Sublingual Immunization with a Live Attenuated Influenza A Virus Lacking the Nonstructural Protein 1 Induces Broad Protective Immunity in Mice
Figure 8
SL immunization with DelNS1 vaccine activates mucosal and extramucosal CD4+ T cells.
CFSE-labeled CD4+ T cells from HA-TCR transgenic mice were adoptively transferred into naïve mice. One day later, recipients were given SL 2×107 pfu of Delta H1N1, 2×105 pfu of mouse-adapted wt live or 40 µg of formalin-inactivated A/PR8. Three days after the immunization, proliferating (CFSE stained) HA-TCR CD4+ T cells were detected in cervical lymph nodes (CLN), lungs, mediastinal lymph nodes (MdLN) and spleens by FACS analysis. The data are representative of two experiments showing similar results.