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  • 1
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    Memory Effects of Water Deprivation in European Beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and Silver Fir (Abies alba Mill.) Seedlings Grown in Mixed Cultivation
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Forests Vol. 13, No. 10 ( 2022-10-16), p. 1704-
    Details
    In: Forests, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 10 ( 2022-10-16), p. 1704-
    Kurzfassung: Very limited information is available on the drought tolerance of European beech and silver fir in mixed cultivation, both for mature forests and natural regeneration. Particularly, little information is available regarding the significance on memory effects of drought exposure. Therefore, drought memory was analyzed in seedlings of these species grown in mixed cultivation in the present study. The results showed that previous-year drought hardening mediated enhanced biomass accumulation of beech leaves and root in the subsequent year, but did not impact fir growth. Total carbon (C) content was decreased by drought hardening in both the leaves and roots of beech and previous-year needles and roots of fir, in beech probably as a consequence of increased growth. Previous-year drought hardening had no significant effect on relative water contents, total nitrogen (N), or soluble protein contents in leaves and roots of beech and fir, but resulted in decreased total amino acid contents of beech leaves and fir needles. It further reduced structural N in current-year fir needles and decreased C/N ratios in roots of both beech and silver fir seedlings. Generally, the number of interspecific neighbors had no considerable effect on biomass or total C or N contents, as well as N partitioning in leaves and roots of beech and fir seedlings. The present study highlights that drought hardening induces memory effects in European beech and silver fir seedlings in their mixture in the subsequent year of growth, but these memory effects are stronger in beech than in fir.
    Materialart: Online-Ressource
    ISSN: 1999-4907
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/f13101704
    Sprache: Englisch
    Verlag: MDPI AG
    Publikationsdatum: 2022
    ZDB Id: 2527081-3
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  • 2
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    Nitrogen Nutrition of European Beech Is Maintained at Sufficient Water Supply in Mixed Beech-Fir Stands
    MDPI AG ; 2018
    In:  Forests Vol. 9, No. 12 ( 2018-11-23), p. 733-
    Details
    In: Forests, MDPI AG, Vol. 9, No. 12 ( 2018-11-23), p. 733-
    Kurzfassung: Research highlights: Interaction effects of coniferous on deciduous species have been investigated before the background of climate change. Background and objectives: The cultivation of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in mixed stands has currently received attention, since the future performance of beech in mid-European forest monocultures in a changing climate is under debate. We investigated water relations and nitrogen (N) nutrition of beech in monocultures and mixed with silver-fir (Abies alba Mill.) in the Black Forest at different environmental conditions, and in the Croatian Velebit at the southern distribution limit of beech, over a seasonal course at sufficient water availability. Material and methods: Water relations were analyzed via δ13C signatures, as integrative measures of water supply assuming that photosynthesis processes were not impaired. N nutrition was characterized by N partitioning between soluble N fractions and structural N. Results: In the relatively wet year 2016, water relations of beech leaves, fir needles and roots differed by season, but generally not between beech monocultures and mixed cultivation. At all sites, previous and current year fir needles revealed significantly lower total N contents over the entire season than beech leaves. Fir fine roots exhibited higher or similar amounts of total N compared to needles. Correlation analysis revealed a strong relationship of leaf and root δ13C signatures with soil parameters at the mixed beech stands, but not at pure beech stands. While glutamine (Gln) uptake capacity of beech roots was strongly related to soil N in the monoculture beech stands, arginine (Arg) uptake capacities of beech roots were strongly related to soil N in mixed stands. Conclusions: Leaf N contents indicated a facilitative effect of silver-fir on beech on sites where soil total N concentrations where low, but an indication of competition effect where it was high. This improvement could be partially attributed to protein contents, but not to differences in uptake capacity of an individual N source. From these results it is concluded that despite similar performance of beech trees at the three field sites investigated, the association with silver-fir mediated interactive effects between species association, climate and soil parameters even at sufficient water supply.
