Abstract
Surfactants are the main active agents in detergents products. Our investigation dealt with the effects of surfactants as a wastewater constituent on the infiltration process of wastewater through saturated soil. In order to more closely observe the flow’s interaction, in a laboratory experiment, a 2D Plexiglas model was filled with fine-grained soil and saturated with degassed water. The particle-free artificial laboratory wastewater was created by adding a commercially available detergent to degassed tap water producing a surfactant concentration with the strength equivalent of up to about 15 times of its critical micelle concentration. The visualization of flow was improved by adding a brilliant blue dye tracer enhancing the color contrast. Photographs were taken from the 2D model using conventional imaging equipment and were processed by image analysis to distinguish the dynamic flow interface between dyed and non-dyed areas. Primarily, the images of vertical flows were analyzed after reducing the contrast range. Next, utilizing an image analysis method, 2D images were reconstructed into 3D visualization models. Three-dimensional and cross-sectional images of the fluid–fluid–soil boundary layer revealed a rapid solute transport prevailing at the dynamic interfaces. This was confirmed with image analysis showing geometric irregularities on the soil surface.
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Acknowledgments
The work was kindly supported by Helmholtz Interdisciplinary Graduate School for Environmental Research (HIGRADE). We thank Davood Toorchi Roodsari for his technical advice and the anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments.
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Nikpay, M., Lazik, D. & Krebs, P. Visualization of surfactant solution transport in saturated soil: an experimental study to represent wastewater loss from sewers. Environ Earth Sci 74, 6693–6701 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-015-4679-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-015-4679-x