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A highly virulent variant of HIV-1 circulating in the Netherlands

Wymant, Chris ; Bezemer, Daniela ; Blanquart, François ; [et al.]

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) ; 2022

In: Science Vol. 375, No. 6580 ( 2022-02-04), p. 540-545

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In: Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Vol. 375, No. 6580 ( 2022-02-04), p. 540-545

Abstract: A cluster of HIV-infected individuals with high viral loads, rapid CD4 + cell declines, and increased infectivity has been detected in Europe.

Type of Medium: Online Resource

ISSN: 0036-8075 , 1095-9203

URL: Article

DOI: 10.1126/science.abk1688

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WA 15000

Language: English

Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

Publication Date: 2022

detail.hit.zdb_id: 128410-1

detail.hit.zdb_id: 2066996-3

detail.hit.zdb_id: 2060783-0

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Autoantibodies neutralizing type I IFNs are present in ~4% of uninfected individuals over 70 years old and account for ~20% of COVID-19 deaths

Bastard, Paul ; Gervais, Adrian ; Le Voyer, Tom ; [et al.]

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) ; 2021

In: Science Immunology Vol. 6, No. 62 ( 2021-08-10)

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In: Science Immunology, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Vol. 6, No. 62 ( 2021-08-10)

Abstract: Circulating autoantibodies (auto-Abs) neutralizing high concentrations (10 ng/ml; in plasma diluted 1:10) of IFN-α and/or IFN-ω are found in about 10% of patients with critical COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) pneumonia but not in individuals with asymptomatic infections. We detect auto-Abs neutralizing 100-fold lower, more physiological, concentrations of IFN-α and/or IFN-ω (100 pg/ml; in 1:10 dilutions of plasma) in 13.6% of 3595 patients with critical COVID-19, including 21% of 374 patients 〉 80 years, and 6.5% of 522 patients with severe COVID-19. These antibodies are also detected in 18% of the 1124 deceased patients (aged 20 days to 99 years; mean: 70 years). Moreover, another 1.3% of patients with critical COVID-19 and 0.9% of the deceased patients have auto-Abs neutralizing high concentrations of IFN-β. We also show, in a sample of 34,159 uninfected individuals from the general population, that auto-Abs neutralizing high concentrations of IFN-α and/or IFN-ω are present in 0.18% of individuals between 18 and 69 years, 1.1% between 70 and 79 years, and 3.4% 〉 80 years. Moreover, the proportion of individuals carrying auto-Abs neutralizing lower concentrations is greater in a subsample of 10,778 uninfected individuals: 1% of individuals 〈 70 years, 2.3% between 70 and 80 years, and 6.3% 〉 80 years. By contrast, auto-Abs neutralizing IFN-β do not become more frequent with age. Auto-Abs neutralizing type I IFNs predate SARS-CoV-2 infection and sharply increase in prevalence after the age of 70 years. They account for about 20% of both critical COVID-19 cases in the over 80s and total fatal COVID-19 cases.

Type of Medium: Online Resource

ISSN: 2470-9468

URL: Article

DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abl4340

Language: English

Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

Publication Date: 2021

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Soil Diversity and Hydration as Observed by ChemCam at Gale Crater, Mars

Meslin, P.-Y. ; Gasnault, O. ; Forni, O. ; [et al.]

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) ; 2013

In: Science Vol. 341, No. 6153 ( 2013-09-27)

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In: Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Vol. 341, No. 6153 ( 2013-09-27)

Abstract: The ChemCam instrument, which provides insight into martian soil chemistry at the submillimeter scale, identified two principal soil types along the Curiosity rover traverse: a fine-grained mafic type and a locally derived, coarse-grained felsic type. The mafic soil component is representative of widespread martian soils and is similar in composition to the martian dust. It possesses a ubiquitous hydrogen signature in ChemCam spectra, corresponding to the hydration of the amorphous phases found in the soil by the CheMin instrument. This hydration likely accounts for an important fraction of the global hydration of the surface seen by previous orbital measurements. ChemCam analyses did not reveal any significant exchange of water vapor between the regolith and the atmosphere. These observations provide constraints on the nature of the amorphous phases and their hydration.

Type of Medium: Online Resource

ISSN: 0036-8075 , 1095-9203

URL: Article

DOI: 10.1126/science.1238670

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Language: English

Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

Publication Date: 2013

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detail.hit.zdb_id: 2066996-3

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The Petrochemistry of Jake_M: A Martian Mugearite

Stolper, E. M. ; Baker, M. B. ; Newcombe, M. E. ; [et al.]

