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1
Online Resource
Online Resource
Handbook of environmental economics : volume 3, Economywide and international issues (2005)
Amsterdam : Elsevier North Holland
Details
UID:
gbv_1655602403
Format: Online Ressource (573 pages)
Edition: 1st ed.
Edition: Online-Ausg.
ISBN: 0080459161 , 9780080459165 , 0444511466
Series Statement: Handbooks in economics 20
Content: Many of the frontiers of environmental economics research are at the interface of large-scale and long-term environmental change with national and global economic systems. This is also where some of the most of challenging environmental policy issues occur. Volume 3 of the Handbook of Environmental Economics provides a synthesis of the latest theory on economywide and international environmental issues and a critical review of models for analyzing those issues. It begins with chapters on the fundamental relationships that connect environmental resources to economic growth and long-run social welfare. The following chapters consider how environmental policy differs in a general-equiIibrium setting from a partial-equilibrium setting and in a distorted economy from a perfect economy. The volume closes with chapters on environmental issues that cross or transcend national borders, such as trade and the environment, biodiversity conservation, acid rain, ozone depletion, and global climate change. The volume provides a useful reference for not only natural resource and environmental economists but also international economists, development economists, and macroeconomists
Note: Description based upon print version of record , front cover; copyright; Introduction to the Series; Contents of the Handbook; Dedication; Preface to the Handbook; table of contents - volume 3; 21 Intertemporal Welfare Economics and the Environment; 22 National Income and the Environment; 23 Economic growth and the environment; 24 CGE Modeling of Environmental Policy and Resource Management; 25 Calculating the Costs of Environmental Regulation; 26 Environmental implications of non-environmental policies; 27 International Trade, Foreign Investment, and the Environment; 28 The theory of international environmental agreements , 29 The Economics of Biodiversity30 The Economics of Climate Policy; Author Index; Subject Index; Handbooks in Economics; Forthcoming Titles;
Additional Edition: ISBN 9780444511461
Additional Edition: ISBN 0444511466
Additional Edition: ISBN 0444500634
Additional Edition: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe Handbook of environmental economics Amsterdam ; Boston : Elsevier, 2003-
Language: English
Keywords: Umweltpolitik ; Umweltökonomie ; Electronic books ; Electronic books
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  • 2
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    Author Index (2005)
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_1831636069
    ISBN: 0080459161
    Content: This chapter lists the names of the people who have contributed to the book Handbook of Environmental Economics, Volume 3 , such as Abler, D., Atkinson, A.B., Aukrust, O., and others. Their names have been mentioned along with the page number in which their names appear in the bookfor the ease of the reader.
    In: Handbook of environmental economics, Amsterdam : Elsevier North Holland, 2005, (2005), Seite I1-I19, 0080459161
    In: 9780080459165
    In: 0444511466
    In: year:2005
    In: pages:I1-I19
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1016/S1574-0099(05)03035-4
    URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 3
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    Chapter 21 Intertemporal Welfare Economics and the Environment (2005)
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_1831636204
    ISBN: 0080459161
    Content: I review the complex welfare economic issues that arise in environmental decision-making over very long periods, as in cases relating to climate change and biodiversity loss. I also consider the issues that arise in choosing a discount rate to apply to very long-run projects and indicate how such rates should be chosen.
    In: Handbook of environmental economics, Amsterdam : Elsevier North Holland, 2005, (2005), Seite 1105-1145, 0080459161
    In: 9780080459165
    In: 0444511466
    In: year:2005
    In: pages:1105-1145
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1016/S1574-0099(05)03021-4
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  • 4
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    Chapter 22 National Income and the Environment (2005)
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_1831636190
    ISBN: 0080459161
    Content: In this chapter, we review the concept of national income and the economic theory of national income accounting. There are two building blocks – the ideas of Fisher, Lindahl, Hicks about income as an expenditure level that can be continued into the future, and the concept of income as a welfare measure that emerges from the welfare economics and general equilibrium of the 1950s and 1960s. The former have led to an extensive literature on the use of Hamiltonians or their first-order approximations as an income measure. After reviewing this body of theory and the connections between the concepts, we suggest extensions and then consider how various proposed green accounting systems match up to the theoretical desiderata. We also review a number of empirical applications. We devote considerable space to the United Nations' proposed System of Economic and Environmental Accounts, and to accounting reforms proposed by the statistical offices of various countries.
