Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-jr42d Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-16T21:41:01.373Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

4 - When to do a bone marrow biopsy and how to interpret it in the diagnosis of myeloproliferative neoplasm

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 March 2016

Ruben A. Mesa
Affiliation:
Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Arizona
Claire N. Harrison
Affiliation:
Guy’s and St Thomas’ Hospital, London
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Managing Myeloproliferative Neoplasms
A Case-Based Approach
, pp. 22 - 36
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2016

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Swerdlow, S, Campo, E, Harris, N, Jaffe, E, Pileri, S, Stein, H, et al. WHO Classification of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lympoid Tissues. Lyon, France: IARC Press; 2008.Google Scholar
Tefferi, A, Thiele, J, Vannucchi, AM, Barbui, T. An overview on CALR and CSF3R mutations and a proposal for revision of WHO diagnostic criteria for myeloproliferative neoplasms. Leukemia. 2014;28(7):1407–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tefferi, A, Thiele, J, Orazi, A, Kvasnicka, HM, Barbui, T, Hanson, CA, et al. Proposals and rationale for revision of the World Health Organization diagnostic criteria for polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia, and primary myelofibrosis: recommendations from an ad hoc international expert panel. Blood. 2007;110(4):1092–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alvarez-Larran, A, Ancochea, A, Garcia, M, Climent, F, Garcia-Pallarols, F, Angona, A, et al. WHO-histological criteria for myeloproliferative neoplasms: reproducibility, diagnostic accuracy and correlation with gene mutations and clinical outcomes. Br J Haematol. 2014;166(6):911–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spivak, JL, Silver, RT. The revised World Health Organization diagnostic criteria for polycythemia vera, essential thrombocytosis, and primary myelofibrosis: an alternative proposal. Blood. 2008;112(2):231–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Campbell, PJ, Bareford, D, Erber, WN, Wilkins, BS, Wright, P, Buck, G, et al. Reticulin accumulation in essential thrombocythemia: prognostic significance and relationship to therapy. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(18):2991–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilkins, BS, Erber, WN, Bareford, D, Buck, G, Wheatley, K, East, CL, et al. Bone marrow pathology in essential thrombocythemia: interobserver reliability and utility for identifying disease subtypes. Blood. 2008;111(1):6070.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buhr, T, Hebeda, K, Kaloutsi, V, Porwit, A, Van der Walt, J, Kreipe, H. European Bone Marrow Working Group trial on reproducibility of World Health Organization criteria to discriminate essential thrombocythemia from prefibrotic primary myelofibrosis. Haematologica. 2012;97(3):360–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barbui, T, Thiele, J, Passamonti, F, Rumi, E, Boveri, E, Ruggeri, M, et al. Survival and disease progression in essential thrombocythemia are significantly influenced by accurate morphologic diagnosis: an international study of 1,104 patients. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29(23):3179–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gisslinger, H, Gotic, M, Holowiecki, J, Penka, M, Thiele, J, Kvasnicka, HM, et al. Anagrelide compared with hydroxyurea in WHO-classified essential thrombocythemia: the ANAHYDRET Study, a randomized controlled trial. Blood. 2013;121(10):1720–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thiele, J, Kvasnicka, HM, Mullauer, L, Buxhofer-Ausch, V, Gisslinger, B, Gisslinger, H. Essential thrombocythemia versus early primary myelofibrosis: a multicenter study to validate the WHO classification. Blood. 2011;117(21):5710–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kvasnicka, HM, Thiele, J. Classification of Ph-negative chronic myeloproliferative disorders – morphology as the yardstick of classification. Pathobiology. 2007;74(2):6371.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kvasnicka, HM, Thiele, J. Prodromal myeloproliferative neoplasms: the 2008 WHO classification. Am J Hematol. 