Umfang:
Online-Ressource (xvii, 345 p)
,
ill
Ausgabe:
Online-Ausg. 2011 Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
ISBN:
0199580669
,
0199580677
,
9780191576843
,
9780199580668
,
9780199580675
Anmerkung:
Includes bibliographical references and index
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10.Fitting and empirical evaluation of models for species abundance distributions
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12.2.State of the art12.2.1.Estimating intensity (first-order effects)12.2.2.Studying effects at a distance (second-order effects)12.2.3.Associations between two variables12.2.4.Software available12.3.Prospectus12.4.Key pointsAcknowledgementspt. IVAlternative measures of diversity13.A primer of trait and functional diversity
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14.2.State of the field14.2.1.Null models14.2.2.Simulation analyses14.2.3.Simulation results14.3.Prospectus14.3.1.Phylogenetic diversity in conservation14.3.2.Phylogenetic diversity in community ecology14.3.3.Abundance vs presence-absence data14.4.Key points15.Genetic methods for biodiversity assessment
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16.5.Methods for assessing diversity16.5.1.PCR-based methods16.5.2.Pyrosequencing16.5.3.Metagenomics16.6.Sampling, scale, and thresholds16.7.Mathematical tools for estimating diversity16.7.1.Collectors curves16.7.2.Chao's non-parametric estimators16.7.3.Parametric estimators that assume a distribution16.7.4.Estimating diversity by inferring a distribution from the data16.8.Estimation of required sample size16.9.In-depth metagenome analyses16.10.Prospectus16.11.Key points17.Biodiversity and disturbance
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18.Measuring biodiversity in managed landscapes
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20.Estimating species density
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3.3.Detectability: are species counts relevant for monitoring biodiversity?3.3.1.Individual detectability3.3.2.Estimating individual detectability3.3.3.Species detectability3.4.Case study: the UK Breeding Bird Survey3.5.Discussion3.6.Prospectus3.7.Key pointsAcknowledgementspt. IIDiversity4.Estimating species richness
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5.2.1.Species diversity as variance5.2.2.Species diversity as information5.2.3.Traditional measures of various types of diversity5.2.4.Addressing the difference between the empirical and ecological samples: estimating species diversity components using empirical samples5.2.5.Testing for heterogeneity among ecological samples5.3.Prospectus5.4.Key points6.Compositional similarity and β (beta) diversity
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7.4.3.Using species abundance distributions to evaluate change7.4.4.Assessing change using biodiversity indexes7.5.Measuring change in the rate of change7.6.Using temporal change to shed light on community structure7.7.Partitioning diversity in space and time7.8.Prospectus7.9.Key pointspt. IIIDistribution8.Commonness and rarity
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Machine generated contents note:1.Challenges and opportunities in the measurement and assessment of biological diversity
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10.1.Introduction10.2.State of the field10.2.1.Species abundance models10.2.2.Obtaining predicted abundances10.2.3.Choosing parameters10.2.4.Goodness-of-fit testing10.2.5.Model selection10.3.Prospectus10.3.1.Sampling theory for species abundance models10.3.2.Parameter estimation10.3.3.Goodness-of-fit testing10.3.4.Model selection10.3.5.Conclusions10.4.Key points11.Species occurrence and occupancy
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11.1.Introduction11.2.State of the field11.2.1.Occupancy-area relationships11.2.2.Occupancy-abundance relationships11.2.3.Species occupancy distributions11.3.Prospectus11.4.Key pointsAcknowledgements12.Measuring the spatial structure of biodiversity
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12.1.Introduction12.1.1.What spatial structure is of interest?12.1.2.Number of variables recordedpattern or association? ; 12.1.3.Types of data
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13.1.Introduction13.1.1.General definitions13.1.2.General importance13.1.3.A brief history of trait and functional diversity13.2.State of the field13.2.1.Overview13.2.2.Indices of trait and functional diversity13.2.3.Partitioning the components of trait diversity13.2.4.Methodological issues13.2.5.Conceptual issues13.3.Prospectus13.3.1.Recommendations13.3.2.Future directions13.4.Key pointsAcknowledgements14.Measuring phylogenetic biodiversity
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14.1.Introduction14.1.1.Overview14.1.2.Approaching the study of phylogenetic diversity
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15.1.Introduction15.2.Genetic methods in biodiversity assessment15.2.1.Mitochondrial, chloroplast, and nuclear DNA15.2.2.Genome technologies15.3.Biodiversity assessments15.3.1.Phylogenies for biodiversity assessment using mtDNA and nuclear DNA15.3.2.Non-invasively monitoring for biodiversity15.3.3.DNA barcoding for biodiversity assessment15.3.4.Genome technologies for biodiversity assessment15.4.Prospectus15.5.Key pointspt. VApplications16.Microbial diversity and ecology