    Materialart: Online-Ressource
    ISSN: 1999-4907
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/f9120733
    Sprache: Englisch
    Verlag: MDPI AG
    Publikationsdatum: 2018
    ZDB Id: 2527081-3
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  • 3
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    Phosphorus Nutrition and Water Relations of European Beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) Saplings Are Determined by Plant Origin
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Forests Vol. 13, No. 10 ( 2022-10-13), p. 1683-
    Details
    In: Forests, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 10 ( 2022-10-13), p. 1683-
    Kurzfassung: Climate change, specifically the increasing frequency and intensity of summer heat and drought, has severe influences on the performance of beech forests, including decline in growth, reduced nutrient turnover, enhanced mortality, and a shift in spatial distribution northwards and towards higher elevations. The present study aimed to characterize the physiological responses of Croatian beech saplings originating from 10 natural forest stands to experimentally applied water deprivation in a common-garden experiment. The aim was to evaluate the extent to which external factors such as climate, as well as nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) availability in the soil of the natural habitats, control the response of beech saplings to water deprivation. For this purpose, beech saplings from 10 forest stands that differed in terms of soil type, chemical soil properties, as well as climate were collected in winter, cultivated in an artificial soil substrate under controlled conditions for one year, and then subjected to 29 days of water deprivation. Responses to water deprivation were observed in the antioxidative system (total ascorbate, reduced ascorbate, oxidized ascorbate, and redox state) in leaves and fine roots. The latter allowed us to categorize saplings as adapted or sensitive to water deprivation. P over N availability in the soil rather than climatic conditions in the natural habitats controlled the response of beech saplings to the water-deprivation event. The categorization of saplings as adapted or sensitive to water deprivation was related to genetic parameters. The results of this multidisciplinary study (tree physiology, climate, and genetic data) are considered to be highly significant and beneficial for the adaptation of European beech forests to changing climatic conditions.
    Materialart: Online-Ressource
    ISSN: 1999-4907
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/f13101683
    Sprache: Englisch
    Verlag: MDPI AG
    Publikationsdatum: 2022
    ZDB Id: 2527081-3
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  • 4
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    Drought Hardening of European Beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and Silver Fir (Abies alba Mill.) Seedlings in Mixed Cultivation
    MDPI AG ; 2022
    In:  Forests Vol. 13, No. 9 ( 2022-08-30), p. 1386-
    Details
    In: Forests, MDPI AG, Vol. 13, No. 9 ( 2022-08-30), p. 1386-
    Kurzfassung: To alleviate the enhanced frequency, duration, and intensity of drought as a consequence of global warming, admixing drought-sensitive European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) with deep rooting silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) has been proposed. However, information on the performance of the admixtures of seedlings of these tree species at limited water availability has so far not been reported. In the present study, we investigated the significance of water deprivation in mixtures of beech and fir seedlings on the foliar relative water content (RWC), δ13C signature, total C and N contents, and C:N ratios of both species in a drought-rewetting cycle. Surprisingly, moderate drought triggered increased RWC in beech leaves and current year fir needles indicating drought hardening. The enhanced foliar RWC was preserved after rewatering in beech leaves, but not in current year fir needles. Drought did not significantly affect δ13C abundance in beech leaves, but enhanced the δ13C abundance (less negative values) in current and one-year old fir needles, indicating stomatal control in fir needles but not in beech leaves upon moderate drought. Total C contents of beech leaves were significantly increased upon drought and rewatering, but remained constant in fir needles. Foliar total N increased in both species upon drought and decreased upon rewatering. Accordingly, C:N ratios decreased in response to drought and recovered after rewatering. These results suggest that drought hardening may be achieved at least partially via osmotic adjustment by different compatible solutes in beech leaves and fir needles. No apparent effects of the number of neighbours were observed, although more fir neighbours tended to increase the RWC and total C contents of beech leaves. These results indicate that drought hardening in mixtures of beech and fir seedlings is largely independent of the number of interspecies neighbours.