2010;85(1):62–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vardiman, JW, Thiele, J, Arber, DA, Brunning, RD, Borowitz, MJ, Porwit, A, et al. The 2008 revision of the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of myeloid neoplasms and acute leukemia: rationale and important changes. Blood. 2009;114(5):937–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tefferi, A, Vardiman, JW. Classification and diagnosis of myeloproliferative neoplasms: the 2008 World Health Organization criteria and point-of-care diagnostic algorithms. Leukemia. 2008;22(1):1422.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thiele, J, Kvasnicka, HM, Diehl, V. Standardization of bone marrow features – does it work in hematopathology for histological discrimination of different disease patterns? Histol Histopathol. 2005;20(2):633–44.Google ScholarPubMed
Thiele, J, Kvasnicka, HM. Diagnostic differentiation of essential thrombocythaemia from thrombocythaemias associated with chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis by discriminate analysis of bone marrow features – a clinicopathological study on 272 patients. Histol Histopathol. 2003;18(1):93102.Google Scholar
Barbui, T, Thiele, J, Vannucchi, AM, Tefferi, A. Problems and pitfalls regarding WHO-defined diagnosis of early/prefibrotic primary myelofibrosis versus essential thrombocythemia. Leukemia. 2013;27(10):1953–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thiele, J, Kvasnicka, HM, Orazi, A. Bone marrow histopathology in myeloproliferative disorders – current diagnostic approach. Semin Hematol. 2005;42(4):184–95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thiele, J, Kvasnicka, HM. A critical reappraisal of the WHO classification of the chronic myeloproliferative disorders. Leuk Lymphoma. 2006;47(3):381–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thiele, J, Kvasnicka, HM, Vardiman, J. Bone marrow histopathology in the diagnosis of chronic myeloproliferative disorders: a forgotten pearl. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol. 2006;19(3):413–37.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thiele, J, Kvasnicka, HM, Facchetti, F, Franco, V, Van der Walt, J, Orazi, A. European consensus for grading of bone marrow fibrosis and assessment of cellularity. Haematologica. 2005;90(8):1128–32.Google ScholarPubMed
Kuter, DJ, Bain, B, Mufti, G, Bagg, A, Hasserjian, RP. Bone marrow fibrosis: pathophysiology and clinical significance of increased bone marrow stromal fibres. Br J Haematol. 2007;139(3):351–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thiele, J, Kvasnicka, HM. Myelofibrosis – what’s in a name? Consensus on definition and EUMNET grading. Pathobiology. 2007;74(2):8996.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thiele, J, Kvasnicka, HM. Hematopathologic findings in chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis. Semin Oncol. 2005;32(4):380–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thiele, J, Kvasnicka, HM. Grade of bone marrow fibrosis is associated with relevant hematological findings – a clinicopathological study on 865 patients with chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis. Ann Hematol. 2006;85(4):226–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thiele, J, Kvasnicka, HM. Myelofibrosis in chronic myeloproliferative disorders – dynamics and clinical impact. Histol Histopathol. 2006;21(12):1367–78.Google ScholarPubMed
Gianelli, U, Vener, C, Bossi, A, Cortinovis, I, Iurlo, A, Fracchiolla, NS, et al. The European Consensus on grading of bone marrow fibrosis allows a better prognostication of patients with primary myelofibrosis. Mod Pathol. 2012;25(9):1193–202.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vener, C, Fracchiolla, NS, Gianelli, U, Calori, R, Radaelli, F, Iurlo, A, et al. Prognostic implications of the European consensus for grading of bone marrow fibrosis in chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis. Blood. 2008;111(4):1862–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gianelli, U, Bossi, A, Cortinovis, I, Sabattini, E, Tripodo, C, Boveri, E, et al. Reproducibility of the WHO histological criteria for the diagnosis of Philadelphia chromosome-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms. Mod Pathol. 