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Groundwater resource evaluation in the Gwalior area, India, using satellite data: an integrated geomorphological and geophysical approach

Evaluation de la ressource en eaux souterraines dans la zone de Gwalior, Inde, au moyen de données satellitaires: une approche géomorphologique et géophysique intégrée

Evaluación del recurso de agua subterránea en el área de Gwalior, India, usando datos satelitales: un enfoque integrado geomorfológico y geofísico

利用基于卫星数据的地貌和地球物理方法评价印度Gwalior地区地下水资源

Avaliação do recurso água subterrânea na área de Gwalior, Índia, utilizando informação de satélite: uma aproximação geomorfológica e geofísica integrada

भारत के ग्वालियर क्षेत्र के भूजल संसाधन के मूल्याकन में उपग्रह डाटा का उपयोगः एक एकीकृत भू-आकृति एवं भूभौतिकीय द्वष्टिकोणः

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Abstract

The ever increasing demand for freshwater and overexploitation of existing reserves has necessitated the search for new resources, particularly in hard-rock terrains where groundwater is a vital and sole source for drinking and other activities. A fast and cost effective way of groundwater exploration is the study and analysis of remote sensing data. In the present study, various geomorphic units in the drought-prone and hard-rock-dominated Gwalior area, India, were identified using satellite images and classified into four categories: poor, moderate, good and excellent groundwater prospect zones. The area was scanned through vertical electrical soundings for the corroboration of inferred categories. The borehole yield data corroborate the results. Geomorphological mapping through satellite images, coupled with electrical resistivity surveys, provided vital information about spatial and depth-wise variation of aquifers in the area. Groundwater prospect mapping gives a rational picture of subsurface water resources and is helpful in predictive groundwater resource management.

Résumé

La demande en eau douce toujours croissante et la surexploitation des réserves existantes ont conduit à la recherche de ressources nouvelles, notamment dans le socle où les eaux souterraines constituent une source vitale et unique pour la boisson et les autres usages. Un moyen rapide et rentable d’exploration des eaux souterraines est l’étude et l’analyse des données de télédétection. Dans l’étude présentée, diverses unités géomorphologiques du secteur de Gwalior, en Inde, secteur sujet à la sècheresse et dominé par le socle, ont été identifiées au moyen d’images satellitaires et classifiées en quatre catégories de zone de potentiel en eaux souterraines : pauvre, modeste, bonne et excellente. Le secteur a été balayé par des sondages électriques verticaux pour confirmer les catégories ainsi déduites. Les données de débit des forages corroborent les résultats. La cartographie géomorphologique au moyen d’images satellitaires, associée à des levés de résistivité électrique, fournit une information essentielle sur les variations spatiales et en profondeur des aquifères de la zone. La cartographie des potentialités en eaux souterraines donne une image rationnelle des ressources en eau de sub-surface et est utile pour une gestion prédictive de la ressource en eaux souterraines.

Resumen

La siempre creciente demanda de agua dulce y la sobreexplotación de las reservas existentes han requerido la búsqueda de nuevos recursos, particularmente en terrenos de rocas duras donde el agua subterránea es una fuente vital y única para agua potable y otras actividades. Una forma rápida y de bajo costo de exploración del agua subterránea es el estudio y análisis de los datos de sensores remotos. En el presente estudio, se identificaron varias unidades geomórficas en el área Gwalior, propensa a las sequías y dominada por rocas duras, usando imágenes satelitales y fueron clasificadas en cuatro categorías de zonas: pobres, moderadas, buenas y excelentes en relación a la prospección de agua subterránea: El área fue explorada mediante sondeos eléctricos verticales para corroborar las categorías inferidas. Los datos de rendimiento de las perforaciones corroboraron los resultados. El mapeo geomorfológico a través de imágenes satelitales, en conjunción con los relevamientos de resistividad eléctrica proveyó información vital acerca del modo de variación espacial y en profundidad de los acuíferos en el área. El mapeo de la prospección de agua subterránea da una imagen racional de los recursos de agua en el subsuelo y es una ayuda en el manejo de la predicción del recurso de agua subterránea.