    Materialart: Online-Ressource
    ISSN: 1999-4907
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/f13091386
    Sprache: Englisch
    Verlag: MDPI AG
    Publikationsdatum: 2022
    ZDB Id: 2527081-3
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  • 5
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    Nitrogen Nutrition of Trees in Temperate Forests—The Significance of Nitrogen Availability in the Pedosphere and Atmosphere
    MDPI AG ; 2015
    In:  Forests Vol. 6, No. 12 ( 2015-08-14), p. 2820-2835
    Details
    In: Forests, MDPI AG, Vol. 6, No. 12 ( 2015-08-14), p. 2820-2835
    Materialart: Online-Ressource
    ISSN: 1999-4907
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/f6082820
    Sprache: Englisch
    Verlag: MDPI AG
    Publikationsdatum: 2015
    ZDB Id: 2527081-3
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  • 6
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    Admixing Fir to European Beech Forests Improves the Soil Greenhouse Gas Balance
    MDPI AG ; 2019
    In:  Forests Vol. 10, No. 3 ( 2019-02-27), p. 213-
    Details
    In: Forests, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 3 ( 2019-02-27), p. 213-
    Kurzfassung: Research highlights: The admixture of fir to pure European beech hardly affected soil-atmosphere CH4 and N2O fluxes but increased soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks at a site in the Black Forest, Southern Germany. Background and objectives: Admixing deep-rooting silver fir has been proposed as a measure to increase the resilience of beech forests towards intensified drying-wetting cycles. Hence, the goal of this study was to quantify the effect of fir admixture to beech forests on the soil-atmosphere-exchange of greenhouse gases (GHGs: CO2, CH4 and N2O) and the SOC stocks by comparing pure beech (BB) and mixed beech-fir (BF) stands in the Black Forest, Germany. Materials and methods: To account for the impact of drying-wetting events, we simulated prolonged summer drought periods by rainout shelters, followed by irrigation. Results: The admixture of fir to pure beech stands reduced soil respiration, especially during autumn and winter. This resulted in increased SOC stocks down to a 0.9 m depth by 9 t C ha−1 at BF. The mixed stand showed an insignificantly decreased sink strength for CH4 (−4.0 under BB and −3.6 kg C ha−1 year−1 under BF). With maximal emissions of 25 µg N m−2 h−1, N2O fluxes were very low and remained unchanged by the fir admixture. The total soil GHG balance of forest conversion from BB to BF was strongly dominated by changes in SOC stocks. Extended summer droughts significantly decreased the soil respiration in both BB and BF stands and increased the net CH4 uptake. Conclusions: Overall, this study highlights the positive effects of fir admixture to beech stands on SOC stocks and the total soil GHG balance. In view of the positive impact of increased SOC stocks on key soil functions such as water and nutrient retention, admixing fir to beech stands appears to be a suitable measure to mitigate climate change stresses on European beech stands.
    Materialart: Online-Ressource
    ISSN: 1999-4907
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/f10030213
    Sprache: Englisch
    Verlag: MDPI AG
    Publikationsdatum: 2019
    ZDB Id: 2527081-3
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  • 7
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    Physiological Responses to Abiotic and Biotic Stress in Forest Trees
    MDPI AG ; 2019
    In:  Forests Vol. 10, No. 9 ( 2019-08-21), p. 711-
    Details
    In: Forests, MDPI AG, Vol. 10, No. 9 ( 2019-08-21), p. 711-
    Kurzfassung: Forests fulfill important ecological functions by sustaining nutrient cycles and providing habitats for a multitude of organisms. They further deliver ecosystem services such as carbon storage, protection from erosion, and wood as an important commodity. Trees have to cope in their environment with a multitude of natural and anthropogenic forms of stress. Resilience and resistance mechanisms to biotic and abiotic stresses are of special importance for long-lived tree species. Since trees exist for many decades or even centuries on the same spot, they have to acclimate their growth and reproduction to constantly changing atmospheric and pedospheric conditions. In this special issue, we invited contributions addressing the physiological responses of forest trees to a wide array of different stress factors. Among the eighteen papers published, seventeen covered drought or salt stress as major environmental cues, highlighting the relevance of this topic in times of climate change. Only one paper studied cold stress [1]. The dominance of drought and salt stress studies underpins the need to understand tree responses to these environmental threats from the molecular to the ecophysiological level. The papers contributing to this Special Issue cover these scientific aspects in different areas of the globe and encompass conifers as well as broadleaf tree species. In addition, two studies deal with bamboo (Phyllostachys sp., [1,2] ). Bamboo, although botanically belonging to grasses, was included because its ecological functions and applications are similar to those of trees.
