Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Current and potential future role of PSMA-PET in patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer

  • Invited Review
  • Published:
World Journal of Urology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose

To review the current literature and discuss potential future roles of the novel positron emission tomography (PET) tracers targeting the prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) in patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC).

Methods

A literature search on February 19th 2018 was conducted using the Medline database and www.clinicaltrials.gov. Additionally, illustrative cases of CRPC patients from our own institution who were restaged and treated based on PSMA-PET scan results are provided.

Results

11 Studies met the inclusion criteria. PSMA-PET detected more metastatic lesions compared to conventional bone scan. Several patients were up-staged from non-metastatic CRPC (nmCRPC) to metastatic CRPC (mCRPC). Currently, no clear consensus exists regarding treatment response assessment in PSMA-PET scans for mCRPC patients undergoing treatment. Also, the role of PSMA-PET as a gatekeeper for systemic therapy or radioligands is currently undefined. PSMA-guided metastasis-directed radiotherapy may not only alleviate local symptoms but has the potential to defer systemic treatment in patients with oligoprogressive CRPC.

Conclusion

Compared to bone scan, PSMA-PET is more sensitive and specific to detect metastases but the therapeutic consequences of PSMA-PET results in the setting of CRPC remain unclear. Until future studies define the role of PSMA-PET in patients with CRPC, the current standard for imaging remains bone scan and computerized tomography.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Perera M, Papa N, Christidis D, Wetherell D, Hofman MS, Murphy DG, Bolton D, Lawrentschuk N (2016) Sensitivity, specificity, and predictors of positive (68)Ga-prostate-specific membrane antigen positron emission tomography in advanced prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Urol 70(6):926–937. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2016.06.021

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Cornford P, Bellmunt J, Bolla M, Briers E, De Santis M, Gross T, Henry AM, Joniau S, Lam TB, Mason MD, van der Poel HG, van der, Kwast TH, Rouvière O, Wiegel T, Mottet N, (2017) EAU-ESTRO-SIOG guidelines on prostate cancer. Part II: treatment of relapsing, metastatic, and castration-resistant prostate cancer. Eur Urol 71(4):630–642. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2016.08.002

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Briganti A, Abdollah F, Nini A, Suardi N, Gallina A, Capitanio U, Bianchi M, Tutolo M, Passoni NM, Salonia A, Colombo R, Freschi M, Rigatti P, Montorsi F (2011) Performance characteristics of computed tomography in detecting lymph node metastases in contemporary patients with prostate cancer treated with extended pelvic lymph node dissection. Eur Urol 61(6):1132–1138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2011.11.008

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Heesakkers RA, Hovels AM, Jager GJ, van den Bosch HC, Witjes JA, Raat HP, Severens JL, Adang EM, van der Kaa CH, Futterer JJ, Barentsz J (2008) MRI with a lymph-node-specific contrast agent as an alternative to CT scan and lymph-node dissection in patients with prostate cancer: a prospective multicohort study. Lancet Oncol 9(9):850–856. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1470-2045(08)70203-1

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Maurer T, Gschwend JE, Rauscher I, Souvatzoglou M, Haller B, Weirich G, Wester HJ, Heck M, Kubler H, Beer AJ, Schwaiger M, Eiber M (2016) Diagnostic efficacy of (68)Gallium-PSMA positron emission tomography compared to conventional imaging for lymph node staging of 130 consecutive patients with intermediate to high risk prostate cancer. J Urol 195(5):1436–1443. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2015.12.025

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Pyka T, Okamoto S, Dahlbender M, Tauber R, Retz M, Heck M, Tamaki N, Schwaiger M, Maurer T, Eiber M (2016) Comparison of bone scintigraphy and (68)Ga-PSMA PET for skeletal staging in prostate cancer. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Image 43(12):2114–2121. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-016-3435-0

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Gillessen S, Omlin A, Attard G, de Bono JS, Efstathiou E, Fizazi K, Halabi S, Nelson PS, Sartor O, Smith MR, Soule HR, Akaza H, Beer TM, Beltran H, Chinnaiyan AM, Daugaard G, Davis ID, De Santis M, Drake CG, Eeles RA, Fanti S, Gleave ME, Heidenreich A, Hussain M, James ND, Lecouvet FE, Logothetis CJ, Mastris K, Nilsson S, Oh WK, Olmos D, Padhani AR, Parker C, Rubin MA, Schalken JA, Scher HI, Sella A, Shore ND, Small EJ, Sternberg CN, Suzuki H, Sweeney CJ, Tannock IF, Tombal B (2015) Management of patients with advanced prostate cancer: recommendations of the St. Gallen Advanced Prostate Cancer Consensus Conference (APCCC) 2015. Ann Oncol. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdv257

