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Aggression, interference, and the functional response of coral-feeding butterflyfishes

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Abstract

Functional responses describing how foraging rates change with respect to resource density are central to our understanding of interspecific interactions. Competitive interactions are an important determinant of foraging rates; however, the relationship between the exploitation and interference components of competition has received little empirical or theoretical consideration. Moreover, little is known about the relationship between aggressive behavioural interactions and interference competition. Using a natural gradient of consumer and resource densities, we empirically examine how aggressiveness relates to consumer–consumer encounter rates and foraging for four species of Chaetodon reef fish spanning a range of dietary niche breadths. The probability of aggression was most strongly associated with both total consumer and resource densities. In contrast, total encounter rates were best predicted by conspecific consumer density, and were highest for the most specialised consumer (Chaetodon trifascialis), not the most aggressive (Chaetodon baronessa). The most specialised consumer, not the most aggressive, also exhibited the largest reduction in foraging rates with increasing consumer density. Our results support the idea of a positive link between the exploitation and interference components of competition for the most specialised consumer. Moreover, our results caution against inferring the presence of ecological interactions (competition) from observations of behaviour (aggression and agonism) alone.

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Acknowledgements

We thank James Cook University and the Australian Research Council for financial support; SAB was also supported by a Queensland Smart State Ph.D. fellowship. We thank E. Graham, S. Montanari, K. Nicolet, M. Norstad, and the staff of the Lizard Island Research Station for assistance in the field. We thank Craig Osenberg, Jeffrey Shima, and anonymous reviewers for constructive criticism that significantly improved this manuscript, and the JCU Ecological Modelling Research Group for support and feedback.

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Author notes

  1. Shane A. Blowes

    Present address: German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (IDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, Leipzig, 04103, Germany

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Marine Biology and Aquaculture, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia

    Shane A. Blowes & Sean R. Connolly

  2. ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia

    Shane A. Blowes, Morgan S. Pratchett & Sean R. Connolly

Authors
  1. Shane A. Blowes
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  2. Morgan S. Pratchett
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  3. Sean R. Connolly
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Contributions

SAB, MSP and SRC conceived and designed the research; SAB and MSP conducted the fieldwork; SAB analysed the data and wrote the first draft of the manuscript, and all authors contributed to revisions.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Shane A. Blowes.

Additional information

Communicated by Joel trexler.

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Blowes, S.A., Pratchett, M.S. & Connolly, S.R. Aggression, interference, and the functional response of coral-feeding butterflyfishes. Oecologia 184, 675–684 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-017-3902-8

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-017-3902-8

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