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  • 11
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    A "Delphi Exercise" as a Tool in Amazon Rainforest Valuation (2014)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV048269123
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (48 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Content: The Amazon rainforest, the world's largest and most biodiverse, represents a global public good of which 15 percent has already been lost. The worldwide value of preserving the remaining forest is today unknown. A "Delphi" exercise was conducted
    Additional Edition: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe Strand, Jon A "Delphi Exercise" as a Tool in Amazon Rainforest Valuation Washington, D.C : The World Bank, 2014
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-7143
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    Online Access
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    Stabi Berlin
    UB Potsdam
    EUV Frankfurt
    HTW Berlin
    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 12
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Assessment of Net Mitigation in the Context of International Greenhouse Gas Emissions Control Mechanisms (2016)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV048269294
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (37 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Content: This paper discusses the scope for market mechanisms, already established for greenhouse gas mitigation in Annex 1 countries that ratified the Kyoto Protocol, for implementing "net mitigation," defined here as mitigation beyond Annex 1 countries' formal mitigation requirements under the Kyoto Protocol. Such market mechanisms could be useful for establishing and extending greenhouse gas mitigation targets also under the Paris Agreement from December 2015. Net mitigation is considered in two possible forms: as a "net atmospheric benefit," or as an "own contribution" by offset host countries. A main conclusion is that a "net atmospheric benefit" is possible at least in the short run, best implemented via stricter baselines against which offsets are credited; but it can also take the form of offset iscounting whereby offset buyers are credited fewer credits. The latter, although generally inefficient, can be a second-best response to certain imperfections in the offset market, which are discussed in the paper. There is less merit for claiming that "own contributions" can lead to additional mitigation under existing mechanisms
    Additional Edition: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe Strand, Jon Assessment of Net Mitigation in the Context of International Greenhouse Gas Emissions Control Mechanisms Washington, D.C : The World Bank, 2016
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-7594
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    Online Resource
    Online Access
    Open Access Request
    Stabi Berlin
    UB Potsdam
    EUV Frankfurt
    HTW Berlin
    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 13
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Value of Improved Information about Forest Protection Values, with Application to Rainforest Valuation (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV048269966
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (38 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Content: What is the utility from obtaining more precise values of natural resource objects (rainforests), through surveys or other similar information gathering? In the value of information problems studied here, a principal who wishes to preserve a resource sets a price to offer to a seller without knowing precisely the protection value or opportunity value, to the seller. The value of information related to more precise information about the protection value for the principal is a key issue in environmental and natural resource valuation, but it is in most cases implicit and not analyzed. More precise resource values reduce the frequency of two types of mistakes (saving the resource when it should not be saved, and not saving the resource when it should be saved), and increases the principal's ex ante expected utility value. This paper applies the model to Amazon rainforest protection and considers the hypothetical value of perfect information. The analysis finds that the value of perfect information can easily exceed realistic information costs, thus perhaps justifying significant expenditures for valuation studies, given that all available information is used efficiently for conservation decision purposes. The value of perfect information also depends on the nature of buyer-seller interactions, and is higher in the altruistic case, where the principal has full concern for the outcome for the seller
    Additional Edition: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe Strand, Jon Value of Improved Information about Forest Protection Values, with Application to Rainforest Valuation Washington, D.C : The World Bank, 2015
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-7423
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    Online Resource
    Online Access
    Open Access Request
    Stabi Berlin
    UB Potsdam
    EUV Frankfurt
    HTW Berlin
    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 14
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Modeling the Marginal Value of Rainforest Losses : A Dynamic Value Function Approach (2015)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV048269988
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (18 p)
    Series Statement: World Bank E-Library Archive
