ABSTRACT
Purpose
To modify blood-contacting stainless surfaces by covalently coating them with a serum-protease resistant form of tropoelastin (TE). To demonstrate that the modified TE retains an exposed, cell-adhesive C-terminus that persists in the presence of blood plasma proteases.
Methods
Recombinant human TE and a point mutant variant (R515A) of TE were labeled with 125Iodine and immobilized on plasma-activated stainless steel (PAC) surfaces. Covalent attachment was confirmed using rigorous detergent washing. As kallikrein and thrombin dominate the serum degradation of tropoelastin, supraphysiological levels of these proteases were incubated with covalently bound TE and R515A, then assayed for protein levels by radioactivity detection. Persistence of the C-terminus was assessed by ELISA.
Results
TE was significantly retained covalently on PAC surfaces at 88 ± 5% and 71 ± 5% after treatment with kallikrein and thrombin, respectively. Retention of R515A was 100 ± 1.3% and 87 ± 2.3% after treatment with kallikrein and thrombin, respectively, representing significant improvements over TE. The functionally important C-terminus was cleaved in wild-type TE but retained by R515A.
Conclusions
Protein persists in the presence of human kallikrein and thrombin when covalently immobilized on metal substrata. R515A displays enhanced protease resistance and retains the C-terminus presenting a protein interface that is viable for blood-contacting applications.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- 125I:
-
iodine-125
- 316L SS:
-
316L stainless steel
- ANOVA:
-
analysis of variance
- PAC:
-
plasma-activated coating
- PEO:
-
polyethylene oxide
- R515A:
-
point-mutant tropoelastin SHEL∆26A(R515A)
- SDS:
-
sodium dodecyl sulfate
- SEM:
-
scanning electron microscopy
- TE:
-
tropoelastin (SHEL∆26A)
REFERENCES
Wong LS, Khan F, Micklefield J. Selective covalent protein immobilization: strategies and applications. Chem Rev. 2009;109:4025–53.
Mani G, Feldman MD, Patel D, Agrawal CM. Coronary stents: a materials perspective. Biomaterials. 2007;28:1689–710.
Nagaoka M, Jiang HL, Hoshiba T, Akaike T, Cho CS. Application of recombinant fusion proteins for tissue engineering. Ann Biomed Eng. 2010;38:683–93.
Colman RW, Marder VJ, Clowes AW, George JN, Goldhaber SZ, editors. Hemostasis and Thrombosis. Basic principles and clinical practice. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006. p. 437–41.
Gorbet MB, Sefton MV. Biomaterial-associated thrombosis: roles of coagulation factors, complement, platelets and leukocytes. Biomaterials. 2004;25:5681–703.
Karnik SK, Brooke BS, Bayes-Genis A, Sorensen L, Wythe JD, Schwartz RS, et al. A critical role for elastin signaling in vascular morphogenesis and disease. Development. 2003;130:411–23.
Jordan SW, Chaikof EL. Novel thromboresistant materials. J Vasc Surg. 2007;45:A104–15.
Jensen SA, Vrhovski B, Weiss AS. Domain 26 of tropoelastin plays a dominant role in association by coacervation. J Biol Chem. 2000;275:28449–54.
Almine JF, Bax DV, Mithieux SM, Nivison-Smith L, Rnjak J, Waterhouse A, et al. Elastin-based materials. Chem Soc Rev. 2010. doi:10.1039/b919452p.
Bax DV, Rodgers UR, Bilek MMM, Weiss AS. Cell adhesion to tropoelastin is mediated via the C-terminal GRKRK motif and integrin alphaVbeta3. J Biol Chem. 2009;284:28616–23.
Rodgers UR, Weiss AS. Cellular interactions with elastin. Pathol Biol. 2005;53:390–8.
Bilek MMM, McKenzie DR. Plasma modified surfaces for covalent immobilization of functional biomolecules in the absence of chemical linkers: towards better biosensors and a new generation of medical implants. Biophys Rev. 2010;2:55–65.
Yin Y, Wise SG, Nosworthy NJ, Waterhouse A, Bax DV, Youssef H, et al. Covalent immobilisation of tropoelastin on a plasma deposited interface for enhancement of endothelialisation on metal surfaces. Biomaterials. 2009;30:1675–81.
Waterhouse A, Yin Y, Wise SG, Bax D, McKenzie DR, Bilek MMM, et al. The immobilization of recombinant human tropoelastin on metals using a plasma-activated coating to improve biocompatibility of coronary stents. Biomaterials. 2010;31:8332–40.