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  8. Scher HI, Morris MJ, Stadler WM, Higano C, Basch E, Fizazi K, Antonarakis ES, Beer TM, Carducci MA, Chi KN, Corn PG, Bono J, Dreicer R, George DJ, Heath EI, Hussain M, Kelly WK, Liu G, Logothetis C, Nanus D, Stein MN, Rathkopf DE, Slovin SF, Ryan CJ, Sartor O, Small EJ, Smith MR, Sternberg CN, Taplin M-E, Wilding G, Nelson PS, Schwartz LH, Halabi S, Kantoff PW, Armstrong AJ (2016) Trial design and objectives for castration-resistant prostate cancer: updated recommendations from the prostate cancer clinical Trials Working Group 3. J Clin Oncol 34(12):1402–1418. https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2015.64.2702

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. Cornford P, Bellmunt J, Bolla M, Briers E, De Santis M, Gross T, Henry AM, Joniau S, Lam TB, Mason MD, van der Poel HG, van der Kwast TH, Rouvière O, Wiegel T, Mottet N (2017) EAU-ESTRO-SIOG guidelines on prostate cancer. Part II: treatment of relapsing, metastatic, and castration-resistant prostate cancer. Eur Urol 71(4):630–642. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2016.08.002

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. de Bono JS, Oudard S, Ozguroglu M, Hansen S, Machiels JP, Kocak I, Gravis G, Bodrogi I, Mackenzie MJ, Shen L, Roessner M, Gupta S, Sartor AO (2010) Prednisone plus cabazitaxel or mitoxantrone for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer progressing after docetaxel treatment: a randomised open-label trial. Lancet 376(9747):1147–1154. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(10)61389-x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Fizazi K, Scher HI, Molina A, Logothetis CJ, Chi KN, Jones RJ, Staffurth JN, North S, Vogelzang NJ, Saad F, Mainwaring P, Harland S, Goodman OB, Sternberg CN, Li JH, Kheoh T, Haqq CM, de Bono JS, Investigators C-A- (2012) Abiraterone acetate for treatment of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: final overall survival analysis of the COU-AA-301 randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 study. Lancet Oncol 13(10):983–992. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1470-2045(12)70379-0

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Ryan CJ, Smith MR, de Bono JS, Molina A, Logothetis CJ, de Souza P, Fizazi K, Mainwaring P, Piulats JM, Ng S, Carles J, Mulders PFA, Basch E, Small EJ, Saad F, Schrijvers D, Van Poppel H, Mukherjee SD, Suttmann H, Gerritsen WR, Flaig TW, George DJ, Yu EY, Efstathiou E, Pantuck A, Winquist E, Higano CS, Taplin M-E, Park Y, Kheoh T, Griffin T, Scher HI, Rathkopf DE, Investigators C-A- (2013) Abiraterone in metastatic prostate cancer without previous chemotherapy. New Engl J Med 368(2):138–148. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa1209096

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. de Bono JS, Logothetis CJ, Molina A, Fizazi K, North S, Chu L, Chi KN, Jones RJ, Goodman OB Jr, Saad F, Staffurth JN, Mainwaring P, Harland S, Flaig TW, Hutson TE, Cheng T, Patterson H, Hainsworth JD, Ryan CJ, Sternberg CN, Ellard SL, Flechon A, Saleh M, Scholz M, Efstathiou E, Zivi A, Bianchini D, Loriot Y, Chieffo N, Kheoh T, Haqq CM, Scher HI (2011) Abiraterone and increased survival in metastatic prostate cancer. New Engl J Med 364(21):1995–2005. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa1014618