摘要

对淡水的持续需求和已有水资源的过量开采使特别是在基岩山区寻找新的水资源变得非常必要,因为在这些地区地下水是饮用水和其他供水的重要且唯一的来源。基于遥感数据的研究和分析方法是地下水勘探的快速、经济、有效的方法。在本研究中,我们利用卫星影像识别出干旱和基岩出露为特征的印度Gwalior地区的地貌单元,并将它们分为四类:贫瘠的,中等的,好的和非常好的地下水资源远景区。采用垂向电测深方法对该分区提供了提供佐证。钻孔抽水量数据也验证了以上结果。利用卫星影像进行的地貌成图耦合电阻率调查方法给该地区面上和垂向上的含水层变化提供了重要的信息。地下水资源远景区制图给出了地下水资源的合理分布且有利于基于预测的地下水资源管理。

Resumo

A sempre crescente necessidade de água doce e a sobre-exploração das reservas existentes tornou necessária a procura de novos recursos, particularmente em rochas fraturadas, onde a água subterrânea é uma origem vital e única para água potável e outras actividades. Uma forma de prospeção de águas subterrâneas rápida e com custo eficaz é através do estudo e análise de dados de detecção remota. No estudo apresentado identificaram-se e classificaram-se, utilizando imagens de satélite, várias unidades geomórficas na área árida dominada por rochas fraturadas de Gwalior, Índia, em quatro categorias: zonas de prospecção de águas subterrâneas fracas, moderadas, boas e excelentes. A área foi examinada por sondagens eléctricas verticais para a corroboração das categorias inferidas. As produtividades dos furos corroboram os resultados. O mapeamento geomorfológico através das imagens de satélite, associado aos levantamentos de resistividade eléctrica, forneceu informação vital sobre a variação espacial e em profundidade dos aquíferos da área. O mapeamento prospectivo de águas subterrâneas dá uma imagem racional dos recursos hídricos subsuperficiais e é útil na previsão da gestão dos recursos hídricos subterrâneos.

घ्घ्घ्घ्घ्घ्

बढतें ताजे पानी की मांग और अतिदोहन के कारण नये संसाधनों की खोज विद्गोष रूप से उन क्षेत्रो मे जहा प्रभ्ूत्व कठोर चट्‌टाने है। उन क्षेत्रों मे पीने एवं अन्य गतिविधियों का साधन भूजल है। अतः उन क्षेत्रों में प्रभावी एवं तेज तरीके से नये भूजल क्ष़्ाोतो की खोज में सूदर संवेदन डेटा का उपयोग एवं उनका विद्गलेषण करने का मुखया साधन है।

प्रस्तुत अध्ययन में ग्वालियर क्षेत्र के सुखा प्रवण क्षेत्र के विभिन्न भूआकृति इकाईयो को उपग्रह चित्रो से पहचाना गया है और उनको चार इकाईयों में विभाजित किया गया है जो क्रमद्गाःगरीब, मध्यम, अच्छा, और उत्कृष्ट सम्भावित क्षेत्र है। इन प्राप्त भूजल इकाइयों की विद्युत प्रतिरोधन सर्वेक्षण के द्वारा भी पूष्टि की गई है। इन सब प्राप्त भूजल आकडो की बोर होल डाटा के परीणाम से भी पुष्टि की गई है।

भूआकृति मानचित्रण, सूदूर संवेदन डाटा, एवं विद्युत प्रतिरोधक संर्वेक्षण एक साथ मिलकर ग्वालियर क्षेत्र के स्थानिक एवं गहराई में परिवर्तन के बारे में महत्वपूर्ण जानकारी प्रदान की है।

भूजल संभावना मानचित्रण, उपसतह जल संसाधनो की एक तर्क संगत तस्वीर देता है जिसका उपयोग भूजल संसाधन मूल्याकन एवं प्रबंधन में सहायक है।

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Acknowledgements

The authors are thankful to the Head of the School of Studies in Earth Science, Jiwaji University, Gwalior M.P. and the Principal of Govt. Science College, Gwalior for providing necessary facilities. P.K. is thankful to Shri A.N. Singh, Chairman, and Dr. R.P. Singh, Director of Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, for constant encouragement. Thanks are also due to the anonymous reviewers and Technical Editorial Advisor for their many helpful suggestions.

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Correspondence to Prafull K. Singh.

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Singh, P.K., Kumar, S. & Singh, U.C. Groundwater resource evaluation in the Gwalior area, India, using satellite data: an integrated geomorphological and geophysical approach. Hydrogeol J 19, 1421–1429 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-011-0758-6

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