Yin Y, Fisher K, Nosworthy NJ, Bax D, Rubanov S, Gong B, et al. Covalently bound biomimetic layers on plasma polymers with graded metallic interfaces for in vivo implants. Plasma Processes Polym. 2009;6:658–66.
Manning M, Chou D, Murphy B, Payne R, Katayama D. Stability of protein pharmaceuticals: an update. Pharm Res. 2010;27:544–75.
Martin SL, Vrhovski B, Weiss AS. Total synthesis and expression in Escherichia coli of a gene encoding human tropoelastin. Gene. 1995;154:159–66.
Yin Y, Nosworthy NJ, Youssef H, Gong B, Bilek MMM, McKenzie DR. Acetylene plasma coated surfaces for covalent immobilization of proteins. Thin Solid Films. 2009;517:5343–6.
Wu WJ, Vrhovski B, Weiss AS. Glycosaminoglycans mediate the coacervation of human tropoelastin through dominant charge interactions involving lysine side chains. J Biol Chem. 1999;274:21719–24.
Wu WJ, Vrhovski B, Weiss AS. Glycosaminoglycans mediate the coacervation of human tropoelastin through dominant charge interactions involving lysine side chains. J Biol Chem. 1999;274:21719–24.
Wang A, Cao T, Tang H, Liang X, Salley SO, Ng KYS. In vitro haemocompatibility and stability of two types of heparin-immobilized silicon surfaces. Colloids Surf, B. 2005;43:245–55.
Thorslund S, Sanchez J, Larsson R, Nikolajeff F, Bergquist J. Functionality and stability of heparin immobilized onto poly(dimethylsiloxane). Colloids Surf, B. 2005;45:76–81.
Onder S, Kazmanli K, Kok FN. Alteration of PTFE surface to increase its blood compatibility. J Biomater Sci. 2010. doi:10.1163/092050610X510551.
Yang Z, Wang J, Luo R, Maitz MF, Jing F, Sun H, Huang N. The covalent immobilization of heparin to pulsed-plasma polymeric allylamine films on 316L stainless steel and the resulting effects on hemocompatibility. Biomaterials. In Press, Corrected Proof: 2009.
Mohamed S, Aly A, Mohamed T, Salah H. Immobilization of horseradish peroxidase on nonwoven polyester fabric coated with chitosan. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 2008;144:169–79.
Andersson J, Bexborn F, Klinth J, Nilsson B, Ekdahl KN. Surface-attached PEO in the form of activated pluronic with immobilized factor H reduces both coagulation and complement activation in a whole-blood model. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2005;76A:25–34.
Chen M-C, Liang H-F, Chiu Y-L, Chang Y, Wei H-J, Sung H-W. A novel drug-eluting stent spray-coated with multi-layers of collagen and sirolimus. J Control Release. 2005;108:178–89.
Seeger JM, Ingegno MD, Bigatan E, Klingman N, Amery D, Widenhouse C, et al. Hydrophilic surface modification of metallic endoluminal stents. J Vasc Surg. 1995;22:327–36.
De Scheerder I, Verbeken E, Van Humbeeck J. Metallic surface modification. Semin Interv Cardiol. 1998;3:139–44.
Chan AKC, Rak J, Berry L, Liao P, Vlasin M, Weitz J, et al. Antithrombin-heparin covalent complex: a possible alternative to heparin for arterial thrombosis prevention. Circulation. 2002;106:261–5.
Leckband D, Langer R. An approach for the stable immobilization of proteins. Biotechnol Bioeng. 1991;37:227–37.
Bax DV, McKenzie DR, Weiss AS, Bilek MMM. The linker-free covalent attachment of collagen to plasma immersion ion implantation treated polytetrafluoroethylene and subsequent cell-binding activity. Biomaterials. 2010;31:2526–34.
Kondyurin A, Nosworthy NJ, Bilek MMM. Attachment of horseradish peroxidase to polytetrafluorethylene (teflon) after plasma immersion ion implantation. Acta Biomater. 2008;4:1218–25.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work was supported by grants from the Australian Research Council, the National Health and Medical Research Council, and the University of Sydney Medical Foundation.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Waterhouse, A., Bax, D.V., Wise, S.G. et al. Stability of a Therapeutic Layer of Immobilized Recombinant Human Tropoelastin on a Plasma-Activated Coated Surface. Pharm Res 28, 1415–1421 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11095-010-0327-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11095-010-0327-z