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Beer TM, Armstrong AJ, Rathkopf DE, Loriot Y, Sternberg CN, Higano CS, Iversen P, Bhattacharya S, Carles J, Chowdhury S, Davis ID, de Bono JS, Evans CP, Fizazi K, Joshua AM, Kim CS, Kimura G, Mainwaring P, Mansbach H, Miller K, Noonberg SB, Perabo F, Phung D, Saad F, Scher HI, Taplin ME, Venner PM, Tombal B (2014) Enzalutamide in metastatic prostate cancer before chemotherapy. New Engl J Med 371(5):424–433. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa1405095

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Scher HI, Fizazi K, Saad F, Taplin ME, Sternberg CN, Miller K, de Wit R, Mulders P, Chi KN, Shore ND, Armstrong AJ, Flaig TW, Flechon A, Mainwaring P, Fleming M, Hainsworth JD, Hirmand M, Selby B, Seely L, de Bono JS (2012) Increased survival with enzalutamide in prostate cancer after chemotherapy. New Engl J Med 367(13):1187–1197. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa1207506

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Parker C, Nilsson S, Heinrich D, Helle SI, O’Sullivan JM, Fosså SD, Chodacki A, Wiechno P, Logue J, Seke M, Widmark A, Johannessen DC, Hoskin P, Bottomley D, James ND, Solberg A, Syndikus I, Kliment J, Wedel S, Boehmer S, Dall’Oglio M, Franzén L, Coleman R, Vogelzang NJ, O’Bryan-Tear CG, Staudacher K, Garcia-Vargas J, Shan M, Bruland ØS, Sartor O, ALSYMPCA Investigators (2013) Alpha emitter radium-223 and survival in metastatic prostate cancer. New Engl J Med 369(3):213–223. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa1213755

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Kantoff PW, Higano CS, Shore ND, Berger ER, Small EJ, Penson DF, Redfern CH, Ferrari AC, Dreicer R, Sims RB, Xu Y, Frohlich MW, Schellhammer PF, Investigators IS (2010) Sipuleucel-T immunotherapy for castration-resistant prostate cancer. New Engl J Med 363(5):411–422. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa1001294

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Van den Wyngaert T, Strobel K, Kampen WU, Kuwert T, van der Bruggen W, Mohan HK, Gnanasegaran G, Delgado-Bolton R, Weber WA, Beheshti M, Langsteger W, Giammarile F, Mottaghy FM, Paycha F (2016) The EANM practice guidelines for bone scintigraphy. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Image 43(9):1723–1738. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-016-3415-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Rager O, Nkoulou R, Exquis N, Garibotto V, Tabouret-Viaud C, Zaidi H, Amzalag G, Lee-Felker SA, Zilli T, Ratib O (2017) Whole-body SPECT/CT versus planar bone scan with targeted SPECT/CT for Metastatic Workup. Biomed Res Int 2017:7039406. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/7039406

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Kallur KG, Ramachandra PG, Rajkumar K, Swamy SS, Desai I, Rao RM, Patil SG, Sridhar PS, Madhusudhan N, Krishnappa RS, Bhadrasetty V, Kumara HM, Santhosh SD, Ajaikumar BS (2017) Clinical utility of gallium-68 PSMA PET/CT scan for prostate cancer. Indian J Nucl Med IJNM 32(2):110–117. https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-3919.202255

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Pandit-Taskar N, O’Donoghue JA, Durack JC, Lyashchenko SK, Cheal SM, Beylergil V, Lefkowitz RA, Carrasquillo JA, Martinez DF, Fung AM, Solomon SB, Gonen M, Heller G, Loda M, Nanus DM, Tagawa ST, Feldman JL, Osborne JR, Lewis JS, Reuter VE, Weber WA, Bander NH, Scher HI, Larson SM, Morris MJ (2015) A phase I/II study for analytic validation of 89Zr-J591 ImmunoPET as a molecular imaging agent for metastatic prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res 21(23):5277–5285. https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-0552

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. Rowe SP, Macura KJ, Ciarallo A, Mena E, Blackford A, Nadal R, Antonarakis ES, Eisenberger MA, Carducci MA, Ross AE, Kantoff PW, Holt DP, Dannals RF, Mease RC, Pomper MG, Cho SY (2016) Comparison of prostate-specific membrane antigen-based 18F-DCFBC PET/CT to conventional imaging modalities for detection of Hormone–Naive and castration-resistant metastatic prostate cancer. J Nucl Med 57(1):46–53. https://doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.115.163782

