Bone Resorption by Osteocytes: RANKL and OPG -- Regulation of Bone Mineralization by Osteocytes -- Suggested Readings -- 4 - Local Regulation of Bone Cell Function -- OVERVIEW OF CYTOKINES AND GROWTH FACTORS AND THEIR RECEPTORS -- Definition: Cytokines Versus Growth Factors -- Soluble Ligands -- Membrane-Bound Ligands -- Receptor Classification -- Signal Transduction Cascades -- LOCAL FACTORS THAT REGULATE OSTEOCLAST AND OSTEOBLAST DIFFERENTIATION AND FUNCTION -- FACTORS THAT REGULATE OSTEOCLAST DIFFERENTIATION AND FUNCTION -- The RANKL-RANK-OPG System -- Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor -- FACTORS THAT AFFECT OSTEOBLAST DIFFERENTIATION AND FUNCTION -- Wnts -- Canonical Wnt Signaling -- Noncanonical Wnt Signaling -- Inhibitors of Wnt Signaling -- Dickkopf -- Kremen -- Sclerostin -- Secreted Frizzled-Related Proteins -- Wise -- Insulin-Like Growth Factor -- Parathyroid Hormone-Related Peptide -- Fibroblast Growth Factors -- LOCAL FACTORS THAT AFFECT BOTH OSTEOCLASTS AND OSTEOBLASTS -- Interleukins -- Tumor Necrosis Factor -- Bone Morphogenetic Proteins -- Transforming Growth Factor Beta. , Regulation of Transforming Growth Factor Beta Bioavailability -- Prostaglandins -- REGULATION OF BONE CELL DIFFERENTIATION AND FUNCTION THROUGH CELL-CELL CONTACT -- Notch -- Ephrin-Ephrin Receptor -- Connexins -- LOCAL ANGIOGENIC FACTORS THAT REGULATE BONE CELL ACTIVITY -- CELL SURFACE ATTACHMENT MOLECULES -- Suggested Readings -- 5 - Bone Growth, Modeling, and Remodeling -- SKELETAL DEVELOPMENT -- Intramembranous Ossification -- Endochondral Ossification -- BONE MODELING -- Events That Signal Modeling -- Cellular Processes -- Modeling During the Life Cycle -- Longitudinal Growth -- Radial Growth -- Bone Drift -- BONE REMODELING -- Events That Signal Remodeling -- Remodeling Cycle -- Activation -- Resorption -- Reversal -- Formation -- Quiescence (Resting) -- Bone Remodeling Cycle Duration -- Bone Remodeling Rate -- Bone Remodeling Balance -- BONE REPAIR -- EFFECTS OF MODELING AND REMODELING ON BONE STRUCTURE AND MATERIAL PROPERTIES -- Bone Structure Effects of Modeling and Remodeling -- Bone Material Property Effects of Remodeling -- Mineralization -- Collagen Cross-Links -- Microdamage -- LABORATORY ASSESSMENT OF MODELING AND REMODELING -- Suggested Readings -- II - ASSESSMENT OF BONE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION -- 6 - Skeletal Imaging -- X-RAY -- Conventional Radiography -- Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry -- COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY -- Clinical Diagnostic Computed Tomography -- Dual Energy or Spectral Imaging Scanning -- HIGH-RESOLUTION PERIPHERAL QUANTITATIVE COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY -- Microcomputed Tomography -- Quantitative Computed Tomography (Densitometry) -- Modeling Analysis -- MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING -- Ultrashort Echo-Time (TE) Sequences -- RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING -- Positron Emission Tomography and Positron Emission Tomography-Computed Tomography -- ULTRASOUND -- SUMMARY -- Suggested Readings -- Computed Tomography -- Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry. , Magnetic Resonance Imaging -- Finite Element Analysis -- Radionuclide Imaging -- Ultrasound -- 7 - Skeletal Hard Tissue Biomechanics -- INTRODUCTION TO BASIC BONE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION -- Main Functions of Bone in the Body -- Bone Is a Hierarchical Structure -- FUNDAMENTALS OF SOLID MECHANICS -- The Force-Displacement Curve -- Stress and Strain in Axial Loading -- Modulus of Elasticity and Poisson's Ratio -- METHODS OF TESTING MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF WHOLE BONE -- Axial Loading in Tension and Compression -- Torsion -- Bending -- FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO WHOLE BONE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES -- Bone Mass: Cancellous Bone -- Cancellous Architecture and Anisotropy -- Cortical Bone Size (Mass) and Architecture -- Bone Tissue Material Properties -- The Bone Extracellular Matrix: Type I Collagen -- The Bone Extracellular Matrix: Inorganic Hydroxyapatite -- METHODS OF TESTING THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF BONE TISSUE -- Other Measures of Bone "Strength" -- Suggested Readings -- 8 - Techniques in Histomorphometry -- HISTOLOGIC SPECIMENS -- Specimen Collection -- In Vivo Labeling -- Specimen Processing -- HISTOMORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS -- Static versus Dynamic Measurements -- Primary Versus Derived Variables -- Referents -- Bone Architecture and Geometry -- Tissue Types -- Cell Number and Activity -- Dynamic Histomorphometry -- Osteocytes -- Microdamage -- Marrow -- ASSUMPTIONS AND TECHNICAL ASPECTS -- HISTOLOGIC FEATURES OF DISEASE AND TREATMENT -- Osteoporosis -- Osteomalacia -- Hyperparathyroidism -- Primary Hyperparathyroidism -- Secondary Hyperparathyroidism -- Paget's Disease of Bone (Osteitis Deformans) -- Antiresorptive Therapy -- Anabolic Therapy -- Suggested Readings -- 9 - Skeletal Genetics: From Gene Identification to Murine Models of Disease -- GENETIC ANALYSIS OF BONE PHENOTYPES -- Linkage Analysis -- Genome-Wide Association Studies. , Whole Exome and Whole Genome Analysis -- Functional Analysis -- Omics Analysis of Bone Phenotypes -- TRANSGENIC TECHNOLOGY AND THE CREATION OF NOVEL RESEARCH MODELS -- Production of Transgenic Rodents -- Animals that Arise From Pronuclear Injection -- Animals Derived From Homologous Recombination in ES Cells -- Pronuclear Microinjection -- Isolation of Embryos for Microinjection -- Superovulation -- Collection of Single-cell Embryos -- DNA Preparation for Microinjection -- Pronuclear Microinjection of Embryos Microinjection -- Transfer of Injected Embryos to Recipient Females -- Analysis of Potential Transgenic Founders -- Microinjection of Genetically Modified Embryonic Stem Cells -- Generation of ES cell Lines -- Homologous Recombination -- Collection of Blastocysts -- Injection of ES cells Into Blastocysts -- Transfer of Injected Blastocysts to Recipient Females -- Identification of Chimeric Animals -- Designer DNA Nucleases: The CRISPR Revolution -- TRANSGENIC ANIMALS AND BONE BIOLOGY -- Bone Cell-Specific Promoters -- Conditional Models Using Cre-LoxP Technology -- Bridging Human Disorders and Mouse Models of Bone Diseases -- Secondary Challenges and Genetic Background Impacts on Skeletal Phenotypes -- SUMMARY -- Suggested Readings -- III - SKELETAL ADAPTATION -- 10 - Skeletal Changes Across the Life Span -- PRENATAL GROWTH -- Development and Maturation -- Calcification and Mineral Homeostasis -- POSTNATAL GROWTH -- Newborn Mineral Homeostasis -- Infancy and Childhood Skeletal Growth -- Puberty and Adolescence -- Race and Ethnic Differences -- Endocrine Regulators -- Genetic Regulation -- Timing of Growth Rates -- Development of Peak Bone Mass -- Fracture Risk in Children -- SKELETAL CHANGES WITH REPRODUCTION -- Pregnancy -- Lactation -- SKELETAL CHANGES WITH AGING -- Skeletal Expansion and Age -- Skeletal Mass and Age -- Suggested Readings -- Peak Bone Mass.

