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1
UID:
gbv_188558735X
Format: 337 Seiten
ISBN: 9783862059560
Series Statement: Japan ... - Politik, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft
Language: German
Keywords: Japan ; Politik ; Wirtschaft ; Gesellschaft
Author information: Chiavacci, David 1971-
Author information: Wieczorek, Iris 1967-
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Associated Volumes
  • 2
    UID:
    gbv_1885587104
    Format: 37 Seiten
    ISBN: 978-3-86205-956-0
    Content: The Development of Social Science Discussions on School Absenteeism in Japan: New Trends or an Old Problem? The aim of this paper is to summarize the development of the social science discourse on school absenteeism (futōkō) in Japan and to analyze it in the context of the debate on social inequality in society (kakusa shakai). This systematic literature review will answer the question: how has the issue of school absenteeism in Japan developed since the post-war period up to the present? School absenteeism has been a subject of much discussion in Japan since the 1960s, and this paper discusses whether recent research on school absenteeism is merely examining this phenomenon from old perspectives or identifying new trends that are also interesting from an international viewpoint. As a background, this paper clarifies central Japanese terms in research on absenteeism since the post-war period and describes how refusal to attend school has been considered as school and youth problems since the 1980s. The article builds on a methodology that is often referred to as desk research, which has undergone a renaissance under the concept of systematic literature studies where search strategies and the presentation of the results are formalized in order to ensure the transparency and reliability of the information. The research focuses on Japanese and international publications of the last decade. The evaluation of a total of 22 selected articles (including journal articles and book chapters) reveals important topics, such as new potential risk groups and solution strategies. The articles show absenteeism and high school drop-out are more frequent for disadvantaged groups in connection to poverty, migration, sexual identity and psychosocial factors. Interestingly, in the literature, connections between futōkō and social withdrawal (hikikomori) have been described as an overlapping but still different phenomena. Another trend that has been highlighted in the literature is the role of various new actors in and around the school system. Although school absenteeism may appear to be an old problem in Japanese research, the role of new players in the education system and the diversification of the Japanese school landscape are becoming more apparent in response to persistently high levels of absenteeism.
    In: Japan 2019, München : Iudicium, 2019, (2019), Seite 262-298, 978-3-86205-956-0
    In: year:2019
    In: pages:262-298
    Language: German
    Keywords: Japan ; Schule ; Schulversäumnis ; Erforschung ; Sozialwissenschaften
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  • 3
    UID:
    gbv_1885587139
    Format: 25 Seiten
    ISBN: 978-3-86205-956-0
    Content: Discrimination of Homosexuality in Japan: Protest of a Minority Although Japan is considered a homogeneous country, protest in Japan is not as rare as it appears. Following the Fukushima triple disaster in 2011, Japanese citizens demonstrated against nuclear energy. However, these protests related to issues or events that affected the entire population. Therefore, what about other groups who are demonstrating for their own rights? This paper is concerned with the attempt to classify a minority in the terms of protest and its impact. First, the important concepts for this article, such as discrimination, protest and its forms, and the terms LGBT (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender) and homosexuality are outlined. The topic of homosexuality represents one of the minority groups that are subject to discrimination in Japan. The key questions in this paper are therefore: how do homosexuals (dōseiaisha) as a minority group face discrimination, what are their reactions, and how does protest change the situation?
    In: Japan 2019, München : Iudicium, 2019, (2019), Seite 178-202, 978-3-86205-956-0
    In: year:2019
    In: pages:178-202
    Language: German
    Keywords: Japan ; Homosexualität ; Diskriminierung
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  • 4
    UID:
    gbv_1885587163
    Format: 23 Seiten
    ISBN: 978-3-86205-956-0
    Content: Recent Developments and Trends in Japanese Foreign Policy 2017/2018: Global Japan with Many Problems The most important issue regarding Japan’s foreign and security policy in 2018 and 2019 was the Japanese presidency of the G20 and the G20 summit meeting in Osaka. While Japan managed to organize a rather successful summit, there were also many bilateral conflicts involving Japan that overshadowed this event. For example, Japan stumbled into an escalating conflict with South Korea, heavily misjudged the Russian position regarding the conclusion of a peace treaty between both countries and could not find a solution to the trade conflict with the US. Nonetheless, the Abe administration tried to proceed with its plan to overcome the post-war order in East Asia and to establish Japan as an independent and significant actor on the global stage.