    Materialart: Online-Ressource
    ISSN: 1999-4907
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/f10090711
    Sprache: Englisch
    Verlag: MDPI AG
    Publikationsdatum: 2019
    ZDB Id: 2527081-3
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  • 8
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    Hyperspectral Reflectance of Light-Adapted Leaves Can Predict Both Dark- and Light-Adapted Chl Fluorescence Parameters, and the Effects of Chronic Ozone Exposure on Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera)
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  International Journal of Molecular Sciences Vol. 21, No. 17 ( 2020-09-03), p. 6441-
    Details
    In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, MDPI AG, Vol. 21, No. 17 ( 2020-09-03), p. 6441-
    Kurzfassung: High-throughput and large-scale measurements of chlorophyll a fluorescence (ChlF) are of great interest to investigate the photosynthetic performance of plants in the field. Here, we tested the capability to rapidly, precisely, and simultaneously estimate the number of pulse-amplitude-modulation ChlF parameters commonly calculated from both dark- and light-adapted leaves (an operation which usually takes tens of minutes) from the reflectance of hyperspectral data collected on light-adapted leaves of date palm seedlings chronically exposed in a FACE facility to three ozone (O3) concentrations (ambient air, AA; target 1.5 × AA O3, named as moderate O3, MO; target 2 × AA O3, named as elevated O3, EO) for 75 consecutive days. Leaf spectral measurements were paired with reference measurements of ChlF, and predictive spectral models were constructed using partial least squares regression. Most of the ChlF parameters were well predicted by spectroscopic models (average model goodness-of-fit for validation, R2: 0.53–0.82). Furthermore, comparing the full-range spectral profiles (i.e., 400–2400 nm), it was possible to distinguish with high accuracy (81% of success) plants exposed to the different O3 concentrations, especially those exposed to EO from those exposed to MO and AA. This was possible even in the absence of visible foliar injury and using a moderately O3-susceptible species like the date palm. The latter view is confirmed by the few variations of the ChlF parameters, that occurred only under EO. The results of the current study could be applied in several scientific fields, such as precision agriculture and plant phenotyping.
    Materialart: Online-Ressource
    ISSN: 1422-0067
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176441
    Sprache: Englisch
    Verlag: MDPI AG
    Publikationsdatum: 2020
    ZDB Id: 2019364-6
    SSG: 12
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  • 9
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    Hydraulic Water Redistribution by Silver Fir (Abies alba Mill.) Occurring under Severe Soil Drought
    MDPI AG ; 2020
    In:  Forests Vol. 11, No. 2 ( 2020-01-31), p. 162-
    Details
    In: Forests, MDPI AG, Vol. 11, No. 2 ( 2020-01-31), p. 162-
    Kurzfassung: Hydraulic redistribution (HR) of water from wet- to dry-soil zones is suggested as an important process in the resilience of forest ecosystems to drought stress in semiarid and tropical climates. Scenarios of future climate change predict an increase of severe drought conditions in temperate climate regions. This implies the need for adaptations of locally managed forest systems, such as European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) monocultures, for instance, through the admixing of deep-rooting silver fir (Abies alba Mill.). We designed a stable-isotope-based split-root experiment under controlled conditions to test whether silver fir seedlings could perform HR and therefore reduce drought stress in neighboring beech seedlings. Our results showed that HR by silver fir does occur, but with a delayed onset of three weeks after isotopic labelling with 2H2O (δ2H ≈ +6000‰), and at low rates. On average, 0.2% of added ²H excess could be recovered via HR. Fir roots released water under dry-soil conditions that caused some European beech seedlings to permanently wilt. On the basis of these results, we concluded that HR by silver fir does occur, but the potential for mitigating drought stress in beech is limited. Admixing silver fir into beech stands as a climate change adaptation strategy needs to be assessed in field studies with sufficient monitoring time.
    Materialart: Online-Ressource
    ISSN: 1999-4907
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/f11020162
    Sprache: Englisch
    Verlag: MDPI AG
    Publikationsdatum: 2020
    ZDB Id: 2527081-3
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  • 10
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    Thinning of Beech Forests Stocking on Shallow Calcareous Soil Maintains Soil C and N Stocks in the Long Run
    MDPI AG ; 2017
    In:  Forests Vol. 8, No. 5 ( 2017-05-11), p. 167-
    Details
    In: Forests, MDPI AG, Vol. 8, No. 5 ( 2017-05-11), p. 167-
    Materialart: Online-Ressource
    ISSN: 1999-4907
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/f8050167
    Sprache: Englisch
    Verlag: MDPI AG
    Publikationsdatum: 2017
    ZDB Id: 2527081-3
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