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1
Online Resource
Online Resource
Handbook of development economics : volume 1 (1988)
Amsterdam : North-Holland
Details
UID:
gbv_789692058
Format: Online Ressource (xiv, 848 pages) , illustrations.
Edition: Online-Ausg.
ISBN: 0444703373 , 9780444703378
Series Statement: Handbooks in economics 9
Content: For this Handbook authors known to have different views regarding the nature of development economics have been selected. The Handbook is organised around the implications of different sets of assumptions and their associated research programs. It is divided into three volumes, each with three parts which focus on the broad processes of development. Volume 1 of the Handbook begins by discussing the concept of development, its historical antecedents, and alternative approaches to the study of development, broadly construed. The second part is devoted to the structural transformation of economies. The role that human resources play in economic development is the focus of the last section of this volume
Content: For this Handbook authors known to have different views regarding the nature of development economics have been selected. The Handbook is organised around the implications of different sets of assumptions and their associated research programs. It is divided into three volumes, each with three parts which focus on the broad processes of development. Volume 1 of the Handbook begins by discussing the concept of development, its historical antecedents, and alternative approaches to the study of development, broadly construed. The second part is devoted to the structural transformation of economies. The role that human resources play in economic development is the focus of the last section of this volume
Note: Includes bibliographical references and index , v. 1. The concept of development , Alternative approaches to development economics , Analytics of development : dualism , Economic organization, information, and development , Long-run income distribution and growth , Patterns of structural change , The agricultural transformation , Industrialization and trade , Saving and development , Migration and urbanization , Economic approaches to population growth , Education investments and returns , Health and nutrition , Labor markets in low-income countries , Credit markets and interlinked transactions
Language: English
Subjects: Economics
RVK:
QC 340
RVK:
QD 000
Keywords: Wirtschaftsentwicklung ; Entwicklungsökonomie ; Electronic books ; Electronic books
URL: Volltext  (Deutschlandweit zugänglich)
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  • 2
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    Chapter 1 The concept of development (1988)
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_1831643669
    ISBN: 0444703373
    Content: This chapter discusses the concept of development. It is not hard to see why the concept of development is so essential to economics in general. Economic problems involve logistic issues, and a lot of it is undoubtedly engineering of one kind or another. On the other hand, the success of all this has to be judged ultimately in terms of what it does to the lives of human beings. The enhancement of living conditions must clearly be an essential,if not the essential object of the entire economic exercise and that enhancement is an integral part of the concept of development. Even though the logistic and engineering problems involved in enhancing living conditions in the poor, developing countries might well be very different from those in the rich, developed ones, there is much in common in the respective exercises on the two sides of the divide. The close link between economic development and economic growth is simultaneously a matter of importance as well as a source of considerable confusion. The importance of growth must depend on the nature of the variable the expansion of which is considered and seen as growth. The chapter discusses a number of different sources of contrast that have to be clearly distinguished from each other, while drawing a distinction between development and growth. The well-being of a person can be seen as an evaluation of the functionings achieved by that person. This approach has been implicitly used by Adam Smith and Karl Marx in particular. The concept of development is by no meansunproblematic. The different problems underlying the concept have become clearer over the years based on conceptual discussions as well as from insights emerging from empirical work.
    In: Handbook of development economics, Amsterdam : North-Holland, 1988, (1988), Seite 9-26, 0444703373
    In: 9780444703378
    In: year:1988
    In: pages:9-26
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1016/S1573-4471(88)01004-6
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  • 3
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    Chapter 10 Saving and development (1988)
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_183164357X
    ISBN: 0444703373
    Content: This chapter focuses on the determinants of the volume of savings. Savings not only allow for growth in income and increases in consumption, but also for the smoothing of consumption in the presence of various uncertainties. Choices by individuals and families about their savings are one set of fundamental determinants of national savings. These decision-makers divide the current increment to their resources between consumption, the satisfaction of current wants, and savings that in turn will influence their ability to satisfy wants in the future. The chapter describes the process that individuals and households decide to save a particular amount. This material is integrated with evidence on the posited relationships. The chapter presents the process to add up savings from different sources in the economy, first by aggregating over individuals of different ages and incomes and then over the different sectors (household, corporate, and government). The chapter also summarizes the role of government policies in influencing the volume of saving, and reviews empirical studies of the determinants of aggregate savings. The chapter also discusses borrowing constraints; health, nutrition and savings; income distribution and aggregate savings; aggregation over cohorts; the role of government; and so on.
