Ecosystem functioning in urban grasslands: The role of biodiversity, plant invasions and urbanization
Fig 4
Seasonal difference in ecophysiological parameters at the species level.
(A) Photosynthetic rate (A), (B) transpiration rate (E), (C) instantaneous water-use efficiency (instant-WUE), (D) stomatal conductance (gs), (E) effective quantum yield of electron transport through photosystem II (ΔF/Fm′), (F) maximum potential quantum yield of electron transport through photosystem II (Fv/Fm), (G) ratio of the intercellular to ambient CO2 concentration (ci/ca), (H) Intrinsic water use efficiency (iWUE) and (I) 15N enrichment factor (Δδ15N) in spring (grey) and summer (white) 2017. Box plots indicate interquartile ranges (areas within a box), medians (horizontal line within the box), 25th and 75th percentiles (lower and upper box boundaries), and 5th and 95th percentiles (whiskers above and below the box). Significant differences between seasons (p < 0.05, Mann-Whitney test) are indicated by asterisks: ** p<0.01 and *** p<0.001).