2014;27(6):814–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thiele, J, Kvasnicka, HM. Chronic myeloproliferative disorders with thrombocythemia: a comparative study of two classification systems (PVSG, WHO) on 839 patients. Ann Hematol. 2003;82(3):148–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brousseau, M, Parot-Schinkel, E, Moles, MP, Boyer, F, Hunault, M, Rousselet, MC. Practical application and clinical impact of the WHO histopathological criteria on bone marrow biopsy for the diagnosis of essential thrombocythemia versus prefibrotic primary myelofibrosis. Histopathology. 2010;56(6):758–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Florena, AM, Tripodo, C, Iannitto, E, Porcasi, R, Ingrao, S, Franco, V. Value of bone marrow biopsy in the diagnosis of essential thrombocythemia. Haematologica. 2004;89(8):911–19.Google ScholarPubMed
Kreft, A, Buesche, G, Ghalibafian, M, Buhr, T, Fischer, T, Kirkpatrick, CJ. The incidence of myelofibrosis in essential thrombocythaemia, polycythaemia vera and chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis: a retrospective evaluation of sequential bone marrow biopsies. Acta Haematol. 2005;113(2):137–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gianelli, U, Iurlo, A, Vener, C, Moro, A, Fermo, E, Bianchi, P, et al. The significance of bone marrow biopsy and JAK2V617F mutation in the differential diagnosis between the “early” prepolycythemic phase of polycythemia vera and essential thrombocythemia. Am J Clin Pathol. 2008;130(3):336–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gianelli, U, Vener, C, Raviele, PR, Moro, A, Savi, F, Annarolo, C, et al. Essential thrombocythemia or chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis? A single-center study based on hematopoietic bone marrow histology. Leuk Lymphoma. 2006;47(9):1774–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boiocchi, L, Mathew, S, Gianelli, U, Iurlo, A, Radice, T, Barouk-Fox, S, et al. Morphologic and cytogenetic differences between post-polycythemic myelofibrosis and primary myelofibrosis in fibrotic stage. Mod Pathol. 2013.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barbui, T, Thiele, J, Carobbio, A, Passamonti, F, Rumi, E, Randi, ML, et al. Disease characteristics and clinical outcome in young adults with essential thrombocythemia versus early/prefibrotic primary myelofibrosis. Blood. 2012;120(3):569–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barosi, G. Essential thrombocythemia vs. early/prefibrotic myelofibrosis: why does it matter. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol. 2014;27(2):129–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barosi, G, Rosti, V, Bonetti, E, Campanelli, R, Carolei, A, Catarsi, P, et al. Evidence that prefibrotic myelofibrosis is aligned along a clinical and biological continuum featuring primary myelofibrosis. PLoS ONE. 2012;7(4):e35631.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lones, MA, Auperin, A, Raphael, M, McCarthy, K, Perkins, SL, MacLennan, KA, et al. Mature B-cell lymphoma/leukemia in children and adolescents: intergroup pathologist consensus with the revised European–American Lymphoma Classification. Ann Oncol. 2000;11(1):4751.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rüdiger, T, Weisenburger, DD, Anderson, JR, Armitage, JO, Diebold, J, MacLennan, KA, et al. Peripheral T-cell lymphoma (excluding anaplastic large-cell lymphoma): results from the Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Classification Project. Ann Oncol. 2002;13(1):140–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Diebold, J, Anderson, JR, Armitage, JO, Connors, JM, Maclennan, KA, Muller-Hermelink, HK, et al. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: a clinicopathologic analysis of 444 cases classified according to the updated Kiel classification. Leuk Lymphoma. 2002;43(1):97104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glaser, SL, Dorfman, RF, Clarke, CA. Expert review of the diagnosis and histologic classification of Hodgkin disease in a population-based cancer registry: interobserver reliability and impact on incidence and survival rates. Cancer. 2001;92(2):218–24.3.0.CO;2-6>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mufti, GJ, Bennett, JM, Goasguen, J, Bain, BJ, Baumann, I, Brunning, R, et al. Diagnosis and classification of myelodysplastic syndrome: International Working Group on Morphology of myelodysplastic syndrome (IWGM-MDS) consensus proposals for the definition and enumeration of myeloblasts and ring sideroblasts. Haematologica. 2008;93(11):1712–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murphy, S, Peterson, P, Iland, H, Laszlo, J. Experience of the Polycythemia Vera Study Group with essential thrombocythemia: a final report on diagnostic criteria, survival, and leukemic transition by treatment. Semin Hematol. 1997;34(1):2939.Google Scholar