    In: Japan 2019, München : Iudicium, 2019, (2019), Seite 103-125, 978-3-86205-956-0
    In: year:2019
    In: pages:103-125
    Language: German
    Keywords: Japan ; Außenpolitik ; Sicherheitspolitik
    Author information: Schulze, Kai Arne 1981-
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  • 5
    UID:
    gbv_1885587120
    Format: 27 Seiten
    ISBN: 978-3-86205-956-0
    Content: Questioning Japan’s Recognition of the Ainu People as Indigenous: »New Ainu Law«, »Symbolic Space«, and the Quarrel over 1600 Human Remains In April 2020, just ahead of the Olympic/Paralympic Games in Tokyo, the Japanese government will open the »Symbolic Space for Ethnic Harmony« in Shiraoi (Hokkaido). The official reading says that in Shiraoi the Ainu indigenous rights legislation will be implemented step by step, and the process will be supported by the new Ainu law, which was adopted in April 2019. The symbolic space will consist of a national Ainu museum, a national ethnic harmony park where Ainu culture can be practiced, and a central depot for Ainu remains that are currently stored in Japanese and overseas institutions. From the perspective of many members of the Ainu community it is equally appalling that the remains of their ancestors will be stored in a concrete mausoleum, and that these remains will continue to be subjected to scientific research. They demand repatriation to local communities, and lawsuits filed against Hokkaido University have been quite successful so far. The first part of this article deals with the question: why did Japanese anatomists collect the remains of the Ainu? Racial theories of the eighteenth century were connected to social Darwinian ideas in the late nineteenth century and consequently, indigenous groups were perceived as doomed races. It was within this ideological framework that scholars worldwide collected the human remains of indigenous people. This also applies to Japan where since the Meiji period young academics were educated in Europe (for example, Yoshikiyo Koganei in Berlin). Another aspect of this paper is the treatment of the Ainu in Japanese legal history. It may come as a surprise that policies of forced assimilation began a century prior to the modern Meiji state with its well-known law of 1899, which addressed the Ainu as former Aborigines. For the first time in Japanese legislation the new Ainu law of April 2019 addresses the Ainu as indigenous. As recently as 2007, Japan supported the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP). This article discusses in some detail whether Japan is fulfilling its commitments to UNDRIP or, in other words: is the recognition of the Ainu in accordance with an international understanding of the term indigenous? In this regard the treatment of Ainu remains is one relevant matter among others.
    In: Japan 2019, München : Iudicium, 2019, (2019), Seite 203-229, 978-3-86205-956-0
    In: year:2019
    In: pages:203-229
    Language: German
    Keywords: Japan ; Ainu ; Vereinte Nationen Generalversammlung Declaration on the rights of indigenous peoples ; Menschlicher Überrest ; Restitution
    Author information: Makino, Uwe 1959-
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  • 6
    UID:
    gbv_1885587198
    Format: 18 Seiten
    ISBN: 978-3-86205-956-0
    Content: Domestic Politics 2018/2019 This chapter will examine the results of the major elections on the national and subnational level: the 2019 upper house election marks the sixth straight national election that the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) – under Prime Minister Abe – has managed to win against a still divided opposition. Other topics discussed include the transition from Heisei to Reiwa, the formation of new opposition parties and their significance for Japan’s party landscape.
    In: Japan 2019, München : Iudicium, 2019, (2019), Seite 23-40, 978-3-86205-956-0
    In: year:2019
    In: pages:23-40
    Language: German
    Keywords: Japan ; Innenpolitik ; Parteiensystem
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  • 7
    UID:
    gbv_1885587155
    Format: 26 Seiten
    ISBN: 978-3-86205-956-0
    Content: Japan’s Whaling Policy: The Reasons for Leaving the International Whaling Commission (IWC) This article analyses the historical and political background that led to the Japanese withdrawal from the International Whaling Commission in June 2019. It is argued that Japan originally joined the IWC after the Second World War to enhance its standing in the international community. Japan remained a member after the commercial whaling moratorium in 1986 in the hope of a revocation. However, the defeat before the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in 2014 confronted the Japanese government with the fact that the moratorium would not be lifted. Finally, the Japanese government decided to leave the IWC before the next American presidential election in 2020, as it was believed that the Trump administration would not sanction Japan for leaving an international organization. The IWC withdrawal also allowed the Japanese government to withdraw from its financially disastrous Antarctic whaling activities without giving the impression of having bowed to pressure from international NGOs. Domestically, the ongoing protests of international NGOs against Japanese whaling and dolphin hunts led an increased interest in a national whaling culture and an opposition to anti-whaling among many Japanese citizens.
    In: Japan 2019, München : Iudicium, 2019, (2019), Seite 126-151, 978-3-86205-956-0
    In: year:2019
    In: pages:126-151
    Language: German
    Keywords: Japan ; Walfang ; International Whaling Commission ; Austritt
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  • 8
    UID:
    gbv_1885587171
    Format: 25 Seiten
    ISBN: 978-3-86205-956-0
    Content: Changing Rural Regions: A Comparative Study of Internal Migration and Its Role in Sustaining Rural Villages This study evaluates the possibility of sustaining a rural community through a migration inflow by analyzing whether there is a significant connection between a person’s intent to stay in their village and (1) their migration history and (2) their place of residence. Additionally, the possibility of considering children living near their hometowns as a potential resource for sustaining village life is evaluated. The analysis combines national migration statistics with the survey data (conducted in 2016 and 2017 using correlation analysis) from two small mountainous hamlets on Kyūshū Island, thereby giving an insight to overall population developments and verifying if migration can provide a solution to the hamlets‹ demographic problems. The results show that children living near their parents‹ home can help in sustaining village life for the time being. In the long term, return migrants and newly migrated people who show an intent to stay permanently could become a valuable resource for their village. However, their intent to stay varies between villages due to their local characteristics. Therefore, rather than determining a community’s sustainability using national statistical data, this study argues that it is of vital importance to assess the sustainability of rural villages individually, by analyzing their specific characteristics.
