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  • 1
    UID:
    (DE-627)1836750811
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (25 p)
    Series Statement: SMU Dedman School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper No. 40
    Content: In the last ten to fifteen years, a number of articles have been written on the differences between a normative income tax system and a normative consumption tax system, with much of the discussion focusing on the taxation of the risk-free rate of return and the risk premium from an investment. As is generally accepted, under certain assumptions an accrual income tax system taxes the risk-free rate of return on capital but does not tax the risk premium, while a cash-flow consumption tax system (or a wage tax system) taxes neither the risk-free rate of return nor the risk premium. As a result, the only difference between the two tax systems is the tax treatment of the risk-free rate of return on capital. Brief forays into supernormal returns have seemed to indicate that these returns are taxed under an accrual income tax or a cash-flow consumption tax, but not under a wage tax. In this Article, we begin with a brief discussion on the taxation of capital income. We then discuss the taxation of supernormal returns on investments. The literature has treated supernormal returns as one of the three elements of the return on capital (along with the risk-free rate of return and the risk premium). Our thesis is that a supernormal return is not a return on capital but rather a return on skill or labor or, in some cases, simply a windfall. The implications of treating supernormal returns as due to skill or as a windfall can be quite enlightening and startling. For example, if Congress were to adopt a wage tax system, supernormal returns would need to be taxed under such a system. To compare the various tax bases, the following discussion assumes flat tax rates, full loss offsets, and no inflation
    Language: English
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  • 2
    UID:
    (DE-101)1294669990
    Format: Online-Ressource , online resource.
    ISSN: 1573-2762
    In: volume:29
    In: number:7-8
    In: pages:497-508
    In: date:10.1993
    In: Sex roles, Dordrecht : Springer Science + Business Media B.V., 1975-, 29, Heft 7-8, 497-508, 10.1993, 1573-2762
    Language: English
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  • 3
    UID:
    (DE-627)1622405129
    Format: xxi, 848 Seiten , Illustrationen , 24 cm
    ISBN: 9783319396569
    Note: Includes bibliographical references
    Additional Edition: 9783319396583
    Additional Edition: Erscheint auch als Online-Ausgabe Efflux-Mediated Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacteria Cham : Adis, 2016 9783319396583
    Language: English
    Subjects: Medicine
    RVK:
    URL: Cover
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  • 4
    UID:
    (DE-603)396362060
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (XXI, 848 Seiten) , 72 illus., 61 illus. in color.
    Edition: 1st ed. 2016
    ISBN: 9783319396583 , 3319396587
    Additional Edition: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe Efflux-Mediated Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacteria Cham : Springer International Publishing, 2016 9783319396569
    Additional Edition: 9783319396569
    Additional Edition: 9783319396576
    Additional Edition: 9783319819341
    Language: English
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  • 5
    UID:
    (DE-605)HT019172075
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (XXI, 848 p. 72 illus., 61 illus. in color)
    ISBN: 9783319396583
    Additional Edition: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe 9783319396569
    Language: English
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  • 6
    UID:
    (DE-627)1797577077
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (850 pages)
    ISBN: 9783319396583
    Additional Edition: 9783319396569
    Additional Edition: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe Li, Xian-Zhi Efflux-Mediated Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacteria Cham : Springer International Publishing AG,c2016 9783319396569
    Language: English
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  • 7
    UID:
    (DE-602)b3kat_BV046294234
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (XXI, 848 p. 72 illus., 61 illus. in color)
    ISBN: 9783319396583
    Additional Edition: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe ISBN 978-3-319-39656-9
