Taming the late Quaternary phylogeography of the Eurasiatic wild ass through ancient and modern DNA
Fig 4
Geographic distribution of the analyzed kiangs and dziggetais and maximum likelihood phylogeny of the K/KD clades.
(A) The map indicates the current areas of distribution of kiangs (pink) and dziggetais (orange) as determined by IUCN [3,4], as well as the location of the collected wild samples. Symbols and colors schemes are used to represent the various samples and populations. The southern Tibetan reserves populated by kiangs (Nyalam, Gyirong, Ngamring and Tingri; [54]), are represented by green circles, whereas the blue circles indicate the kiang samples collected north of Tibet [49]. The dziggetai samples analyzed herein, as well as those from the Kalamaili natural reserve [54], whose mitogenomes belong to the D1 and D2 clades are indicated by white circles and stars, respectively, whereas those belonging to the KD clade are represented by red circles. Differences in the East-West distribution of the Dziggetai D1 and D2 clades are observed, although it is unclear how these correlate with the East-West distributions observed for microsatellite markers in [76]. (B) The ML phylogeny of the kiang and dziggetai sequences of the KD and K clades was performed with PHYML [35] using the full contiguous 295-bp-long HVR sequence. The bootstrap values of the nodes are indicated (1000 bootstraps). The red, green and blue circles indicate the geolocalized dziggetais, northern Tibetan kiangs, southern Tibetan kiangs, respectively, as in panel A. The modern kiang from zoos are represented with black circles whereas the historical kiang specimens are represented with a grey triangle. See also Table E in S1 File for the summary statistics of the kiang and dzigettai populations analyzed here.