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Parker C, Nilsson S, Heinrich D, Helle SI, O’Sullivan JM, Fosså SD, Chodacki A, Wiechno P, Logue J, Seke M, Widmark A, Johannessen DC, Hoskin P, Bottomley D, James ND, Solberg A, Syndikus I, Kliment J, Wedel S, Boehmer S, Dall’Oglio M, Franzén L, Coleman R, Vogelzang NJ, O’Bryan-Tear CG, Staudacher K, Garcia-Vargas J, Shan M, Bruland ØS, Sartor O (2013) Alpha emitter radium-223 and survival in metastatic prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 369(3):213–223. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa1213755

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Brauer A, Rahbar K, Konnert J, Bogemann M, Stegger L (2017) Diagnostic value of additional (68)Ga-PSMA–PET before (223)Ra-dichloride therapy in patients with metastatic prostate carcinoma. Nuklearmedizin Nucl Med 56(1):14–22. https://doi.org/10.3413/nukmed-0846-16-09

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Zang S, Shao G, Cui C, Li TN, Huang Y, Yao X, Fan Q, Chen Z, Du J, Jia R, Sun H, Hua Z, Tang J, Wang F (2017) 68 Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT for prostate cancer staging and risk stratification in Chinese patients. Oncotarget 8(7):12247–12258. https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.14691

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Ahmadzadehfar H, Azgomi K, Hauser S, Wei X, Yordanova A, Gaertner FC, Kürpig S, Strunk H, Essler M (2017) 68 Ga-PSMA-11 PET as a gatekeeper for the treatment of metastatic prostate cancer with 223Ra: proof of concept. J Nucl Med 58(3):438–444. https://doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.116.178533

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. von Eyben FE, Baumann GS, Baum RP (2018) PSMA diagnostics and treatments of prostate cancer become mature. Clin Transl Image 6(2):145–148

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Ahmadzadehfar H, Rahbar K, Kürpig S, Bögemann M, Claesener M, Eppard E, Gärtner F, Rogenhofer S, Schäfers M, Essler M (2015) Early side effects and first results of radioligand therapy with 177 Lu-DKFZ-617 PSMA of castrate-resistant metastatic prostate cancer: a two-centre study. EJNMMI Res 5(1):36

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Ferdinandus J, Eppard E, Gaertner FC, Kurpig S, Fimmers R, Yordanova A, Hauser S, Feldmann G, Essler M, Ahmadzadehfar H (2017) Predictors of response to radioligand therapy of metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer with 177Lu-PSMA-617. J Nucl Med 58(2):312–319. https://doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.116.178228

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Eisenhauer EA, Therasse P, Bogaerts J, Schwartz LH, Sargent D, Ford R, Dancey J, Arbuck S, Gwyther S, Mooney M (2009) New response evaluation criteria in solid tumours: revised RECIST guideline (version 1.1). Eur J Cancer 45(2):228–247

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Sonpavde G, Pond GR, Templeton AJ, Fandi A, Tombal B, Rosenthal M, Armstrong AJ, Petrylak DP (2016) Association between RECIST changes and survival in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer receiving docetaxel. Eur Urol 69(6):980–983

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Wahl RL, Jacene H, Kasamon Y, Lodge MA (2009) From RECIST to PERCIST: evolving considerations for PET response criteria in solid tumors. J Nucl Med 50(Suppl 1):122S–150S

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Kranzbühler B, Salemi S, Umbricht CA, Müller C, Burger IA, Sulser T, Eberli D Pharmacological upregulation of prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) expression in prostate cancer cells. The Prostate. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/pros.23522

  34. Seitz AK, Rauscher I, Haller B, Kronke M, Luther S, Heck MM, Horn T, Gschwend JE, Schwaiger M, Eiber M, Maurer T (2017) Preliminary results on response assessment using (68)Ga-HBED-CC-PSMA PET/CT in patients with metastatic prostate cancer undergoing docetaxel chemotherapy. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Image. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-017-3887-x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Ost P, Reynders D, Decaestecker K, Fonteyne V, Lumen N, De Bruycker A, Lambert B, Delrue L, Bultijnck R, Claeys T, Goetghebeur E, Villeirs G, De Man K, Ameye F, Billiet I, Joniau S, Vanhaverbeke F, De Meerleer G (2018) Surveillance or metastasis-directed therapy for oligometastatic prostate cancer recurrence: a prospective, randomized, multicenter phase II trial. J Clin Oncol 36(5):446–453. https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.2017.75.4853