Language: English

UID:

Format: 1 online resource (xvii, 460 pages). : , illustrations

Edition: Second edition.

ISBN: 0-12-813260-4 , 0-12-813259-0

Note: Includes index. , Front Cover -- BASIC AND APPLIED BONE BIOLOGY -- BASIC AND APPLIED BONE BIOLOGY -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Biographies -- Preface (First Edition) -- Preface (Second Edition) -- I - BASIC BONE BIOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY -- 1 - Bone Morphology and Organization -- THE FUNCTIONS OF BONE -- BONE IS ORGANIZED AS A MULTISCALE MATERIAL -- BONE COMPOSITION -- THE NANOSCALE ORGANIZATION OF BONE -- Collagen -- Enzymatically Mediated Collagen Cross-Linking -- Nonenzymatically Mediated Collagen Cross-Linking -- Collagen Orientation -- Bone Mineral -- Noncollagenous Extracellular Matrix Proteins -- Proteoglycans and Glycosaminoglycans -- Glycoproteins -- SIBLING Proteins -- Osteocalcin -- Osteonectin -- THE MICROSTRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION OF BONE -- Woven Bone -- Primary Bone -- Primary Lamellar Bone -- Plexiform Bone -- Primary Osteons -- Secondary Bone -- Interstitial Bone -- THE MACROSCOPIC ORGANIZATION OF BONE -- Cortical Bone -- Skeletal Envelopes -- THE BLOOD SUPPLY AND INNERVATION OF BONE -- Blood Supply -- Innervation of Bone -- BONE FLUID COMPARTMENTS -- BONE MASS AND BONE QUALITY -- Rate of Bone Turnover -- Bone Trabecular Architecture -- Tissue Material (Intrinsic) Properties -- Microdamage Accumulation -- Suggested Readings -- 2 - Bone Marrow and the Stem Cell Niche -- NICHES IN DEVELOPMENT -- IMAGING OF NICHES -- BONE MARROW NICHE CELLS -- Nonhematopoietic -- Osteoblastic Cells -- Mesenchymal Stromal/Stem Cell Populations -- Adipocytes -- Endothelial Cells -- Hematopoietic -- Megakaryocytes -- Macrophages -- Neutrophils -- Osteoclasts -- NEURONAL REGULATION OF THE HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL NICHE -- HORMONAL REGULATION OF THE HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL NICHE -- NICHES AND MALIGNANCIES -- AGING AND THE BONE MARROW MICROENVIRONMENT -- THE FUTURE -- Suggested Readings -- 3 - Bone Cells -- OSTEOCLASTS. , Osteoclast Morphology and Function -- Osteoclast Differentiation and Fusion -- Osteoclast Apoptosis -- Regulation of Osteoclast Generation and Survival -- OSTEOBLASTS -- Osteoblast Morphology and Function -- Osteoblast Formation and Differentiation -- Osteoblast Apoptosis -- Regulation of Osteoblast Generation and Survival -- Bone Lining Cells -- OSTEOCYTES -- Osteocyte Morphology and Functions -- Osteocytogenesis and Osteocyte Maturation -- Osteocyte Apoptosis: Consequences and Regulation -- Preservation of Osteocyte Viability by Mechanical Stimuli -- Aging and Osteocyte Apoptosis -- Hormonal Regulation of Osteocyte Life Span -- Regulation of Bone Formation by Osteocytes: The Sclerostin Paradigm -- Regulation of Bone Resorption by Osteocytes: RANKL and OPG -- Regulation of Bone Mineralization by Osteocytes -- Suggested Readings -- 4 - Local Regulation of Bone Cell Function -- OVERVIEW OF CYTOKINES AND GROWTH FACTORS AND THEIR RECEPTORS -- Definition: Cytokines Versus Growth Factors -- Soluble Ligands -- Membrane-Bound Ligands -- Receptor Classification -- Signal Transduction Cascades -- LOCAL FACTORS THAT REGULATE OSTEOCLAST AND OSTEOBLAST DIFFERENTIATION AND FUNCTION -- FACTORS THAT REGULATE OSTEOCLAST DIFFERENTIATION AND FUNCTION -- The RANKL-RANK-OPG System -- Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor -- FACTORS THAT AFFECT OSTEOBLAST DIFFERENTIATION AND FUNCTION -- Wnts -- Canonical Wnt Signaling -- Noncanonical Wnt Signaling -- Inhibitors of Wnt Signaling -- Dickkopf -- Kremen -- Sclerostin -- Secreted Frizzled-Related Proteins -- Wise -- Insulin-Like Growth Factor -- Parathyroid Hormone-Related Peptide -- Fibroblast Growth Factors -- LOCAL FACTORS THAT AFFECT BOTH OSTEOCLASTS AND OSTEOBLASTS -- Interleukins -- Tumor Necrosis Factor -- Bone Morphogenetic Proteins -- Transforming Growth Factor Beta. , Regulation of Transforming Growth Factor Beta Bioavailability -- Prostaglandins -- REGULATION OF BONE CELL DIFFERENTIATION AND FUNCTION THROUGH CELL-CELL CONTACT -- Notch -- Ephrin-Ephrin Receptor -- Connexins -- LOCAL ANGIOGENIC FACTORS THAT REGULATE BONE CELL ACTIVITY -- CELL SURFACE ATTACHMENT MOLECULES -- Suggested Readings -- 5 - Bone Growth, Modeling, and Remodeling -- SKELETAL DEVELOPMENT -- Intramembranous Ossification -- Endochondral Ossification -- BONE MODELING -- Events That Signal Modeling -- Cellular Processes -- Modeling During the Life Cycle -- Longitudinal Growth -- Radial Growth -- Bone Drift -- BONE REMODELING -- Events That Signal Remodeling -- Remodeling Cycle -- Activation -- Resorption -- Reversal -- Formation -- Quiescence (Resting) -- Bone Remodeling Cycle Duration -- Bone Remodeling Rate -- Bone Remodeling Balance -- BONE REPAIR -- EFFECTS OF MODELING AND REMODELING ON BONE STRUCTURE AND MATERIAL PROPERTIES -- Bone Structure Effects of Modeling and Remodeling -- Bone Material Property