    Additional Edition: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe ISBN 978-3-319-39657-6
    Additional Edition: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe ISBN 978-3-319-81934-1
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
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  • 8
    UID:
    (DE-627)165481721X
    Format: Online-Ressource (XXI, 848 p. 72 illus., 61 illus. in color, online resource)
    ISBN: 9783319396583
    Series Statement: SpringerLink
    Content: This book, written by leading international experts, provides a comprehensive, current examination of transport-mediated antimicrobial resistance. As a particularly powerful mechanism of multidrug resistance, an in-depth examination of efflux pumps is conducted with bacteria of major public health concern including Enterobacteriaceae, Acinetobacter, Neisseria, Pseudomonas, staphylococci, and mycobacteria. The content spans structural biochemistry and transport mechanisms of the major transporter families and considers individual drug efflux systems across various Gram-positive and Gram-negative species. Genomic analysis of efflux pump distribution and their contribution to clinically-relevant resistance are a major focus of the text. Moreover, interplay between drug efflux pumps and other key resistance mechanisms such as intrinsic drug impermeability, inactivation, and target alterations are discussed, as well as their molecular expression-based regulation and physiological functions beyond resistance, involving biofilms, stress response, and pathogenicity. Finally, strategies are addressed to target this drug resistance mechanism with novel antimicrobials or drug inhibitor adjuvants
    Content: I-Bacterial drug efflux pumps: structures and transport mechanisms -- 1.Structures and transport mechanisms of RND efflux pumps -- 2.Structural and molecular landscape of MFS and MATE efflux pumps -- 3.Small multidrug resistance efflux pumps -- 4.Structures and transport mechanisms of the ABC efflux pumps -- 5.Multidrug efflux in the context of two-membrane cell envelopes -- II-Bacterial drug efflux pumps in antimicrobial resistance: substrates, regulation and clinical significance -- 6.Antimicrobial resistance in bacteria: an overview of mechanisms and role of drug efflux pumps -- 7.Antimicrobial drug efflux pumps in Staphylococcus aureus -- 8.Antimicrobial drug efflux pumps in other Gram-positive bacteria -- 9.Antimicrobial drug efflux pumps in Escherichia coli -- 10.Antimicrobial drug efflux pumps in Salmonella -- 11.Antimicrobial drug efflux pumps in Enterobacter and Klebsiella -- 12.Antimicrobial resistance and drug efflux pumps in Vibrio and Legionella -- 13.Antimicrobial resistance and drug efflux pumps in Acinetobacter -- 14.Antimicrobial drug efflux pumps in Pseudomonas aeruginosa -- 15.Antimicrobial drug efflux pumps in Stenotrophomona maltophilia -- 16.Antimicrobial drug efflux pumps in Burkholderia -- 17.Efflux pumps in Neisseria gonorrhoeae: contributions to antimicrobial resistance and virulence -- 18.Efflux pumps in Campylobacter: key players for antimicrobial resistance and environmental adaption -- 19.Antimicrobial resistance and drug efflux pumps in Helicobacter -- 20.Antimicrobial resistance and drug efflux pumps in Bacteroides -- 21.Efflux pumps in mycobacteria: antimicrobial resistance, physiological functions, and role in pathogenicity -- 22.Antimicrobial drug efflux genes and pumps in bacteria of animal and environmental origin -- 23.Role of plasmid-encoded drug efflux pumps in antimicrobial resistance -- 24.Influence of regulatory RNAs on antimicrobial resistance and efflux mechanisms -- III.Role of drug efflux pumps beyond antimicrobial resistance: natural functions -- 25.The relationship between bacterial multidrug efflux pumps and biofilm formation -- 26.Antimicrobial drug efflux systems as components of bacterial stress responses -- 27.Involvment of antimicrobial drug efflux systems in bacterial fitness and virulence -- IV. Antimicrobial development and efflux pump inhibitors -- 28.Impact of antimicrobial drug efflux pumps on antimicrobial discovery and development -- 29.Antimicrobial drug efflux pump inhibitors -- 30.Multidrug efflux pumps and their inhibitors characterized by computational modeling
    Additional Edition: 9783319396569
    Additional Edition: Druckausg. Efflux-mediated antimicrobial resistance in bacteria [Cham] : Adis, 2016 9783319396569
    Additional Edition: Erscheint auch als [Druck-Ausgabe] Efflux-mediated antimicrobial resistance in bacteria