    In: Handbook of environmental economics, Amsterdam : Elsevier North Holland, 2005, (2005), Seite 1147-1217, 0080459161
    In: 9780080459165
    In: 0444511466
    In: year:2005
    In: pages:1147-1217
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1016/S1574-0099(05)03022-6
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  • 5
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    Chapter 23 Economic growth and the environment (2005)
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_1831636182
    ISBN: 0080459161
    Content: Environmental pollution is introduced both as a joint product and as a source of disutility in growth models. The purpose is to explore vital questions such as: is environmental protection compatible with economic growth; is it possible to have sustained growth in the long run without accumulation of pollution; what is the impact of environmental concerns on growth, and in particular, how are the levels, the paths or the growth rates of crucial variables such as capital, income, consumption or environmental pollution affected if we take into account the environment; what type of deviations do we observe between market outcomes and the social optimum; what are the policy implications of these deviations; what do data tell us about stylized facts relating environmental quality and economic development (the environmental Kuznets curve); and how can total factor productivity be decomposed into its sources once we account for the fact that an economy produces not only the desired output, but also undesirable output (environmental pollution)?
    In: Handbook of environmental economics, Amsterdam : Elsevier North Holland, 2005, (2005), Seite 1219-1271, 0080459161
    In: 9780080459165
    In: 0444511466
    In: year:2005
    In: pages:1219-1271
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1016/S1574-0099(05)03023-8
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  • 6
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    Chapter 24 CGE Modeling of Environmental Policy and Resource Management (2005)
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_1831636174
    ISBN: 0080459161
    Content: Computable general equilibrium (CGE) modeling is an attempt to use general equilibrium theory as a tool for analysis of resource allocation and income distribution issues in market economies. Since the beginning of the 1990s, CGE modeling has been widely used for analysis of environmental policy and natural resource management issues. The purpose of this chapter is to review this branch of CGE modeling. Most existing CGE models are static , but as faster computers and more efficient software have become available, an increasing number of environmental CGE models are dynamic . In addition to the static–dynamic dimension, it is useful to distinguish between single-country, multi-country and global models. Some environmental CGE models are primarily focused on the external effects of production and consumption, while others are designed to elucidate various issues related to the management of natural resources. However, most existing CGE models are focused on externalities, primarily emissions of greenhouse gases. Global “externality” CGE models have been used to estimate the social cost of complying with the Kyoto Protocol, while single-country models, among many other things, have been used for evaluation of the efficiency of emission taxes and other environmental policy instruments. CGE modeling currently is both a field for specialists and an almost standard part of the toolbox of economists concerned with policy-oriented research. A major reason for the widespread use of CGE modeling probably is that a CGE model is an ideal bridge between economic theory and applied policy research. The “bridge” perspective, however, suggests that CGE modeling is a way of using rather than testing economic theory. Yet carefully designed and estimated CGE models have a lot to say about real world economies.
    In: Handbook of environmental economics, Amsterdam : Elsevier North Holland, 2005, (2005), Seite 1273-1306, 0080459161
    In: 9780080459165
    In: 0444511466
    In: year:2005
    In: pages:1273-1306
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1016/S1574-0099(05)03024-X
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  • 7
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    Chapter 25 Calculating the Costs of Environmental Regulation (2005)
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_1831636166
    ISBN: 0080459161
    Content: Decisions concerning environmental protection hinge on estimates of economic burden. Over the past 30 years, economists have developed and applied various tools to measure this burden. In this chapter, we present a taxonomy of costs along with methods for measuring those costs. At the broadest level, we distinguish between partial and general equilibrium costs. Partial equilibrium costs represent the burden directly borne by the regulated entity (firms, households, government), including both pecuniary and nonpecuniary expenses, when prices are held constant. General equilibrium costs reflect the net burden once all good and factor markets have equilibrated. In addition to partial equilibrium costs, these general equilibrium costs include welfare losses or gains in markets with preexisting distortions, welfare losses or gains from rebalancing the government's budget constraint, and welfare gains from the added flexibility of meeting pollution constraints through reductions in the use of higher-priced, pollution-intensive products. In addition to both partial and general equilibrium costs, we also consider the distribution of costs across households, countries, sectors, subnational regions, and generations. Despite improvements in our understanding of cost measurement, we find considerable opportunity for further work and, especially, better application of existing methods.