Effects of Remodeling -- Mineralization -- Collagen Cross-Links -- Microdamage -- LABORATORY ASSESSMENT OF MODELING AND REMODELING -- Suggested Readings -- II - ASSESSMENT OF BONE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION -- 6 - Skeletal Imaging -- X-RAY -- Conventional Radiography -- Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry -- COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY -- Clinical Diagnostic Computed Tomography -- Dual Energy or Spectral Imaging Scanning -- HIGH-RESOLUTION PERIPHERAL QUANTITATIVE COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY -- Microcomputed Tomography -- Quantitative Computed Tomography (Densitometry) -- Modeling Analysis -- MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING -- Ultrashort Echo-Time (TE) Sequences -- RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING -- Positron Emission Tomography and Positron Emission Tomography-Computed Tomography -- ULTRASOUND -- SUMMARY -- Suggested Readings -- Computed Tomography -- Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry. , Magnetic Resonance Imaging -- Finite Element Analysis -- Radionuclide Imaging -- Ultrasound -- 7 - Skeletal Hard Tissue Biomechanics -- INTRODUCTION TO BASIC BONE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION -- Main Functions of Bone in the Body -- Bone Is a Hierarchical Structure -- FUNDAMENTALS OF SOLID MECHANICS -- The Force-Displacement Curve -- Stress and Strain in Axial Loading -- Modulus of Elasticity and Poisson's Ratio -- METHODS OF TESTING MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF WHOLE BONE -- Axial Loading in Tension and Compression -- Torsion -- Bending -- FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO WHOLE BONE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES -- Bone Mass: Cancellous Bone -- Cancellous Architecture and Anisotropy -- Cortical Bone Size (Mass) and Architecture -- Bone Tissue Material Properties -- The Bone Extracellular Matrix: Type I Collagen -- The Bone Extracellular Matrix: Inorganic Hydroxyapatite -- METHODS OF TESTING THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF BONE TISSUE -- Other Measures of Bone "Strength" -- Suggested Readings -- 8 - Techniques in Histomorphometry -- HISTOLOGIC SPECIMENS -- Specimen Collection -- In Vivo Labeling -- Specimen Processing -- HISTOMORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS -- Static versus Dynamic Measurements -- Primary Versus Derived Variables -- Referents -- Bone Architecture and Geometry -- Tissue Types -- Cell Number and Activity -- Dynamic Histomorphometry -- Osteocytes -- Microdamage -- Marrow -- ASSUMPTIONS AND TECHNICAL ASPECTS -- HISTOLOGIC FEATURES OF DISEASE AND TREATMENT -- Osteoporosis -- Osteomalacia -- Hyperparathyroidism -- Primary Hyperparathyroidism -- Secondary Hyperparathyroidism -- Paget's Disease of Bone (Osteitis Deformans) -- Antiresorptive Therapy -- Anabolic Therapy -- Suggested Readings -- 9 - Skeletal Genetics: From Gene Identification to Murine Models of Disease -- GENETIC ANALYSIS OF BONE PHENOTYPES -- Linkage Analysis -- Genome-Wide Association Studies. , Whole Exome and Whole Genome Analysis -- Functional Analysis -- Omics Analysis of Bone Phenotypes -- TRANSGENIC TECHNOLOGY AND THE CREATION OF NOVEL RESEARCH MODELS -- Production of Transgenic Rodents -- Animals that Arise From Pronuclear Injection -- Animals Derived From Homologous Recombination in ES Cells -- Pronuclear Microinjection -- Isolation of Embryos for Microinjection -- Superovulation -- Collection of Single-cell Embryos -- DNA Preparation for Microinjection -- Pronuclear Microinjection of Embryos Microinjection -- Transfer of Injected Embryos to Recipient Females -- Analysis of Potential Transgenic Founders -- Microinjection of Genetically Modified Embryonic Stem Cells -- Generation of ES cell Lines -- Homologous Recombination -- Collection of Blastocysts -- Injection of ES cells Into Blastocysts -- Transfer of Injected Blastocysts to Recipient Females -- Identification of Chimeric Animals -- Designer DNA Nucleases: The CRISPR Revolution -- TRANSGENIC ANIMALS AND BONE BIOLOGY -- Bone Cell-Specific Promoters -- Conditional Models Using Cre-LoxP Technology -- Bridging Human Disorders and Mouse Models of Bone Diseases -- Secondary Challenges and Genetic Background Impacts on Skeletal Phenotypes -- SUMMARY -- Suggested Readings -- III - SKELETAL ADAPTATION -- 10 - Skeletal Changes Across the Life Span -- PRENATAL GROWTH -- Development and Maturation -- Calcification and Mineral Homeostasis -- POSTNATAL GROWTH -- Newborn Mineral Homeostasis -- Infancy and Childhood Skeletal Growth -- Puberty and Adolescence -- Race and Ethnic Differences -- Endocrine Regulators -- Genetic Regulation -- Timing of Growth Rates -- Development of Peak Bone Mass -- Fracture Risk in Children -- SKELETAL CHANGES WITH REPRODUCTION -- Pregnancy -- Lactation -- SKELETAL CHANGES WITH AGING -- Skeletal Expansion and Age -- Skeletal Mass and Age -- Suggested Readings -- Peak Bone Mass.

