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  • Geography  (160)
Type of Medium
Language
Subjects(RVK)
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Elsevier BV ; 2001
    In:  Journal of Historical Geography Vol. 27, No. 2 ( 2001-04), p. 275-277
    In: Journal of Historical Geography, Elsevier BV, Vol. 27, No. 2 ( 2001-04), p. 275-277
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0305-7488
    RVK:
    Language: English
    Publisher: Elsevier BV
    Publication Date: 2001
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1469637-X
    SSG: 14
    SSG: 6,11
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Elsevier BV ; 2002
    In:  Global and Planetary Change Vol. 32, No. 4 ( 2002-4), p. 311-329
    In: Global and Planetary Change, Elsevier BV, Vol. 32, No. 4 ( 2002-4), p. 311-329
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0921-8181
    RVK:
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Elsevier BV
    Publication Date: 2002
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 20361-0
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2016967-X
    SSG: 13
    SSG: 14
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Wiley ; 2002
    In:  International Journal of Urban and Regional Research Vol. 26, No. 3 ( 2002-09), p. 620-625
    In: International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Wiley, Vol. 26, No. 3 ( 2002-09), p. 620-625
    Abstract: This article traces some of the history of and logic behind the automation of weapons systems in relation to their planned deployment as an integral element of ‘homeland security’ in the US after the September 11th attacks. We focus primarily on unmanned combat air vehicles that have long been part of the Air Force’s R & D plans, but have now apparently found an event that justifies their production and deployment. What, we wonder, will be the effects on the urban landscape by using unmanned vehicles capable of ‘intelligently’ selecting a target and firing upon it, especially when the technology that allows these weapons systems to find the target as satellite coordinates relies on the same information technology that provides the infrastructure for ‘smart’ communities, and are already deployed in virtually all urban settings. By exploring the logic of speed and surprise that has driven the increased move toward and reliance on automated and intelligent weapons systems, we reveal how the arguments used in favor of developing and deploying such weapons systems also work as arguments against them. The technology that makes a weapons system intelligent, for example, also means that it has to be capable of choosing the wrong target, hence its ‘intelligence’. Similarly, the need to control the element of surprise has its logical end in the pursuit of the ultimate hidden vantage point, exemplified by the dark side of the moon. The technology and logic of the current ‘War on Terror’ fits neatly into already extant long–range military strategic planning, and could have a massive impact on the shape of urban environments in the immediate and distant futures. Cet article reprend en partie l’historique et la logique qui sous–tendent l’automatisation des systèmes d’armes dans le cadre de leur déploiement en tant qu’élément constitutif de la ‘séécurité de la patrie‘ aux Etats–Unis après les attaques du 11 septembre. Il se consacre surtout aux aéronefs de combat sans pilote qui font partie des stratégies de R & D de l’Air Force depuis longtemps même si, apparemment, ils ont dorénavant trouvé un événement justifiant leur production et leur déploiement. Quels seraient les effets sur le paysage urbain d’un recours à ces véhicules sans pilote capables de choisir ‘intelligemment’ une cible et de la viser? Et ce, en particulier si la technologie qui leur permet de trouver la cible sous forme de coordonnées par satellite s’appuie sur cette même informatique qui fournit l’infrastructure aux communautés ‘intelligentes’, celle–ci étant déjà installée sur quasiment toutes les scènes urbaines. En s’intéressant à la logique de rapidité et surprise qui a motivé la tendance croissante et la dépendance à légard des systèmes d’armes automatisés intelligents, l’article révèle comment les arguments favorables au développement et au déploiement de ces systèmes fonctionnent aussi comme arguments contraires. La technologie qui rend intelligent un tel système signifie, par exemple, qu’il doit être capable de choisir la mauvaise cible, donc son ‘intelligence’. De même, le besoin de maîtriser l’élément de surprise trouve sa fin logique dans la recherche de la position cachée optimale, caractérisée par la face cachée de la lune. Technologie et logique de la ‘guerre’ actuelle contre la terreur s’adaptent parfaitement aux plans stratégiques militaires de grande envergure déjà en place et pourraient avoir une incidence énorme sur la conformation des environnements urbains dans un avenir à la fois immédiat et lointain.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0309-1317 , 1468-2427
    URL: Issue
    RVK:
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2002
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1481045-1
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 751084-6
    SSG: 14
    SSG: 3,4
    SSG: 3,6
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    JSTOR ; 1987
    In:  Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers Vol. 12, No. 4 ( 1987), p. 494-
    In: Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, JSTOR, Vol. 12, No. 4 ( 1987), p. 494-
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0020-2754
    RVK:
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: JSTOR
    Publication Date: 1987
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2031328-7
    SSG: 14
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    American Meteorological Society ; 2008
    In:  Monthly Weather Review Vol. 136, No. 12 ( 2008-12-01), p. 4641-4652
    In: Monthly Weather Review, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 136, No. 12 ( 2008-12-01), p. 4641-4652
    Abstract: Methods of ensemble postprocessing in which continuous probability density functions are constructed from ensemble forecasts by centering functions around each of the ensemble members have come to be called Bayesian model averaging (BMA) or “dressing” methods. Here idealized ensemble forecasting experiments are used to show that these methods are liable to produce systematically unreliable probability forecasts of climatologically extreme weather. It is argued that the failure of these methods is linked to an assumption that the distribution of truth given the forecast can be sampled by adding stochastic perturbations to state estimates, even when these state estimates have a realistic climate. It is shown that this assumption is incorrect, and it is argued that such dressing techniques better describe the likelihood distribution of historical ensemble-mean forecasts given the truth for certain values of the truth. This paradigm shift leads to an approach that incorporates prior climatological information into BMA ensemble postprocessing through Bayes’s theorem. This new approach is shown to cure BMA’s ill treatment of extreme weather by providing a posterior BMA distribution whose probabilistic forecasts are reliable for both extreme and nonextreme weather forecasts.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1520-0493 , 0027-0644