    Language: English
    Subjects: Medicine
    RVK:
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
    URL: Cover
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  • 9
    UID:
    (DE-627)872958426
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (850 p)
    ISBN: 9783319396583
    Content: Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- About the Editors -- Part I: Bacterial Drug Efflux Pumps: Structures and Transport Mechanisms -- Chapter 1: Structures and Transport Mechanisms of RND Efflux Pumps -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Crystal Structures of the RND Multidrug Efflux Transporters -- 1.2.1 AcrB from E. coli -- 1.2.2 MexB from P. aeruginosa -- 1.2.3 MtrD from N. gonorrhoeae -- 1.2.4 CusA from E. coli -- 1.2.5 ZneA from C. metallidurans -- 1.3 Drug Recognition Mechanisms -- 1.4 Proton Translocation Pathway and Energy Coupling Mechanism -- 1.5 Substrate Translocation Pathways
    Content: 1.6 Peristaltic Pump Mechanism in Multidrug Efflux -- 1.7 Structure of the Tripartite Efflux Pump Complex -- 1.8 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 2: Structural and Functional Landscape of MFS and MATE Efflux Pumps -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 MFS -- 2.3 MATE Family -- 2.3.1 MATE Transporters in Eukarya -- 2.3.2 MATE Transporters in Eubacteria -- 2.3.3 Basic Structures of MATE Transporters -- 2.3.4 Conserved Amino Acids -- 2.3.5 MATE Transporters and Ion Coupling -- 2.4 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 3: Small Multidrug Resistance Efflux Pumps -- 3.1 Introduction
    Content: 3.2 SMR Family Diversity -- 3.2.1 The SMP Subclass -- 3.2.2 The SUG Subclass -- 3.2.3 PSMR Subclass Members -- 3.3 SMR Transporter Structure Analysis -- 3.3.1 SMR Transporter Topology -- 3.3.2 SMR Transporter Multimerization -- 3.3.3 SMR Transporter Lipid Dependence -- 3.3.4 SMR Transporter Ligand Binding -- 3.4 Transport Mechanisms of SMR Efflux Pumps -- 3.5 SMR Efflux Pumps in Antimicrobial Resistance -- 3.5.1 Natural SMR Substrates and Potential Functions -- 3.5.2 Clinical Significance and Pathogenicity -- 3.6 Concluding Remarks -- References
    Content: Chapter 4: Structures and Transport Mechanisms of the ABC Efflux Pumps -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Multidrug Transporters -- 4.2.1 Homodimers -- 4.2.2 Heterodimers -- 4.2.3 Other Drug ABC Exporters with a Different Topology -- 4.3 Structure of the Nucleotide-Binding Domains, Consensus Motifs, and the ATP Sandwich Dimer -- 4.4 Structures of Whole Drug Exporters -- 4.5 An Alternating Access Mechanism -- 4.6 Drug-Binding Sites -- 4.7 Basal ATPase Activity in Multidrug Transporters -- 4.8 Transport Mechanisms and Structural Flexibility of Multidrug Transporters -- 4.8.1 The ATP Switch Model
    Content: 4.8.2 The Constant Contact Model -- 4.9 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 5: Multidrug Efflux in the Context of Two-­Membrane Cell Envelopes -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Diversity and Distribution of Outer Membrane Channels in Gram-Negative Bacteria -- 5.3 Structure and Assembly of Outer Membrane Channels -- 5.4 Transport Mechanisms of OMFs -- 5.5 Membrane Fusion Proteins: Linking the Outer and Inner Membranes -- 5.5.1 Structure of MFPs -- 5.5.2 Interactions Between MFPs and Other Complex Components -- 5.6 Conformational Changes and Effectors
    Content: 5.7 Toward Understanding of Full Pump Architecture
    Note: Description based upon print version of record
    Additional Edition: 9783319396569
    Additional Edition: Print version Li, Xian-Zhi Efflux-Mediated Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacteria : Mechanisms, Regulation and Clinical Implications Cham : Springer International Publishing,c2016 9783319396569
    Language: English
    Keywords: Electronic books
    URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)
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  • 10
    UID:
    (DE-604)BV046294234
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (XXI, 848 p. 72 illus., 61 illus. in color)
    ISBN: 9783319396583
    Additional Edition: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe ISBN 978-3-319-39656-9
    Additional Edition: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe ISBN 978-3-319-39657-6
    Additional Edition: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe ISBN 978-3-319-81934-1
    Language: English
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
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