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Effects of Elevated Atmospheric CO2 on Microbial Community Structure at the Plant-Soil Interface of Young Beech Trees (Fagus sylvatica L.) Grown at Two Sites with Contrasting Climatic Conditions

  • Soil Microbiology
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Abstract

Soil microbial community responses to elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations (eCO2) occur mainly indirectly via CO2-induced plant growth stimulation leading to quantitative as well as qualitative changes in rhizodeposition and plant litter. In order to gain insight into short-term, site-specific effects of eCO2 on the microbial community structure at the plant-soil interface, young beech trees (Fagus sylvatica L.) from two opposing mountainous slopes with contrasting climatic conditions were incubated under ambient (360 ppm) CO2 concentrations in a greenhouse. One week before harvest, half of the trees were incubated for 2 days under eCO2 (1,100 ppm) conditions. Shifts in the microbial community structure in the adhering soil as well as in the root rhizosphere complex (RRC) were investigated via TRFLP and 454 pyrosequencing based on 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes. Multivariate analysis of the community profiles showed clear changes of microbial community structure between plants grown under ambient and elevated CO2 mainly in RRC. Both TRFLP and 454 pyrosequencing showed a significant decrease in the microbial diversity and evenness as a response of CO2 enrichment. While Alphaproteobacteria dominated by Rhizobiales decreased at eCO2, Betaproteobacteria, mainly Burkholderiales, remained unaffected. In contrast, Gammaproteobacteria and Deltaproteobacteria, predominated by Pseudomonadales and Myxococcales, respectively, increased at eCO2. Members of the order Actinomycetales increased, whereas within the phylum Acidobacteria subgroup Gp1 decreased, and the subgroups Gp4 and Gp6 increased under atmospheric CO2 enrichment. Moreover, Planctomycetes and Firmicutes, mainly members of Bacilli, increased under eCO2. Overall, the effect intensity of eCO2 on soil microbial communities was dependent on the distance to the roots. This effect was consistent for all trees under investigation; a site-specific effect of eCO2 in response to the origin of the trees was not observed.

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Acknowledgments

This work has been supported by the German Science Foundation (DFG) under the contract numbers SCHL 447/11-1, PO 362/19-1 and DA 1217/2-1. We also heartily thank Konny Galonska for nucleic acid extraction.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Research Unit Environmental Genomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany

    Silvia Gschwendtner, Marion Engel, Susanne Kublik & Michael Schloter

  2. Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Büsgen-Institut, Büsgenweg 2, Georg-August-University Göttingen, 37077, Göttingen, Germany

    Martin Leberecht & Andrea Polle

  3. Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kreuzeckbahnstrasse 19, 82467, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany

    Michael Dannenmann

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  1. Silvia Gschwendtner
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Correspondence to Michael Schloter.

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Fig. S1

Principal component analysis of TRFLP profiles based on Hellinger transformed data from rhizosphere soil (RS) and root rhizosphere complex (RRC) associated with beech trees originating from NE-exposed and SW-exposed mountainous slopes grown under ambient and elevated CO2 concentrations (aCO2 and eCO2, respectively) after DNA extraction, amplification of 16S rRNA genes, and enzymatic restriction with MspI (n = 8). TRFs smaller 1 % of total peak height were excluded from analysis. (DOC 33 kb)

Fig. S2

Scheme of the experimental design. The sampling times where microbial community analysis was performed are highlighted in bold letters. (DOC 33 kb)

Table S1

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Table S2

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Gschwendtner, S., Leberecht, M., Engel, M. et al. Effects of Elevated Atmospheric CO2 on Microbial Community Structure at the Plant-Soil Interface of Young Beech Trees (Fagus sylvatica L.) Grown at Two Sites with Contrasting Climatic Conditions. Microb Ecol 69, 867–878 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-014-0527-x

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