    Content: A rainforest can be modeled as a dynamic asset subject to various risks, including risk of fire. Any small part of the forest can be in one of two states: either untouched by forest fire, or already damaged by fire, in which case there is both a local forest loss and increased dryness over a broader area. In this paper, two Bellman equations are constructed, one for unharmed forest and a second for already burnt forest. The analysis solves the two equations for the total expected asset values in each of the two states, assuming that asset returns have a constant growth rate over time. The equations are used for deriving the marginal value of standing (unburnt) rainforest, equivalent to the expected discounted value loss when losing a small additional forest patch. The paper shows that marginal forest value is increased by the additional dryness and forest fire risk that follow from forest fragmentation when additional forest is lost locally. Both forest fires and dryness here serve as "multipliers" to the basic services return loss, within and outside the forest. The paper also presents a framework for calibrating the impact of the forest fire risk component on forest value
    Additional Edition: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe Strand, Jon Modeling the Marginal Value of Rainforest Losses: A Dynamic Value Function Approach Washington, D.C : The World Bank, 2015
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-7445
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    Online Resource
    Online Access
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    Stabi Berlin
    UB Potsdam
    EUV Frankfurt
    HTW Berlin
    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 15
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Inertia in Infrastructure Development : Some Analytical Aspects, and Reasons for Inefficient Infrastructure Choices (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV048264737
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (23 p)
    Content: This paper uses some simple conceptual models to draw out various implications of infrastructure investments with long lifetimes for the ability of societies to reduce their future greenhouse gas emissions. A broad range of such investments, related both to energy supply and demand systems, may commit societies to high and persistent levels of greenhouse gas emissions over time, that are difficult and costly to change once the investments have been sunk. There are, the author argues, several strong reasons to expect the greenhouse gas emissions embedded in such investments to be excessive. One is that infrastructure investment decisions tend to be made on the basis of (current and expected future) emissions prices that do not fully reflect the social costs of greenhouse gas emissions resulting from the investments. A second, related, set of reasons are excessive discounting of future project costs and benefits including future climate damages, and a too-short planning horizon for infrastructure investors. These issues are illustrated for two alternative cases of climate damages, namely with the possibility of a "climate catastrophe," and with a sustained increase in the marginal global damage cost of greenhouse gas emissions
    Additional Edition: Strand, Jon Inertia in Infrastructure Development
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5295
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    Stabi Berlin
    UB Potsdam
    EUV Frankfurt
    HTW Berlin
    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 16
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The full economic cost of groundwater extraction (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV048264937
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (18 p)
    Content: When a groundwater basin is exploited by a large number of farmers, acting independently, each farmer has little incentive to practice conservation that would primarily benefit other farmers. This can lead to excessive groundwater extraction. When farmers pay less than the full cost of electricity used for groundwater pumping, this problem can be worsened; while the problem can be somewhat relieved by rationing the electricity supply. The research in this paper constructs an analytical framework for describing the characteristics of economically efficient groundwater management plans, identifying how individual water use decisions by farmers collectively depart from efficient resource use, and examining how policies related to both water and electricity can improve on the efficiency of the status quo. It is shown that an optimal scheme for pricing electricity used for pumping groundwater includes two main elements: 1) the full (marginal) economic cost of electricity must be covered; and 2) there must be an extra charge, reflected in the electricity price, corresponding to the externality cost of groundwater pumping. The analysis includes a methodology for calculating the latter externality cost, based on just a few parameters, and a discussion of how electricity pricing could be modified to improve efficiency in both power and water use
    Additional Edition: Strand, Jon The full economic cost of groundwater extraction
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5494
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    Stabi Berlin
    UB Potsdam
    EUV Frankfurt
    HTW Berlin
    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 17
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Infrastructure investments under uncertainty with the possibility of retrofit : Theory and simulations (2011)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV048264959
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (63 p)