Pearson, TC. Diagnosis and classification of erythrocytoses and thrombocytoses. Baillieres Clin Haematol. 1998;11(4):695720.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thiele, J, Kvasnicka, HM, Schmitt-Graeff, A, Zankovich, R, Diehl, V. Follow-up examinations including sequential bone marrow biopsies in essential thrombocythemia (ET): a retrospective clinicopathological study of 120 patients. Am J Hematol. 2002;70(4):283–91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Madelung, AB, Bondo, H, Stamp, I, Loevgreen, P, Nielsen, SL, Falensteen, A, et al. WHO-defined classification of myeloproliferative neoplasms: morphological reproducibility and clinical correlations – The Danish experience. Am J Hematol. 2013;88(12):1012–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tefferi, A, Skoda, R, Vardiman, JW. Myeloproliferative neoplasms: contemporary diagnosis using histology and genetics. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2009;6(11):627–37.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tefferi, A, Thiele, J, Vardiman, JW. The 2008 World Health Organization classification system for myeloproliferative neoplasms: order out of chaos. Cancer. 2009;115(17):3842–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tefferi, A, Vardiman, JW. The diagnostic interface between histology and molecular tests in myeloproliferative disorders. Curr Opin Hematol. 2007;14(2):115–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tefferi, A. Primary myelofibrosis: 2012 update on diagnosis, risk stratification, and management. Am J Hematol. 2011;86(12):1017–26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barbui, T, Carobbio, A, Rambaldi, A, Finazzi, G. Perspectives on thrombosis in essential thrombocythemia and polycythemia vera: is leukocytosis a causative factor? Blood. 2009;114:937–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kvasnicka, HM, Thiele, J. Bone marrow angiogenesis: methods of quantification and changes evolving in chronic myeloproliferative disorders. Histol Histopathol. 2004;19(4):1245–60.Google ScholarPubMed
Thiele, J, Kvasnicka, HM. Prefibrotic chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis – a diagnostic enigma? Acta Haematol. 2004;111(3):155–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lengfelder, E, Hochhaus, A, Kronawitter, U, Hoche, D, Queisser, W, Jahn-Eder, M, et al. Should a platelet limit of 600 × 10(9)/l be used as a diagnostic criterion in essential thrombocythaemia? An analysis of the natural course including early stages. Br J Haematol. 1998;100(1):1523.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Regev, A, Stark, P, Blickstein, D, Lahav, M. Thrombotic complications in essential thrombocythemia with relatively low platelet counts. Am J Hematol. 1997;56(3):168–72.3.0.CO;2-W>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sacchi, S, Vinci, G, Gugliotta, L, Rupoli, S, Gargantini, L, Martinelli, V, et al. Diagnosis of essential thrombocythemia at platelet counts between 400 and 600 × 10(9)/L. Gruppo Italiano Malattie Mieloproliferative Croniche(GIMMC). Haematologica. 2000;85(5):492–5.Google Scholar
De Stefano, V, Fiorini, A, Rossi, E, Za, T, Farina, G, Chiusolo, P, et al. Incidence of the JAK2 V617F mutation among patients with splanchnic or cerebral venous thrombosis and without overt chronic myeloproliferative disorders. J Thromb Haemost. 2007;5(4):708–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Patel, RK, Lea, NC, Heneghan, MA, Westwood, NB, Milojkovic, D, Thanigaikumar, M, et al. Prevalence of the activating JAK2 tyrosine kinase mutation V617F in the Budd–Chiari syndrome. Gastroenterology. 2006;130(7):2031–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Primignani, M, Barosi, G, Bergamaschi, G, Gianelli, U, Fabris, F, Reati, R, et al. Role of the JAK2 mutation in the diagnosis of chronic myeloproliferative disorders in splanchnic vein thrombosis. Hepatology. 2006;44(6):1528–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smalberg, JH, Murad, SD, Braakman, E, Valk, PJ, Janssen, HL, Leebeek, FW. Myeloproliferative disease in the pathogenesis and survival of Budd–Chiari syndrome. Haematologica. 2006;91(12):1712–13.Google ScholarPubMed