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) ; 2013

In: Science Vol. 341, No. 6153 ( 2013-09-27)

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In: Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Vol. 341, No. 6153 ( 2013-09-27)

Abstract: “Jake_M,” the first rock analyzed by the Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer instrument on the Curiosity rover, differs substantially in chemical composition from other known martian igneous rocks: It is alkaline ( 〉 15% normative nepheline) and relatively fractionated. Jake_M is compositionally similar to terrestrial mugearites, a rock type typically found at ocean islands and continental rifts. By analogy with these comparable terrestrial rocks, Jake_M could have been produced by extensive fractional crystallization of a primary alkaline or transitional magma at elevated pressure, with or without elevated water contents. The discovery of Jake_M suggests that alkaline magmas may be more abundant on Mars than on Earth and that Curiosity could encounter even more fractionated alkaline rocks (for example, phonolites and trachytes).

Type of Medium: Online Resource

ISSN: 0036-8075 , 1095-9203

URL: Article

DOI: 10.1126/science.1239463

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TA 1000

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WA 15000

Language: English

Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

Publication Date: 2013

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detail.hit.zdb_id: 2066996-3

detail.hit.zdb_id: 2060783-0

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Low Upper Limit to Methane Abundance on Mars

Webster, Christopher R. ; Mahaffy, Paul R. ; Atreya, Sushil K. ; [et al.]

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) ; 2013

In: Science Vol. 342, No. 6156 ( 2013-10-18), p. 355-357

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In: Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Vol. 342, No. 6156 ( 2013-10-18), p. 355-357

Abstract: By analogy with Earth, methane in the Martian atmosphere is a potential signature of ongoing or past biological activity. During the past decade, Earth-based telescopic observations reported “plumes” of methane of tens of parts per billion by volume (ppbv), and those from Mars orbit showed localized patches, prompting speculation of sources from subsurface bacteria or nonbiological sources. From in situ measurements made with the Tunable Laser Spectrometer (TLS) on Curiosity using a distinctive spectral pattern specific to methane, we report no detection of atmospheric methane with a measured value of 0.18 ± 0.67 ppbv corresponding to an upper limit of only 1.3 ppbv (95% confidence level), which reduces the probability of current methanogenic microbial activity on Mars and limits the recent contribution from extraplanetary and geologic sources.

Type of Medium: Online Resource

ISSN: 0036-8075 , 1095-9203

URL: Article

DOI: 10.1126/science.1242902

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WA 15000

Language: English

Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

Publication Date: 2013

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Volatile, Isotope, and Organic Analysis of Martian Fines with the Mars Curiosity Rover

Leshin, L. A. ; Mahaffy, P. R. ; Webster, C. R. ; [et al.]

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) ; 2013

In: Science Vol. 341, No. 6153 ( 2013-09-27)

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In: Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Vol. 341, No. 6153 ( 2013-09-27)

Abstract: Samples from the Rocknest aeolian deposit were heated to ~835°C under helium flow and evolved gases analyzed by Curiosity’s Sample Analysis at Mars instrument suite. H 2 O, SO 2 , CO 2 , and O 2 were the major gases released. Water abundance (1.5 to 3 weight percent) and release temperature suggest that H 2 O is bound within an amorphous component of the sample. Decomposition of fine-grained Fe or Mg carbonate is the likely source of much of the evolved CO 2 . Evolved O 2 is coincident with the release of Cl, suggesting that oxygen is produced from thermal decomposition of an oxychloride compound. Elevated δD values are consistent with recent atmospheric exchange. Carbon isotopes indicate multiple carbon sources in the fines. Several simple organic compounds were detected, but they are not definitively martian in origin.

Type of Medium: Online Resource

ISSN: 0036-8075 , 1095-9203

URL: Article

DOI: 10.1126/science.1238937

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TA 1000

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WA 15000

Language: English

Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

Publication Date: 2013

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detail.hit.zdb_id: 2066996-3

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A Habitable Fluvio-Lacustrine Environment at Yellowknife Bay, Gale Crater, Mars

Grotzinger, J. P. ; Sumner, D. Y. ; Kah, L. C. ; [et al.]

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) ; 2014

In: Science Vol. 343, No. 6169 ( 2014-01-24)

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In: Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Vol. 343, No. 6169 ( 2014-01-24)

Abstract: The Curiosity rover discovered fine-grained sedimentary rocks, which are inferred to represent an ancient lake and preserve evidence of an environment that would have been suited to support a martian biosphere founded on chemolithoautotrophy. This aqueous environment was characterized by neutral pH, low salinity, and variable redox states of both iron and sulfur species. Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, and phosphorus were measured directly as key biogenic elements; by inference, phosphorus is assumed to have been available. The environment probably had a minimum duration of hundreds to tens of thousands of years. These results highlight the biological viability of fluvial-lacustrine environments in the post-Noachian history of Mars.