Language: English

UID:

Format: 1 online resource (xvii, 460 pages). : , illustrations

Edition: Second edition.

ISBN: 0-12-813260-4 , 0-12-813259-0

Note: Includes index. , Front Cover -- BASIC AND APPLIED BONE BIOLOGY -- BASIC AND APPLIED BONE BIOLOGY -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Biographies -- Preface (First Edition) -- Preface (Second Edition) -- I - BASIC BONE BIOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY -- 1 - Bone Morphology and Organization -- THE FUNCTIONS OF BONE -- BONE IS ORGANIZED AS A MULTISCALE MATERIAL -- BONE COMPOSITION -- THE NANOSCALE ORGANIZATION OF BONE -- Collagen -- Enzymatically Mediated Collagen Cross-Linking -- Nonenzymatically Mediated Collagen Cross-Linking -- Collagen Orientation -- Bone Mineral -- Noncollagenous Extracellular Matrix Proteins -- Proteoglycans and Glycosaminoglycans -- Glycoproteins -- SIBLING Proteins -- Osteocalcin -- Osteonectin -- THE MICROSTRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION OF BONE -- Woven Bone -- Primary Bone -- Primary Lamellar Bone -- Plexiform Bone -- Primary Osteons -- Secondary Bone -- Interstitial Bone -- THE MACROSCOPIC ORGANIZATION OF BONE -- Cortical Bone -- Skeletal Envelopes -- THE BLOOD SUPPLY AND INNERVATION OF BONE -- Blood Supply -- Innervation of Bone -- BONE FLUID COMPARTMENTS -- BONE MASS AND BONE QUALITY -- Rate of Bone Turnover -- Bone Trabecular Architecture -- Tissue Material (Intrinsic) Properties -- Microdamage Accumulation -- Suggested Readings -- 2 - Bone Marrow and the Stem Cell Niche -- NICHES IN DEVELOPMENT -- IMAGING OF NICHES -- BONE MARROW NICHE CELLS -- Nonhematopoietic -- Osteoblastic Cells -- Mesenchymal Stromal/Stem Cell Populations -- Adipocytes -- Endothelial Cells -- Hematopoietic -- Megakaryocytes -- Macrophages -- Neutrophils -- Osteoclasts -- NEURONAL REGULATION OF THE HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL NICHE -- HORMONAL REGULATION OF THE HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL NICHE -- NICHES AND MALIGNANCIES -- AGING AND THE BONE MARROW MICROENVIRONMENT -- THE FUTURE -- Suggested Readings -- 3 - Bone Cells -- OSTEOCLASTS. , Osteoclast Morphology and Function -- Osteoclast Differentiation and Fusion -- Osteoclast Apoptosis -- Regulation of Osteoclast Generation and Survival -- OSTEOBLASTS -- Osteoblast Morphology and Function -- Osteoblast Formation and Differentiation -- Osteoblast Apoptosis -- Regulation of Osteoblast Generation and Survival -- Bone Lining Cells -- OSTEOCYTES -- Osteocyte Morphology and Functions -- Osteocytogenesis and Osteocyte Maturation -- Osteocyte Apoptosis: Consequences and Regulation -- Preservation of Osteocyte Viability by Mechanical Stimuli -- Aging and Osteocyte Apoptosis -- Hormonal Regulation of Osteocyte Life Span -- Regulation of Bone Formation by Osteocytes: The Sclerostin Paradigm -- Regulation of Bone Resorption by Osteocytes: RANKL and OPG -- Regulation of Bone Mineralization by Osteocytes -- Suggested Readings -- 4 - Local Regulation of Bone Cell Function -- OVERVIEW OF CYTOKINES AND GROWTH FACTORS AND THEIR RECEPTORS -- Definition: Cytokines Versus Growth Factors -- Soluble Ligands -- Membrane-Bound Ligands -- Receptor Classification -- Signal Transduction Cascades -- LOCAL FACTORS THAT REGULATE OSTEOCLAST AND OSTEOBLAST DIFFERENTIATION AND FUNCTION -- FACTORS