    In: Handbook of development economics, Amsterdam : North-Holland, 1988, (1988), Seite 381-424, 0444703373
    In: 9780444703378
    In: year:1988
    In: pages:381-424
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1016/S1573-4471(88)01013-7
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  • 4
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    Chapter 11 Migration and urbanization (1988)
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_1831643561
    ISBN: 0444703373
    Content: This chapter presents a discussion on migration and urbanization. The literature on Third World migration and urbanization is enormous and growing. The chapter presents an assessment of the most important components possible. The chapter discusses the demographics of the urban transition. The chapter examines the labor markets that link city with countryside. The size and persistence of rural-urban wage gaps and their implications for national income allocative losses are explored. This is followed by an assessment of the extent to which migrants actually respond to the gaps. From private rationality, the chapter then turns to social optimality including the questions of whether there are too many city immigrants in the Third World and the desirability of suppressing migration through government policy. The chapter also discusses on the sources of city growth and the so-called Hoselitz thesis. The chapter also discusses the question of how urban labor markets work. Here, the main debate since 1969 has been over the Todaro thesis. The chapter explores the evidence and contrasting policies that have emerged from the debate. It turns out that computable general equilibrium models of city growth offer an excellent device for organizing an answer to that question. The economic implications of the young adult selectivity bias appear to be straightforward, although there has been tittle research devoted to an assessment of their quantitative importance. The higher urban activity rates would imply higher per capita incomes.
    In: Handbook of development economics, Amsterdam : North-Holland, 1988, (1988), Seite 425-465, 0444703373
    In: 9780444703378
    In: year:1988
    In: pages:425-465
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1016/S1573-4471(88)01014-9
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  • 5
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    Chapter 12 Economic approaches to population growth (1988)
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_1831643553
    ISBN: 0444703373
    Content: This chapter presents a discussion on economic approaches to population growth. This chapter reviews the principal analytical approaches of the past several decades to the study of the relationship between population growth and economic development. Migration and urbanization are treated only insofar as necessary for a coherent treatment of population growth itself. The chapter describes demographic change in developing countries over the past three decades. It also reviews the macroeconomic literature on the consequences of high population growth rates in developing countries, covering both partial and general equilibrium approaches. Economists have proferred two rationales for a public policy to influence private fertility behavior .The first is externalitiesthat the social costs of children may exceed their private costs. The second rationale is the proposition that the market for contraceptive information, and possibly for certain contraceptive services, is poor, especially in developing countries. This second rationale is important in justifying family planning programs, irrespective of any consensus on the economic consequences of population growth.
    In: Handbook of development economics, Amsterdam : North-Holland, 1988, (1988), Seite 477-542, 0444703373
    In: 9780444703378
    In: year:1988
    In: pages:477-542
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1016/S1573-4471(88)01015-0
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  • 6
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    Chapter 13 Education investments and returns (1988)
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_1831643545
    ISBN: 0444703373
    Content: This chapter focuses on schooling, as an investment with market returns is not intended to detract from the importance of education as a public good and as a source of consumption benefits, but rather to review how economic concepts and statistical methods have recently progressed in quantifying the roles of education in economic development. This chapter surveys a small part of the extensive literature on the linkages among education, productivity, and development, and assesses several areas where concerted research might clarify important issues and potentially change policies. This chapter presents an economic interpretation of this educational explosion. Most of the growth in public expenditures on education is attributed to increases in growth of real income per adult. The chapter describes the expansion of the world's educational system both in terms of its inputs of public and private resources and its output of students, and then estimates how income, price, and population constraints appear to govern this process. The chapter presents a contrast on causal frameworks proposed to explain the relationship between education and productivity, and discusses sources of data to measure the relationship and discriminate among causal interpretations. The chapter reviews evidence on the market returns to schooling measured for entrepreneurs and employees, men and women, and migrants and nonmigrants. The chapter also presents the evidence of schooling's effects on nonmarket production. The chapter discusses the policy issues for development that arise from the apparent effects of education on economic productivity and the mechanisms used to finance and manage the educational system.
    In: Handbook of development economics, Amsterdam : North-Holland, 1988, (1988), Seite 543-630, 0444703373
    In: 9780444703378
    In: year:1988
    In: pages:543-630
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1016/S1573-4471(88)01016-2
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  • 7
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    Chapter 14 Health and nutrition (1988)
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_1831643537
    ISBN: 0444703373
    Content: Health and nutrition are important as ends in themselves and often are emphasized as critical components of basic needs in developing countries. Cross-country comparisons of standard data suggest that on the average health and nutrition in the developing world falls considerably short of that in the developed world. The chapter presents a review on a number of issues regarding health and nutrition in developing countries and available studies on the determinants of health and nutrition and on their impact on productivity in developing countries. First, the chapter presents a theoretical framework and some issues pertaining to the empirical representation of health and nutrition. The chapter then presents a survey on existing studies of both health and nutrition determinants and on their productivity influence and conclude with some discussion of policy issues and directions for future research. A theoretical framework for the determinants of health and nutrition and their possible productivity impacts is essential to analyze these variables in an organized manner and to be able to interpret empirical studies. The chapter discusses micro production function and demand considerations. The chapter then discusses in brief the supply side and macro relations. Finally, several major econometric problems are reviewed, stating that they are ubiquitous in empirical studies attempting to relate health, nutrition, and socioeconomic variables. Two broad categories of studies of health determinants are of particular interest: those attempting to estimate the reduced-form demand for health outcomes and health-care goods, and those attempting to estimate the underlying health production function.