Type of Medium: Online Resource

ISSN: 0036-8075 , 1095-9203

URL: Article

DOI: 10.1126/science.1242777

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WA 15000

Language: English

Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

Publication Date: 2014

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X-ray Diffraction Results from Mars Science Laboratory: Mineralogy of Rocknest at Gale Crater

Bish, D. L. ; Blake, D. F. ; Vaniman, D. T. ; [et al.]

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) ; 2013

In: Science Vol. 341, No. 6153 ( 2013-09-27)

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In: Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Vol. 341, No. 6153 ( 2013-09-27)

Abstract: The Mars Science Laboratory rover Curiosity scooped samples of soil from the Rocknest aeolian bedform in Gale crater. Analysis of the soil with the Chemistry and Mineralogy (CheMin) x-ray diffraction (XRD) instrument revealed plagioclase (~An57), forsteritic olivine (~Fo62), augite, and pigeonite, with minor K-feldspar, magnetite, quartz, anhydrite, hematite, and ilmenite. The minor phases are present at, or near, detection limits. The soil also contains 27 ± 14 weight percent x-ray amorphous material, likely containing multiple Fe 3+ - and volatile-bearing phases, including possibly a substance resembling hisingerite. The crystalline component is similar to the normative mineralogy of certain basaltic rocks from Gusev crater on Mars and of martian basaltic meteorites. The amorphous component is similar to that found on Earth in places such as soils on the Mauna Kea volcano, Hawaii.

Type of Medium: Online Resource

ISSN: 0036-8075 , 1095-9203

URL: Article

DOI: 10.1126/science.1238932

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TA 1000

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WA 15000

Language: English

Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

Publication Date: 2013

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Elemental Geochemistry of Sedimentary Rocks at Yellowknife Bay, Gale Crater, Mars

McLennan, S. M. ; Anderson, R. B. ; Bell, J. F. ; [et al.]

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) ; 2014

In: Science Vol. 343, No. 6169 ( 2014-01-24)

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In: Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Vol. 343, No. 6169 ( 2014-01-24)

Abstract: Sedimentary rocks examined by the Curiosity rover at Yellowknife Bay, Mars, were derived from sources that evolved from an approximately average martian crustal composition to one influenced by alkaline basalts. No evidence of chemical weathering is preserved, indicating arid, possibly cold, paleoclimates and rapid erosion and deposition. The absence of predicted geochemical variations indicates that magnetite and phyllosilicates formed by diagenesis under low-temperature, circumneutral pH, rock-dominated aqueous conditions. Analyses of diagenetic features (including concretions, raised ridges, and fractures) at high spatial resolution indicate that they are composed of iron- and halogen-rich components, magnesium-iron-chlorine–rich components, and hydrated calcium sulfates, respectively. Composition of a cross-cutting dike-like feature is consistent with sedimentary intrusion. The geochemistry of these sedimentary rocks provides further evidence for diverse depositional and diagenetic sedimentary environments during the early history of Mars.

Type of Medium: Online Resource

ISSN: 0036-8075 , 1095-9203

URL: Article

DOI: 10.1126/science.1244734

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TA 1000

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WA 15000

Language: English

Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

Publication Date: 2014

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Mars’ Surface Radiation Environment Measured with the Mars Science Laboratory’s Curiosity Rover

Hassler, Donald M. ; Zeitlin, Cary ; Wimmer-Schweingruber, Robert F. ; [et al.]

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) ; 2014

In: Science Vol. 343, No. 6169 ( 2014-01-24)

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In: Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Vol. 343, No. 6169 ( 2014-01-24)

Abstract: The Radiation Assessment Detector (RAD) on the Mars Science Laboratory’s Curiosity rover began making detailed measurements of the cosmic ray and energetic particle radiation environment on the surface of Mars on 7 August 2012. We report and discuss measurements of the absorbed dose and dose equivalent from galactic cosmic rays and solar energetic particles on the martian surface for ~300 days of observations during the current solar maximum. These measurements provide insight into the radiation hazards associated with a human mission to the surface of Mars and provide an anchor point with which to model the subsurface radiation environment, with implications for microbial survival times of any possible extant or past life, as well as for the preservation of potential organic biosignatures of the ancient martian environment.

Type of Medium: Online Resource

ISSN: 0036-8075 , 1095-9203

URL: Article

DOI: 10.1126/science.1244797

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WA 15000

Language: English

Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

Publication Date: 2014

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