    In: Handbook of environmental economics, Amsterdam : Elsevier North Holland, 2005, (2005), Seite 1307-1351, 0080459161
    In: 9780080459165
    In: 0444511466
    In: year:2005
    In: pages:1307-1351
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1016/S1574-0099(05)03025-1
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  • 8
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    Chapter 26 Environmental implications of non-environmental policies (2005)
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_1831636158
    ISBN: 0080459161
    Content: This chapter seeks to understand the linkages between non-environmental polices and the environment, with a particular focus on taxation and subsidies. In order to understand the quite complex literature on this subject, we draw on the theory of the second best and the theory of optimal taxation. The thrust of the chapter is that there are multiple objectives and interactions among the various policies employed to meet them. In retrospect, one can always ‘do better’ in, say, improving efficiency and environmental quality without worsening the income distribution. What is interesting is to understand what the environmental impacts of the non-environmental policies have been and what lessons one can learn about the formulation of similar policies in the future. That is the central purpose of the chapter. Section 2 examines subsidies in agriculture and transport, as well as policies relating to trade liberalization, privatization, and public infrastructure investment. Section 3 is devoted specifically to energy subsidies. It reviews the results of partial- and general-equilibrium studies on energy subsidies, including environmental impacts (in particular, carbon emissions). Section 4 presents a general-equilibrium model in which energy subsidies and other taxes in the economy are reduced in a revenue-neutral fashion. Two important general-equilibrium effects, the revenue-recycling effect and the tax-interaction effect, are introduced in this section. Sections 5 and 6 continue the discussion of revenue-neutral fiscal policy changes, focusing on the substitution of environmental taxes for other taxes, in particular taxes on labor. This is the “double dividend” debate. Section 5 presents the theory, while Section 6 presents empirical evidence for the European Union. The latter section focuses primarily on employment effects, not welfare effects (the “employment double dividend” vs. “gross welfare dividend”). Section 7 summarizes the main points of the chapter.
    In: Handbook of environmental economics, Amsterdam : Elsevier North Holland, 2005, (2005), Seite 1353-1401, 0080459161
    In: 9780080459165
    In: 0444511466
    In: year:2005
    In: pages:1353-1401
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1016/S1574-0099(05)03026-3
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  • 9
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    Chapter 27 International Trade, Foreign Investment, and the Environment (2005)
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_183163614X
    ISBN: 0080459161
    Content: The 1990s produced a large literature on foreign trade and the environment, including both theoretical and empirical contributions. The paper surveys this literature. It starts by looking at the traditional Heckscher–Ohlin type models of international trade and then moves to noncompetitive models and the strategic use of environmental policy in open economies. A shorter section is devoted to public-choice approaches to environmental policy. Moreover, the paper deals with factor mobility and interjurisdictional competition, with intertemporal issues such as renewable resources and foreign indebtedness, with the empirical evidence, and with institutional issues related to the World Trade Organization and international environmental agreements. Basically three questions are addressed from different points of view: – Are trade liberalisation and increased factor mobility good or bad for the environment? – Are there larger incentives to relax environmental policies if economies are more open? – Do we have to expect a race towards the bottom in environmental regulation if trade and international factor movements are liberalised? The answers to all these questions are ambiguous. Since many of the recent contributions to the theoretical literature model second-best worlds, in which the environmental externality is only one of several distortions of the economy, the results depend crucially on the nature of the other distortions. This survey paper gives an overview of this literature and explains the contradictory results. On the empirical side, the results are inconclusive as well. The link between environmental policies on the one hand and international trade and factor movements on the other is much weaker than one might have expected given the intensity and controversy of the policy debate at the turn of the century. Based on the theoretical results and on the empirical evidence, the paper finally tries to identify promising areas of future research. In spite of much progress made in the last decade, much remains to be done.
    In: Handbook of environmental economics, Amsterdam : Elsevier North Holland, 2005, (2005), Seite 1403-1456, 0080459161
    In: 9780080459165
    In: 0444511466
    In: year:2005
    In: pages:1403-1456
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1016/S1574-0099(05)03027-5
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  • 10
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    Chapter 28 The theory of international environmental agreements (2005)
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_1831636131
    ISBN: 0080459161
    Content: This chapter presents the theory of international environmental agreements (IEAs). It explains what treaties do (or should do); when and why they succeed or fail; and whether they can be designed better. It focuses on the main questions that the literature on this topic has tried to answer, discusses the different methodological approaches that have been used, and shows how these approaches relate to one another. The chapter pays greatest attention to the constraint of self-enforcement and to the institutional aspects of IEAs. Topics discussed include: the relationship between international environmental cooperation problems and other cooperation problems; the problems IEAs are meant to address; the non-cooperative and full cooperative benchmarks; IEAs as stage games; the empirical implications of the theory; alternative equilibrium concepts; minimum participation in a treaty; pollution abatement as a strategic substitute and as a strategic complement; the difference between compliance and participation enforcement; IEAs as repeated games; the trade-off between the depth and breadth of cooperation; the distributive and strategic roles of side payments; issue linkage; trade leakage; and enforcement relying on trade restrictions. The chapter also shows how the theory can illuminate real problems, including acid rain, ozone depletion, and global climate change. The chapter concludes with suggestions for future research.
    In: Handbook of environmental economics, Amsterdam : Elsevier North Holland, 2005, (2005), Seite 1457-1516, 0080459161
    In: 9780080459165
    In: 0444511466
    In: year:2005
    In: pages:1457-1516
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1016/S1574-0099(05)03028-7
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