Colaizzo, D, Amitrano, L, Guardascione, MA, Tiscia, GL, D’Andrea, G, Longo, VA, et al. Outcome of patients with splanchnic venous thrombosis presenting without overt MPN: a role for the JAK2 V617F mutation re-evaluation. Thromb Res. 2013;132(2):e99-e104.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Donadini, MP, Dentali, F, Ageno, W. Splanchnic vein thrombosis: new risk factors and management. Thromb Res. 2012;129(Suppl 1):S93–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kiladjian, JJ, Cervantes, F, Leebeek, FW, Marzac, C, Cassinat, B, Chevret, S, et al. The impact of JAK2 and MPL mutations on diagnosis and prognosis of splanchnic vein thrombosis: a report on 241 cases. Blood. 2008;111(10):4922–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kouroupi, E, Kiladjian, JJ, Chomienne, C, Dosquet, C, Bellucci, S, Valla, D, et al. The JAK2 46/1 haplotype in splanchnic vein thrombosis. Blood. 2011;117(21):5777–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Villani, L, Bergamaschi, G, Primignani, M, Rosti, V, Carolei, A, Poletto, V, et al. JAK2 46/1 haplotype predisposes to splanchnic vein thrombosis-associated BCR-ABL negative classic myeloproliferative neoplasms. Leuk Res. 2012;36(1):e7–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Orazi, A, Germing, U. The myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasms: myeloproliferative diseases with dysplastic features. Leukemia. 2008;22(7):1308–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shaw, GR. Ringed sideroblasts with thrombocytosis: an uncommon mixed myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative disease of older adults. Br J Haematol. 2005;131(2):180–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ceesay, MM, Lea, NC, Ingram, W, Westwood, NB, Gaken, J, Mohamedali, A, et al. The JAK2 V617F mutation is rare in RARS but common in RARS-T. Leukemia. 2006;20(11):2060–1.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hyjek, E, Vardiman, JW. Myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasms. Semin Diagn Pathol. 2011;28(4):283–97.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Malcovati, L, Della Porta, MG, Pietra, D, Boveri, E, Pellagatti, A, Galli, A, et al. Molecular and clinical features of refractory anemia with ringed sideroblasts associated with marked thrombocytosis. Blood. 2009;114(17):3538–45.Google ScholarPubMed
Schmitt-Graeff, AH, Teo, SS, Olschewski, M, Schaub, F, Haxelmans, S, Kirn, A, et al. JAK2V617F mutation status identifies subtypes of refractory anemia with ringed sideroblasts associated with marked thrombocytosis. Haematologica. 2008;93(1):3440.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kvasnicka, HM, Thiele, J. The impact of clinicopathological studies on staging and survival in essential thrombocythemia, chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis, and polycythemia rubra vera. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2006;32(4):362–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kvasnicka, HM, Thiele, J, Werden, C, Zankovich, R, Diehl, V, Fischer, R. Prognostic factors in idiopathic (primary) osteomyelofibrosis. Cancer. 1997;80(4):708–19.3.0.CO;2-I>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Finazzi, G, Carobbio, A, Thiele, J, Passamonti, F, Rumi, E, Ruggeri, M, et al. Incidence and risk factors for bleeding in 1104 patients with essential thrombocythemia or prefibrotic myelofibrosis diagnosed according to the 2008 WHO criteria. Leukemia. 2012;26(4):716–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buxhofer-Ausch, V, Gisslinger, B, Stangl, G, Rauschka, H, Gisslinger, H. Successful treatment sequence incorporating bevacizumab for therapy of polyneuropathy in two patients with POEMS syndrome. Leuk Res. 2012;36(5):e98–e100.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ejerblad, E, Kvasnicka, HM, Thiele, J, Andreasson, B, Bjorkholm, M, Lofvenberg, E, et al. Diagnosis according to World Health Organization determines the long-term prognosis in patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms treated with anagrelide: results of a prospective long-term follow-up. Hematology. 