    In: Japan 2019, München : Iudicium, 2019, (2019), Seite 78-102, 978-3-86205-956-0
    In: year:2019
    In: pages:78-102
    Language: German
    Keywords: Japan ; Ländliche Siedlung ; Binnenwanderung
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  • 9
    UID:
    gbv_1885587147
    Format: 26 Seiten
    ISBN: 978-3-86205-956-0
    Content: New Mobility, Urbanization and the Future of the Automobile Industry According to the president of Toyota, Akio Toyoda, the Japanese automobile industry faces a »life-or-death battle.« The challenges come from two directions: the industry faces a connected, autonomous, shared, electric (CASE) revolution of car design, technologies, partnerships and services. At the same time, the mega-trends of digitalization, urbanization, sustainability, and individualization are fundamentally changing lifestyles and mobility demand. Based on their different strengths and weaknesses, countries and industries are now taking different pathways towards new e-mobility solutions. In the US, digital platform providers and software developers are at the forefront for new autonomy and mobility as a service (MaaS) solutions based on private cars. In China, large e-commerce providers – such as Alibaba and WeChat – and local governments are shaping new MaaS and CASE solutions based on huge digital platforms and the creation of massive public transport systems. In Germany, automobile suppliers are the key players in CASE development by creating the interfaces between new digital platforms and production supply chains (known as Industry 4.0). Additionally, German car companies are experimenting with individualized MaaS solutions to remain relevant during a period of sustainability-oriented city space redesign. Conversely, Japanese automotive companies have been much more conservative in their approach towards electro mobility. They have been leaders in hybrid electric vehicle and Li-ion battery development for some time and remain convinced that cost and energy efficiency will be key to effective future mobility solutions. From their perspective, more significant changes in e-mobility will take time because they will be based on new city designs and a growing range of community-oriented services, which require close collaboration with public transport providers and city governments. It is the automotive companies' experience in navigating fast demographic change within one of the most urbanized environments and highly developed public transport systems that leads to caution towards new mobility designs. Instead of developing new electric cars as fast as possible the industry focuses on better supporting aging drivers through augmented driving, integrating cars into household energy ecosystems, and developing new mobility designs for a more distant Society 5.0.
    In: Japan 2019, München : Iudicium, 2019, (2019), Seite 152-177, 978-3-86205-956-0
    In: year:2019
    In: pages:152-177
    Language: German
    Keywords: Japan ; Kraftfahrzeugindustrie ; Elektromobilität
    Author information: Schulz, Martin 1962-
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  • 10
    UID:
    gbv_188558718X
    Format: 37 Seiten
    ISBN: 978-3-86205-956-0
    Content: Politics, Media Discourse and Public Finance: What Japan’s National Debt Reveals about the State of its Democracy Japan’s public debt has been rising significantly since the 1990s; in recent years it has risen to about 240% in relation to GDP. Contrary to repeated promises, political and bureaucratic attempts at changing the direction of this trend have been ineffective for more than three decades. Therefore, the sustainability of Japan’s public finance is frequently challenged, even more so in the light of the Bank of Japan’s ongoing quantitative easing monetary policy. Although it is true that socio-structural and macroeconomic conditions make the accrual of a public deficit more likely, the political and democratic dimensions of fiscal discipline are gaining more attention at present. Public policy research stresses the existence of systemic loopholes in Japan’s fiscal governance and demonstrates that the legal framework and parliamentary control have proved inadequate in limiting the quest by politicians and bureaucrats for budget maximization. While major OECD countries have made considerable efforts to enhance their fiscal governance by increasing fiscal transparency, establishing independent fiscal institutions (IFIs) and enforcing binding constitutional rules – such as balanced budget amendments, commonly known as »Schuldenbremse« in Germany – steps towards a fiscal reform in Japan’s case are not yet in sight. To explain why Japan’s public finance has deteriorated to this degree (whereas other countries facing comparable social and economic challenges have managed to reduce their reliance on debt), this paper first examines critical aspects of the country’s fiscal governance. Then it moves on to a media analysis of how the debt issue is covered by the mainstream press, namely national television (NHK) and the major newspapers. It will be demonstrated that the topic of public debt tends to be marginalized in media discourse, questioning the public’s issue of awareness and the media’s ability to form a widely supported consensus that could pressure politicians to act and finally take effective measures towards fiscal consolidation. This paper will further illustrate that the shortcomings in fiscal governance are closely linked to the quality of public discourse, thereby underlining that the public deficit ultimately reveals not only Japan’s structural socio-economic challenges but also the fragile state of its democracy.
    In: Japan 2019, München : Iudicium, 2019, (2019), Seite 41-77, 978-3-86205-956-0
    In: year:2019
    In: pages:41-77
    Language: German
    Keywords: Japan ; Öffentliche Schulden ; Finanzpolitik ; Massenmedien ; Berichterstattung
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