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16.1.Introduction16.2.The diversity concept16.3.Phylogeny16.4.rRNA as an evolutionary chronometer
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17.1.Introduction17.2.What is a disturbance?17.2.1.Source of the disturbance17.2.2.Timescale17.2.3.Spatial scale17.2.4.Intensity17.2.5.Specificity17.2.6.Summary17.3.State of the field: measuring the effects of disturbance on biodiversity17.3.1.Univariate metrics17.3.2.Species abundance distribution based metrics17.3.3.Multivariate analysis17.4.Prospectus17.5.Key pointsAcknowledgements
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18.1.Introduction18.2.State of the field18.2.1.Variation in biodiversity measurement goals18.2.2.Bioindicators and monitoring18.2.3.Measuring biodiversity for management18.2.4.Matrices for measurement18.3.Prospectus18.4.Key pointsAcknowledgements19.Estimating extinction with the fossil record
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19.1.Introduction19.2.State of the field19.2.1.Basic metrics19.2.2.Survivorship curves19.2.3.The importance of sampling19.2.4.Relevant studies19.2.5.Occurrence-based diversity estimates19.2.6.Gap analyses19.3.Prospectus19.4.Key points
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20.1.Introduction20.1.1.The problem: what is the density of species?20.1.2.Defining the density of species20.1.3.Species density takes on new importance in an era of environmental concern20.2.Data set20.2.1.Data description20.2.2.Data manipulation20.2.3.NP: our surrogate for A20.3.Density estimates20.3.1.First density estimate20.3.2.Density estimates for subsets with a uniform plot size20.4.Curvature in SPARs20.5.Reducing the bias20.5.1.Extrapolation20.5.2.Estimators based on the frequency of scarce species20.6.Applying bias reduction20.7.Checking our results on the scale of all of Virginia20.8.Why species density?20.8.1.Species density as an environmental indicator20.8.2.Species density as a topic of study20.9.Key pointsAcknowledgementspt. VIConclusions21.Conclusions
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4.1.Introduction4.2.State of the field4.2.1.Sampling models for biodiversity data4.2.2.The species accumulation curve4.2.3.Climbing the species accumulation curve4.2.4.Species richness versus species density4.2.5.Individual-based rarefaction4.2.6.Sample-based rarefaction4.2.7.Assumptions of rarefaction4.2.8.Estimating asymptotic species richness4.2.9.Comparing estimators of asymptotic species richness4.2.10.Software for estimating species richness from sample data4.3.Prospectus4.4.Key pointsAcknowledgements5.Measurement of species diversity
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5.1.Introduction5.2.State of the art
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6.1.Introduction6.2.State of the field6.2.1.Measures of relative compositional similarity and differentiation6.2.2.Diversity and compositional similarity6.2.3.Statistical estimation of assemblage differentiation and similarity6.3.Prospectus6.4.Key points7.Measuring biological diversity in time (and space)
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7.1.Introduction7.2.State of the field: timescales of change and community boundaries7.3.What is being measured?7.4.Assessing change through time7.4.1.Temporal turnover: species time curves7.4.2.Temporal turnover: turnover indexes
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8.1.Introduction8.2.State of the field8.3.Commonness and rarity: ecological context8.4.Assessing commonness and rarity8.5.Prospectus8.6.Key points9.Species abundance distributions
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9.1.Introduction9.2.State of the field9.2.1.Visual approaches to SADs9.2.2.Parametric approaches to SADs9.2.3.Non-parametric approaches to SADs9.2.4.Multivariate approaches to SADs9.3.Identifying a useful, parsimonious subset of SAD metrics9.3.1.Efficiency and bias9.3.2.Independence of measures9.3.3.Overall assessment of useful, parsimonious metrics of SADs9.4.Prospectus9.5.Key pointsAcknowledgements
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1.1.Introduction1.2.State of the field1.3.What is in this bookAcknowledgementspt. IBasic Measurement Issues2.An overview of sampling issues in species diversity and abundance surveys
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2.1.Introduction2.2.State of the field2.2.1.Setting objectives2.2.2.An important partner: the statistician2.2.3.What species to sample2.2.4.Where to sample2.2.5.Bias, sampling error, and precision2.2.6.How to sample2.2.7.Quantifying the sample2.2.8.When to sample2.2.9.How many samples to collect2.2.10.Comparing information from different surveys2.2.11.Preparing for the field2.3.Prospectus2.4.Key points3.Biodiversity monitoring: the relevance of detectability
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3.1.Introduction3.2.State of the field: which biodiversity measure?
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Electronic reproduction; Available via World Wide Web
Weitere Ausg.:
Print version Biological diversity
Sprache:
Englisch
Fachgebiete:
Land-, Forst-, Fischerei- und Hauswirtschaft. Gartenbau
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