2013;18(1):813.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thiele, J, Kvasnicka, HM. Clinicopathological criteria for differential diagnosis of thrombocythemias in various myeloproliferative disorders. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2006;32(3):219–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barosi, G. Myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia: diagnostic definition and prognostic classification for clinical studies and treatment guidelines. J Clin Oncol. 1999;17(9):2954–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dickstein, JI, Vardiman, JW. Issues in the pathology and diagnosis of the chronic myeloproliferative disorders and the myelodysplastic syndromes. Am J Clin Pathol. 1993;99(4):513–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Georgii, A, Buesche, G, Kreft, A. The histopathology of chronic myeloproliferative diseases. Baillieres Clin Haematol. 1998;11(4):721–49.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pozdnyakova, O, Hasserjian, RP, Verstovsek, S, Orazi, A. Impact of bone marrow pathology on the clinical management of Philadelphia chromosome-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk. 2015;15(5):253–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thiele, J, Kvasnicka, HM, Schmitt-Graeff, A, Diehl, V. Bone marrow histopathology following cytoreductive therapy in chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis. Histopathology. 2003;43(5):470–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thiele, J, Kvasnicka, HM, Diehl, V. Initial (latent) polycythemia vera with thrombocytosis mimicking essential thrombocythemia. Acta Haematol. 2005;113(4):213–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barosi, G, Mesa, RA, Thiele, J, Cervantes, F, Campbell, PJ, Verstovsek, S, et al. Proposed criteria for the diagnosis of post-polycythemia vera and post-essential thrombocythemia myelofibrosis: a consensus statement from the International Working Group for Myelofibrosis Research and Treatment. Leukemia. 2008;22(2):437–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barbui, T, Thiele, J, Passamonti, F, Rumi, E, Boveri, E, Randi, ML, et al. Initial bone marrow reticulin fibrosis in polycythemia vera exerts an impact on clinical outcome. Blood. 2012;119(10):2239–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thiele, J, Kvasnicka, HM. Diagnostic impact of bone marrow histopathology in polycythemia vera (PV). Histol Histopathol. 2005;20(1):317–28.Google ScholarPubMed
Johansson, PL, Safai-Kutti, S, Kutti, J. An elevated venous haemoglobin concentration cannot be used as a surrogate marker for absolute erythrocytosis: a study of patients with polycythaemia vera and apparent polycythaemia. Br J Haematol. 2005;129(5):701–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alvarez-Larran, A, Ancochea, A, Angona, A, Pedro, C, Garcia-Pallarols, F, Martinez-Aviles, L, et al. Red cell mass measurement in patients with clinically suspected diagnosis of polycythemia vera or essential thrombocythemia. Haematologica. 2012;97(11):1704–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cassinat, B, Laguillier, C, Gardin, C, de Beco, V, Burcheri, S, Fenaux, P, et al. Classification of myeloproliferative disorders in the JAK2 era: is there a role for red cell mass? Leukemia. 2008;22(2):452–3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Silver, RT, Chow, W, Orazi, A, Arles, SP, Goldsmith, SJ. Evaluation of WHO criteria for diagnosis of polycythemia vera: a prospective analysis. Blood. 2013;122(11):1881–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barbui, T, Thiele, J, Carobbio, A, Gisslinger, H, Finazzi, G, Rumi, E, et al. Masked polycythemia vera diagnosed according to WHO and BCSH classification. Am J Hematol. 2014;89(2):199202.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barbui, T, Thiele, J, Gisslinger, H, Finazzi, G, Carobbio, A, Rumi, E, et al. Masked polycythemia vera (mPV): results of an international study. Am J Hematol. 2014;89(1):52–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Silver, RT, Vandris, K, Goldman, JJ. Recombinant interferon-alpha may retard progression of early primary myelofibrosis: a preliminary report. Blood. 2011;117(24):6669–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tefferi, A. Polycythemia vera and essential thrombocythemia: 2013 update on diagnosis, risk-stratification, and management. Am J Hematol. 2013;88(6):507–16.Google ScholarPubMed