THAT REGULATE OSTEOCLAST DIFFERENTIATION AND FUNCTION -- The RANKL-RANK-OPG System -- Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor -- FACTORS THAT AFFECT OSTEOBLAST DIFFERENTIATION AND FUNCTION -- Wnts -- Canonical Wnt Signaling -- Noncanonical Wnt Signaling -- Inhibitors of Wnt Signaling -- Dickkopf -- Kremen -- Sclerostin -- Secreted Frizzled-Related Proteins -- Wise -- Insulin-Like Growth Factor -- Parathyroid Hormone-Related Peptide -- Fibroblast Growth Factors -- LOCAL FACTORS THAT AFFECT BOTH OSTEOCLASTS AND OSTEOBLASTS -- Interleukins -- Tumor Necrosis Factor -- Bone Morphogenetic Proteins -- Transforming Growth Factor Beta. , Regulation of Transforming Growth Factor Beta Bioavailability -- Prostaglandins -- REGULATION OF BONE CELL DIFFERENTIATION AND FUNCTION THROUGH CELL-CELL CONTACT -- Notch -- Ephrin-Ephrin Receptor -- Connexins -- LOCAL ANGIOGENIC FACTORS THAT REGULATE BONE CELL ACTIVITY -- CELL SURFACE ATTACHMENT MOLECULES -- Suggested Readings -- 5 - Bone Growth, Modeling, and Remodeling -- SKELETAL DEVELOPMENT -- Intramembranous Ossification -- Endochondral Ossification -- BONE MODELING -- Events That Signal Modeling -- Cellular Processes -- Modeling During the Life Cycle -- Longitudinal Growth -- Radial Growth -- Bone Drift -- BONE REMODELING -- Events That Signal Remodeling -- Remodeling Cycle -- Activation -- Resorption -- Reversal -- Formation -- Quiescence (Resting) -- Bone Remodeling Cycle Duration -- Bone Remodeling Rate -- Bone Remodeling Balance -- BONE REPAIR -- EFFECTS OF MODELING AND REMODELING ON BONE STRUCTURE AND MATERIAL PROPERTIES -- Bone Structure Effects of Modeling and Remodeling -- Bone Material Property Effects of Remodeling -- Mineralization -- Collagen Cross-Links -- Microdamage -- LABORATORY ASSESSMENT OF MODELING AND REMODELING -- Suggested Readings -- II - ASSESSMENT OF BONE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION -- 6 - Skeletal Imaging -- X-RAY -- Conventional Radiography -- Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry -- COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY -- Clinical Diagnostic Computed Tomography -- Dual Energy or Spectral Imaging Scanning -- HIGH-RESOLUTION PERIPHERAL QUANTITATIVE COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY -- Microcomputed Tomography -- Quantitative Computed Tomography (Densitometry) -- Modeling Analysis -- MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING -- Ultrashort Echo-Time (TE) Sequences -- RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING -- Positron Emission Tomography and Positron Emission Tomography-Computed Tomography -- ULTRASOUND -- SUMMARY -- Suggested Readings -- Computed Tomography -- Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry. , Magnetic Resonance Imaging -- Finite Element Analysis -- Radionuclide Imaging -- Ultrasound -- 7 - Skeletal Hard Tissue Biomechanics -- INTRODUCTION TO BASIC BONE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION -- Main Functions of Bone in the Body -- Bone Is a Hierarchical Structure -- FUNDAMENTALS OF SOLID MECHANICS -- The Force-Displacement Curve -- Stress and Strain in Axial Loading -- Modulus of Elasticity and Poisson's Ratio -- METHODS OF TESTING MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF WHOLE BONE -- Axial Loading in Tension and Compression -- Torsion -- Bending -- FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO WHOLE BONE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES -- Bone Mass: Cancellous Bone -- Cancellous Architecture and Anisotropy -- Cortical Bone Size (Mass) and Architecture -- Bone Tissue Material Properties -- The Bone Extracellular Matrix: Type I Collagen -- The Bone Extracellular Matrix: Inorganic Hydroxyapatite -- METHODS OF TESTING THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF BONE TISSUE -- Other Measures of Bone "Strength" -- Suggested Readings -- 8 - Techniques in Histomorphometry -- HISTOLOGIC SPECIMENS -- Specimen Collection -- In Vivo Labeling -- Specimen Processing -- HISTOMORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS -- Static versus Dynamic Measurements -- Primary Versus Derived Variables -- Referents -- Bone Architecture and Geometry -- Tissue Types -- Cell Number and Activity -- Dynamic Histomorphometry -- Osteocytes -- Microdamage -- Marrow -- ASSUMPTIONS AND TECHNICAL ASPECTS -- HISTOLOGIC FEATURES OF DISEASE AND TREATMENT -- Osteoporosis -- Osteomalacia -- Hyperparathyroidism -- Primary Hyperparathyroidism -- Secondary Hyperparathyroidism -- Paget's Disease of Bone (Osteitis Deformans) -- Antiresorptive Therapy -- Anabolic Therapy -- Suggested Readings -- 9 - Skeletal Genetics: From Gene Identification to Murine Models of Disease -- GENETIC ANALYSIS OF BONE PHENOTYPES -- Linkage Analysis -- Genome-Wide Association Studies. , Whole Exome and Whole Genome Analysis -- Functional Analysis -- Omics Analysis of Bone Phenotypes -- TRANSGENIC TECHNOLOGY AND THE CREATION OF NOVEL RESEARCH MODELS -- Production of Transgenic Rodents -- Animals that Arise From Pronuclear Injection -- Animals Derived From Homologous Recombination in ES Cells -- Pronuclear Microinjection -- Isolation of Embryos for Microinjection -- Superovulation -- Collection of Single-cell Embryos -- DNA Preparation for Microinjection -- Pronuclear Microinjection of Embryos Microinjection -- Transfer of Injected Embryos to Recipient Females -- Analysis of Potential Transgenic Founders -- Microinjection of Genetically Modified Embryonic Stem Cells -- Generation of ES cell Lines -- Homologous Recombination -- Collection of Blastocysts -- Injection of ES cells Into Blastocysts -- Transfer of Injected Blastocysts to Recipient Females -- Identification of Chimeric Animals -- Designer DNA Nucleases: The CRISPR Revolution -- TRANSGENIC ANIMALS AND BONE BIOLOGY -- Bone Cell-Specific Promoters -- Conditional Models Using Cre-LoxP Technology -- Bridging Human Disorders and Mouse Models of Bone Diseases -- Secondary Challenges and Genetic Background Impacts on Skeletal Phenotypes -- SUMMARY -- Suggested Readings -- III - SKELETAL ADAPTATION -- 10 - Skeletal Changes Across the Life Span -- PRENATAL GROWTH -- Development and Maturation -- Calcification and Mineral Homeostasis -- POSTNATAL GROWTH -- Newborn Mineral Homeostasis -- Infancy and Childhood Skeletal Growth -- Puberty and Adolescence -- Race and Ethnic Differences -- Endocrine Regulators -- Genetic Regulation -- Timing of Growth Rates -- Development of Peak Bone Mass -- Fracture Risk in Children -- SKELETAL CHANGES WITH REPRODUCTION -- Pregnancy -- Lactation -- SKELETAL CHANGES WITH AGING -- Skeletal Expansion and Age -- Skeletal Mass and Age -- Suggested Readings -- Peak Bone Mass.