    In: Handbook of development economics, Amsterdam : North-Holland, 1988, (1988), Seite 631-711, 0444703373
    In: 9780444703378
    In: year:1988
    In: pages:631-711
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1016/S1573-4471(88)01017-4
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  • 8
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    Chapter 15 Labor markets in low-income countries (1988)
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_1831643529
    ISBN: 0444703373
    Content: Labor being by far the most abundant resource in low-income countries, the determination of the returns to labor plays a central role in models of development. The chapter discusses the operation of low-income labor markets with reference to the models that have been and continue to be influential in shaping the study of such markets. These models are evaluated in terms of their ability to shed light on the realities of the allocation, pricing, and employment of labor in low-income countries. The chapter discusses models directly concerned with and evidence on the employment and pricing of labor in the rural (agricultural) sector. The chapter also discusses the process of determining rural wages are and their rigidity, the social and private costs of reallocating labor from agriculture to other activities, labor supply behavior, labor market dualism, and unemployment determination. The chapter describes risk-mitigating and effort-eliciting contractual arrangements involving rural labor and the organization of the agricultural enterprise in an environment characterized by incomplete markets. The chapter discusses the issue of whether labor is efficiently allocated across sectors and across geographical areas and problems of barriers to mobility. Models of migration incorporating human capital investments, information and capital constraints, uncertainty with respect to employment, riskiness in annual incomes, temporary migration, remittances, and heterogeneity in preferences and abilities among workers are discussed. The chapter also discusses urban labor markets, and addresses issues concerning the duality of urban labor markets and unemployment determination. The chapter highlights issues of importance to the study of developing economiesin particular, life cycle and intergenerational labor market mobility.
    In: Handbook of development economics, Amsterdam : North-Holland, 1988, (1988), Seite 713-762, 0444703373
    In: 9780444703378
    In: year:1988
    In: pages:713-762
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1016/S1573-4471(88)01018-6
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  • 9
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    Chapter 16 Credit markets and interlinked transactions (1988)
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_1831643510
    ISBN: 0444703373
    Content: This chapter presents a discussion on credit markets and interlinked transactions. The chapter discusses a general specification of a credit contract, which is then specialized to yield the three main models to have appeared in the literature. In so doing, most of the important themes and ideas are introduced. The chapter discusses some of the relevant evidence that establishes the empirical importance of interlinking. Following a discussion of the reasons for interlinking, the principal-agent and bargaining theoretic approaches are compared and contrasted in the context of resource allocation, innovation, and welfare. The exposition refers to rural life and its principal actors: farmers, laborers, landlords, tenants, moneylenders, and traders. Much of the analysis, however, can be applied readily to urban life, though the balance of emphasis between the problems of hidden information and hidden actions must then be shifted in favor of the former. Two themes identified above recur throughout this chapter and exert considerable influence over its analytical approach and emphasis. First, where information is concerned, there is the distinction between not knowing what sort of person one is dealing with, which may result in adverse selection, and not knowing what actions that person will take if a contract is sealed, which may result in moral hazard. Second, the problems of contractual enforcement and willful, or strategic, default by borrowers are given a prominent place in the analysis. A third theme stems from these departures from the framework of complete and competitive marketsnamely, how the scope for strategic behavior is resolved in equilibrium. The principal-agent formulation appears in a number of guises throughout the chapter. Strategic default has had a prominent place in the analysis of this chapter.
    In: Handbook of development economics, Amsterdam : North-Holland, 1988, (1988), Seite 763-830, 0444703373
    In: 9780444703378
    In: year:1988
    In: pages:763-830
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1016/S1573-4471(88)01019-8
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  • 10
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    Chapter 2 The roots of development theory (1988)
    Details
    UID:
    gbv_1831643650
    ISBN: 0444703373
    Content: This chapter presents an investigation on the availability of the current development theory, in the writings of the 18th century. The theory of economic development established itself in Britain in the century and a half running from about 1650 to Adam Smith's The Wealth of Nations. The chapter concentrates on the writings of the three superstars of the eighteenth century, Hume, Steuart, and Adam Smith. The eighteenth century economists did not find the precise distinction between tradeable and non-tradeable goods and services. They were also conscious of the difficulties of exporting imposed constraints on the growth of the economy. If they were obsessed with the balance of payments, it may also be said that mid-twentieth-century economists underestimated the importance of this constraint, and paid the penalty in almost continual international currency crises from 1913 to the time of writing (1985). The Quantity Theory of money was well known to economists throughout the eighteenth century, because of its formulation by John Locke. About the short-term effects on wages of an increase in the demand for labor, the long-run effects were disputed by at least three groups: those who believed in increasing returns, those who saw an infinitely elastic supply of labor, and a third group that expected diminishing returns. Economic institutions were different then from now, and this is reflected in the shape of development theory. The eighteenth century could not contribute spectacularly to the monetary theory of the twentieth century, because the institutional background differed so greatly as between the two periods. This is an age of paper moneybanknotes checks and so onwhereas theirs was still an age of precious metals circulating as money.
    In: Handbook of development economics, Amsterdam : North-Holland, 1988, (1988), Seite 27-37, 0444703373
    In: 9780444703378
    In: year:1988
    In: pages:27-37
    Language: English
    DOI: 10.1016/S1573-4471(88)01005-8
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