    Content: Investments in large, long-lived, energy-intensive infrastructure investments using fossil fuels increase longer-term energy use and greenhouse gas emissions, unless the plant is shut down early or undergoes costly retrofit later. These investments will depend on expectations of retrofit costs and future energy costs, including energy cost increases from tighter controls on carbon emissions. Simulation analysis shows that the retrofit option can significantly reduce anticipated future energy consumption as of the time of initial investment, and total future energy plus retrofit costs. The more uncertain are the costs, the greater the value of this option. However, the future retrofit option also induces more energy-intensive infrastructure choices, partly offsetting the direct effect of having the option on anticipated energy use. Efficient, forward-looking infrastructure investments have high potential for reducing long-term energy consumption. Particularly if energy prices are expected to rise, however, the potential for reduced energy consumption will be eroded if expectations of energy prices do not include environmental costs or future retrofit possibilities and technologies are not adequately developed
    Additional Edition: Strand, Jon Infrastructure investments under uncertainty with the possibility of retrofit
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5516
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    Stabi Berlin
    UB Potsdam
    EUV Frankfurt
    HTW Berlin
    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 18
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Political Economy Aspects of Fuel Subsidies : A Conceptual Framework (2013)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV048265828
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (27 p)
    Content: While notoriously inefficient, fuel subsidies are widespread, and in many cases politically stable. This paper discusses and models various political economy aspects of fuel subsidies, focusing on gasoline and kerosene. Both economic and political are considered to explain differences in subsidies, with particular focus on democratic and autocratic governments. A political process is modeled whereby a promise of low fuel prices is used in democracies to attract voters, and in autocracies to mobilize support among key groups. Subsidies to fuels are viewed as either easier to observe, easier to commit to, easier to deliver, or better targeted at core groups, than other public goods or favors offered by rulers. Easier commitment and delivery than for regular public goods can explain the high prevalence of such policies in autocracies, and also in young democracies where the capacity to commit to or deliver complex public goods is not yet fully developed. The analysis provides a framework for empirical testing and verification
    Additional Edition: Strand, Jon Political Economy Aspects of Fuel Subsidies
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-6392
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    Online Resource
    Online Access
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    Stabi Berlin
    UB Potsdam
    EUV Frankfurt
    HTW Berlin
    MPI Bildungsforschung
  • 19
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Living alliances, leaving alliances : interdisciplinary perspectives (2022)
    Münster ; New York : Waxmann
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV048359083
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource
    ISBN: 9783830994497
    Additional Edition: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe ISBN 978-3-8309-4449-2
    Language: English
    Keywords: Kooperation ; Sozialwissenschaften ; Interdisziplinäre Forschung ; Bündnis ; Aufsatzsammlung
    DOI: 10.31244/9783830994497
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
    URL: Volltext  (kostenfrei)
    URL: kostenfrei
    URL: kostenfrei
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    Stabi Berlin
    UB Potsdam
    EUV Frankfurt
    MPI Bildungsforschung
    Alice Salomon HS
  • 20
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Climate Cost Uncertainty, Retrofit Cost Uncertainty, and Infrastructure Closedown : A Framework for Analysis (2010)
    Washington, D.C : The World Bank
    Details
    UID:
    b3kat_BV048264650
    Format: 1 Online-Ressource (32 p)
    Content: Large and energy-intensive infrastructure investments with long life times have substantial implications for climate policy. This study focuses on options to scale down energy consumption and carbon emissions now and in the future, and on the costs of doing so. Two ways carbon emissions can be reduced post-investment include retrofitting the infrastructure, or closing it down. Generally, the presence of bulky infrastructure investments makes it more costly to reduce emissions later. Moreover, when expected energy and environmental costs are continually rising, inherent biases in the selection processes for infrastructure investments lead to excessive energy intensity in such investments. Thus great care must be taken when choosing the energy intensity of the infrastructure at the time of investment. Simulations indicate that optimally exercising the retrofit option, when it is available, reduces ex ante expected energy consumption relative to the no-option case. Total energy plus retrofit costs can also be substantially reduced, the more so the larger is ex ante cost uncertainty. However, the availability of the retrofit option also leads to a more energy intensive initial infrastructure choice; this offsets some, but usually not all, of the gains from options for subsequent retrofitting
    Additional Edition: Miller, Sebastian Climate Cost Uncertainty, Retrofit Cost Uncertainty, and Infrastructure Closedown
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-5208
    URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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    Stabi Berlin
    UB Potsdam
    EUV Frankfurt
    HTW Berlin
    MPI Bildungsforschung
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