Language: English

UID:

Format: 1 Online Ressource (XV, 501 p. 194 illus., 33 illus. in color).

Edition: 2. ed.

ISBN: 978-1-4939-3002-9 , 978-1-4939-3001-2

Language: English

Subjects: Biology

Keywords: Skelett ; Biomechanik ; Knochen ; Biomechanik

DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3002-9

URL: Volltext

URL: http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028632090&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA

URL: http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=028632090&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA

UID:

Format: xv, 501 Seiten : , Illustrationen, Diagramme.

Edition: Second edition

ISBN: 978-1-4939-3001-2 , 978-1-4939-3708-0

Additional Edition: Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe ISBN 978-1-4939-3002-9

Language: English

Subjects: Biology

Keywords: Skelett ; Biomechanik ; Knochen ; Biomechanik

URL: Inhaltsverzeichnis

UID:

Format: 1 online resource

Edition: Reprint 2016

ISBN: 9781512814989

Series Statement: The Middle Ages Series

Note: Frontmatter -- , Contents -- , Abbreviations -- , Preface -- , 1. The Franciscan Order in 1279 -- , 2. The Developing Controversy: Chronology and Sources -- , 3. The Developing Controversy: Issues -- , 4. The Censure of 1283 -- , 5. Rehabilitation and Reversal, 1283-1309 -- , 6. Some Possible Explanations -- , 7. Some Long-Term Problems -- , Conclusion -- , Bibliography -- , Index -- , Backmatter , In English.

Additional Edition: ISBN 978-0-8122-8151-4

Language: English

DOI: 10.9783/9781512814989

URL: https://doi.org/10.9783/9781512814989

UID:

Format: 1 online resource (440 p.)

ISBN: 9780271023762

Content: Winner of the 2002 John Gilmary Shea Prize and the 2002 Howard R. Marraro Prize of the American Catholic Historical Association. When Saint Francis of Assisi died in 1226, he left behind an order already struggling to maintain its identity. As the Church called upon Franciscans to be bishops, professors, and inquisitors, their style of life began to change. Some in the order lamented this change and insisted on observing the strict poverty practiced by Francis himself. Others were more open to compromise. Over time, this division evolved into a genuine rift, as those who argued for strict poverty were marginalized within the order. In this book, David Burr offers the first comprehensive history of the so-called Spiritual Franciscans, a protest movement within the Franciscan order. Burr shows that the movement existed more or less as a loyal opposition in the late thirteenth century, but by 1318 Pope John XXII and leaders of the order had combined to force it beyond the boundaries of legitimacy. At that point the loyal opposition turned into a heretical movement and recalcitrant friars were sent to the stake. Although much has been written about individual Spiritual Franciscan leaders, there has been no general history of the movement since 1932. Few people are equipped to tackle the voluminous documentary record and digest the sheer mass of research generated by Franciscan scholars in the last century. Burr, one of the world's leading authorities on the Franciscans, has given us a book that will define the field for years to come.

Note: Frontmatter -- , CONTENTS -- , Preface -- , ONE. The Franciscan Dilemma -- , TWO. Protospirituals -- , THREE. The Birth of the Usus Pauper Controversy: 1274–1290 -- , FOUR. Opposition in High Places: 1290–1309 -- , FIVE. The Council of Vienne: The Spiritual Franciscan Position -- , SIX. The Council of Vienne: The Community and the Pope -- , SEVEN. The Collapse of the Clementine Settlement -- , EIGHT. John Acts -- , NINE. Censure and Condemnation -- , TEN. Southern France: Four Case Histories -- , ELEVEN. Southern France: Some Generalizations -- , TWELVE. Ubertino da Casale and the Controversy over Christ’s Poverty -- , THIRTEEN. Angelo Clareno and Beyond -- , Conclusion -- , Appendix: Spirituals and Mystics -- , Notes -- , Bibliography -- , Index , In English.

Language: English

DOI: 10.1515/9780271023762

URL: https://www.degruyter.com/isbn/9780271023762

UID:

Format: 1 online resource

ISBN: 9781512800944

Series Statement: The Middle Ages Series

Note: Frontmatter -- , Contents -- , Abbreviations -- , Preface -- , 1. Joachism and the Eternal Gospel -- , 2. Respectable Apocalyptic -- , 3. Olivi before 1298 -- , 4. The Fifth Period -- , 5. The Dawning Sixth Period -- , 6. The Double Antichrist -- , 7. The Apocalyptic Timetable -- , 8. Life after Antichrist -- , 9. The Condemnation Process, 1318-19 -- , 10. The Condemnation Process, 1322–26 -- , 11. The Significance of the Condemnation -- , Bibliography of Works Cited -- , Index -- , Backmatter , In English.

Additional Edition: ISBN 978-0-8122-3227-1

Language: English

DOI: 10.9783/9781512800944

URL: https://doi.org/10.9783/9781512800944