    RVK:
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2008
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2033056-X
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 202616-8
    SSG: 14
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    American Meteorological Society ; 2015
    In:  Monthly Weather Review Vol. 143, No. 12 ( 2015-12-01), p. 5073-5090
    In: Monthly Weather Review, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 143, No. 12 ( 2015-12-01), p. 5073-5090
    Abstract: A consistent hybrid ensemble filter (CHEF) for using hybrid forecast error covariance matrices that linearly combine aspects of both climatological and flow-dependent matrices within a nonvariational ensemble data assimilation scheme is described. The CHEF accommodates the ensemble data assimilation enhancements of (i) model space ensemble covariance localization for satellite data assimilation and (ii) Hodyss’s method for improving accuracy using ensemble skewness. Like the local ensemble transform Kalman filter (LETKF), the CHEF is computationally scalable because it updates local patches of the atmosphere independently of others. Like the sequential ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF), it serially assimilates batches of observations and uses perturbed observations to create ensembles of analyses. It differs from the deterministic (no perturbed observations) ensemble square root filter (ESRF) and the EnKF in that (i) its analysis correction is unaffected by the order in which observations are assimilated even when localization is required, (ii) it uses accurate high-rank solutions for the posterior error covariance matrix to serially assimilate observations, and (iii) it accommodates high-rank hybrid error covariance models. Experiments were performed to assess the effect on CHEF and ESRF analysis accuracy of these differences. In the case where both the CHEF and the ESRF used tuned localized ensemble covariances for the forecast error covariance model, the CHEF’s advantage over the ESRF increased with observational density. In the case where the CHEF used a hybrid error covariance model but the ESRF did not, the CHEF had a substantial advantage for all observational densities.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0027-0644 , 1520-0493
    RVK:
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2015
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2033056-X
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 202616-8
    SSG: 14
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    American Meteorological Society ; 2016
    In:  Monthly Weather Review Vol. 144, No. 1 ( 2016-01-01), p. 3-20
    In: Monthly Weather Review, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 144, No. 1 ( 2016-01-01), p. 3-20
    Abstract: In a strongly coupled data assimilation (DA), a cross-fluid covariance is specified that allows measurements from a coupled fluid (e.g., atmosphere) to directly impact analysis increments in a target fluid (e.g., ocean). The exhaustive solution to this coupled DA problem calls for a covariance where all available measurements can influence all grid points in all fluids. Solution of such a large algebraic problem is computationally expensive, often calls for a substantial rewrite of existing fluid-specific DA systems, and, as shown in this paper, can be avoided. The proposed interface solver assumes that covariances between coupled measurements and target fluid are often close to null (e.g., between stratospheric observations and the deep ocean within a 6-h forecast cycle). In the interface solver, two separate DA solvers are run in parallel: one that produces an analysis solution in the atmosphere, and one in the ocean. Each system uses a coupled observation vector where in addition to resident measurements in the target fluid it also includes nonresident measurements in the coupled fluid that are likely to have significant influence on the analysis in the target fluid (interface measurements). An ensemble-based method is employed and a localization function for coupled ensembles is proposed. Using a coupled model for the Mediterranean Sea (in a twin setting), it is demonstrated that (i) the solution of the interface solver converges to the exhaustive solution and (ii) that in presence of poorly known error covariances, the interface solver can be configured to produce a more accurate solution than an exhaustive solver.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0027-0644 , 1520-0493
    RVK:
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2016
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2033056-X
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 202616-8
    SSG: 14
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Stockholm University Press ; 2008
    In:  Tellus A ( 2008-08)
    In: Tellus A, Stockholm University Press, ( 2008-08)
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1600-0870 , 0280-6495
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Stockholm University Press
    Publication Date: 2008
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2026987-0
    SSG: 16,13
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  • 9
    In: Tellus A, Stockholm University Press, ( 2006-01)
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1600-0870 , 0280-6495
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Stockholm University Press
    Publication Date: 2006
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2026987-0
    SSG: 16,13
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Stockholm University Press ; 2009
    In:  Tellus A ( 2009-01)
    In: Tellus A, Stockholm University Press, ( 2009-01)
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1600-0870 , 0280-6495
    RVK:
    RVK:
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Stockholm University Press
    Publication Date: 2009
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2026987-0
    SSG: 16,13
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
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