Mossuz, P, Girodon, F, Donnard, M, Latger-Cannard, V, Dobo, I, Boiret, N, et al. Diagnostic value of serum erythropoietin level in patients with absolute erythrocytosis. Haematologica. 2004;89(10):1194–8.Google ScholarPubMed
Campbell, PJ, Green, AR. The myeloproliferative disorders. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(23):2452–66.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thiele, J, Kvasnicka, HM, Diehl, V. Initial (latent) polycythemia vera with thrombocytosis mimicking essential thrombocythemia. Acta Haematol. 2005;113(4):213–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jantunen, R, Juvonen, E, Ikkala, E, Oksanen, K, Anttila, P, Ruutu, T. Development of erythrocytosis in the course of essential thrombocythemia. Ann Hematol. 1999;78(5):219–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barbui, T, Thiele, J, Carobbio, A, Guglielmelli, P, Rambaldi, A, Vannucchi, AM, et al. Discriminating between essential thrombocythemia and masked polycythemia vera in JAK2 mutated patients. Am J Hematol. 2014;89(6):588–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barbui, T, Thiele, J, Carobbio, A, Vannucchi, AM, Tefferi, A. The rate of transformation from JAK2-mutated ET to PV is influenced by an accurate WHO-defined clinico-morphological diagnosis. Leukemia. 2015;29(4):992–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Campbell, PJ, Scott, LM, Buck, G, Wheatley, K, East, CL, Marsden, JT, et al. Definition of subtypes of essential thrombocythaemia and relation to polycythaemia vera based on JAK2 V617F mutation status: a prospective study. Lancet. 2005;366(9501):1945–53.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rumi, E, Pietra, D, Ferretti, V, Klampfl, T, Harutyunyan, AS, Milosevic, JD, et al. JAK2 or CALR mutation status defines subtypes of essential thrombocythemia with substantially different clinical course and outcomes. Blood. 2014;123(10):1544–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tefferi, A, Guglielmelli, P, Larson, DR, Finke, C, Wassie, EA, Pieri, L, et al. Long-term survival and blast transformation in molecularly annotated essential thrombocythemia, polycythemia vera, and myelofibrosis. Blood. 2014;124(16):2507–13; quiz 615.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rotunno, G, Mannarelli, C, Guglielmelli, P, Pacilli, A, Pancrazzi, A, Pieri, L, et al. Impact of calreticulin mutations on clinical and hematological phenotype and outcome in essential thrombocythemia. Blood. 2014;123(10):1552–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barbui, T, Thiele, J, Vannucchi, AM, Tefferi, A. Rethinking the diagnostic criteria of polycythemia vera. Leukemia. 2014;28(6):1191–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barbui, T, Barosi, G, Birgegard, G, Cervantes, F, Finazzi, G, Griesshammer, M, et al. Philadelphia-negative classical myeloproliferative neoplasms: critical concepts and management recommendations from European LeukemiaNet. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29(6):761–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gruppo Italiano Studio Policitemia. Polycythemia vera: the natural history of 1213 patients followed for 20 years. Ann Intern Med. 1995;123(9):656–64.Google Scholar
Carobbio, A, Finazzi, G, Antonioli, E, Guglielmelli, P, Vannucchi, AM, Dellacasa, CM, et al. JAK2V617F allele burden and thrombosis: a direct comparison in essential thrombocythemia and polycythemia vera. Exp Hematol. 2009;37(9):1016–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Abdulkarim, K, Ridell, B, Johansson, P, Kutti, J, Safai-Kutti, S, Andreasson, B. The impact of peripheral blood values and bone marrow findings on prognosis for patients with essential thrombocythemia and polycythemia vera. Eur J Haematol. 2011;86(2):148–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ellis, JT, Peterson, P, Geller, SA, Rappaport, H. Studies of the bone marrow in polycythemia vera and the evolution of myelofibrosis and second hematologic malignancies. Semin Hematol. 1986;23(2):144–55.Google ScholarPubMed

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×