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Calais J, Kishan AU, Cao M, Fendler WP, Eiber M, Herrmann K, Ceci F, Reiter RE, Matthew RB, Hegde JV, Shaverdian N, King CR, Steinberg ML, Czernin J, Nickols NG (2018) Potential impact of 68 Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT on prostate cancer definitive radiation therapy planning. J Nucl Med. https://doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.118.209387

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  37. Beauval J-B, Loriot Y, Hennequin C, Rozet F, Barthelemy P, Borchiellini D, Schlürmann Constans F, Gross E, Maillet D, Pasticier G, Pignot G, Timsit M-O, Vincendeau S, Ploussard G, Sargos P (2017) Loco-regional treatment for castration-resistant prostate cancer: is there any rationale? A critical review from the AFU-GETUG. Crit Rev Oncol/Hematol 122:144–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.critrevonc.2017.12.012

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Triggiani L, Alongi F, Buglione M, Detti B, Santoni R, Bruni A, Maranzano E, Lohr F, D’Angelillo R, Magli A, Bonetta A, Mazzola R, Pasinetti N, Francolini G, Ingrosso G, Trippa F, Fersino S, Borghetti P, Ghirardelli P, Magrini SM (2017) Efficacy of stereotactic body radiotherapy in oligorecurrent and in oligoprogressive prostate cancer: new evidence from a multicentric study. Br J Cancer 116:1520. https://doi.org/10.1038/bjc.2017.103. https://www.nature.com/articles/bjc2017103#supplementary-information

  39. Muldermans JL, Romak LB, Kwon ED, Park SS, Olivier KR (2016) Stereotactic body radiation therapy for oligometastatic prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 95(2):696–702. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2016.01.032

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  40. Guler OC, Engels B, Onal C, Everaert H, Van den Begin R, Gevaert T, de Ridder M (2017) The feasibility of prostate-specific membrane antigen positron emission tomography(PSMA PET/CT)-guided radiotherapy in oligometastatic prostate cancer patients. Clin Transl Oncol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12094-017-1736-9

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Aizawa R, Takayama K, Nakamura K, Inoue T, Kobayashi T, Akamatsu S, Yamasaki T, Ogawa O, Mizowaki T (2018) Long-term outcomes of definitive external-beam radiotherapy for non-metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Int J Clin Oncol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10147-018-1265-8

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Bieth M, Kronke M, Tauber R, Dahlbender M, Retz M, Nekolla SG, Menze B, Maurer T, Eiber M, Schwaiger M (2017) Exploring new multimodal quantitative imaging indices for the assessment of osseous tumor burden in prostate cancer using (68)Ga-PSMA PET/CT. J Nucl Med 58(10):1632–1637. https://doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.116.189050

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Urology, University of Zurich, Frauenklinikstrasse 10, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland

    Christian Daniel Fankhauser, Cédric Poyet, Benedikt Kranzbühler & Thomas Hermanns

  2. Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland

    Stephanie G. C. Kroeze, Helena I. Garcia Schüler & Matthias Guckenberger

  3. Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland

    Philipp A. Kaufmann & Irene A. Burger

Authors
  1. Christian Daniel Fankhauser
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Cédric Poyet
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Stephanie G. C. Kroeze
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Benedikt Kranzbühler
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Helena I. Garcia Schüler
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Matthias Guckenberger
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Philipp A. Kaufmann
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Thomas Hermanns
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Irene A. Burger
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

CDF: Protocol/project development, Other (Literature research), Manuscript writing/editing. CP: Manuscript writing/editing. BK: Manuscript writing/editing. SGCK: Manuscript writing/editing. HG: Manuscript writing/editing. PAK: Manuscript writing/editing. MG: Manuscript writing/editing. TH: Manuscript writing/editing. BIA: Protocol/project development, Manuscript writing/editing.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Christian Daniel Fankhauser.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Research involving human participants and/or animals

This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.

Informed consent

Patients mentioned as examples provided written informed consent.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Fankhauser, C.D., Poyet, C., Kroeze, S.G.C. et al. Current and potential future role of PSMA-PET in patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer. World J Urol 37, 457–467 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-018-2408-2

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-018-2408-2

Keywords

Search

Navigation