Figures
Abstract
Objective
This study aimed to assess the association of clinical factors with P2Y12-dependent platelet inhibition as monitored by the ratio of ADP- to TRAP-induced platelet aggregation and conventional ADP-induced aggregation, respectively.
Background
Controversial findings to identify and overcome high platelet reactivity (HPR) after coronary stent-implantation and to improve clinical outcome by tailored anti-platelet therapy exist. Monitoring anti-platelet therapy ex vivo underlies several confounding parameters causing that ex vivo platelet aggregation might not reflect in vivo platelet inhibition.
Methods
In a single centre observational study, multiple electrode aggregometry was performed in whole blood of patients after recent coronary stent-implantation. Relative ADP-induced aggregation (r-ADP-agg) was defined as the ratio of ADP- to TRAP- induced aggregation reflecting the individual degree of P2Y12-mediated platelet reactivity.
Results
Platelet aggregation was assessed in 359 patients. Means (± SD) of TRAP-, ADP-induced aggregation and r-ADP-agg were 794 ± 239 AU*min, 297 ± 153 AU*min and 37 ± 14%, respectively. While ADP- and TRAP-induced platelet aggregation correlated significantly with platelet count (ADP: r = 0.302; p<0.001; TRAP: r = 0.509 p<0.001), r-ADP-agg values did not (r = -0.003; p = 0.960). These findings were unaltered in multivariate analyses adjusting for a range of factors potentially influencing platelet aggregation. The presence of an acute coronary syndrome and body weight were found to correlate with both ADP-induced platelet aggregation and r-ADP-agg.
Conclusion
The ratio of ADP- to TRAP-induced platelet aggregation quantifies P2Y12-dependent platelet inhibition independently of the platelet count in contrast to conventional ADP-induced aggregation. Furthermore, r-ADP-agg was associated with the presence of an acute coronary syndrome and body weight as well as ADP-induced aggregation. Thus, the r-ADP-agg is a more valid reflecting platelet aggregation and potentially prognosis after coronary stent-implantation in P2Y12-mediated HPR than conventional ADP-induced platelet aggregation.
Citation: Olivier CB, Meyer M, Bauer H, Schnabel K, Weik P, Zhou Q, et al. (2016) The Ratio of ADP- to TRAP-Induced Platelet Aggregation Quantifies P2Y12-Dependent Platelet Inhibition Independently of the Platelet Count. PLoS ONE 11(2): e0149053. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0149053
Editor: Kathleen Freson, University of Leuven, BELGIUM
Received: August 12, 2015; Accepted: January 25, 2016; Published: February 17, 2016
Copyright: © 2016 Olivier et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper.
Funding: This work was supported by the German Research Foundation OL371/1-1. The article processing charge was funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG) and the Albert Ludwigs University Freiburg in the funding program Open Access Publishing.
Competing interests: C. Olivier, P. Diehl, Q. Zhou and M. Moser are investigators in PIONEER AF-PCI. P. Diehl received speaker's fees from Lilly Deutschland GmbH and Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. C. Bode received speaker's fees from Merck, AstraZeneca, Sanofi und Bayer. M. Moser received speaker's fees from Bayer Vital GmbH, AstraZeneca GmbH, Daiichi Sankyo Deutschland GmbH, Pfizer/Bristol-Myers Squibb, Berlin Chemie AG, Lilly Deutschland GmbH, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. and KG Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH. This does not alter the authors’ adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.
Introduction
After coronary stent-implantation, guidelines recommend a dual anti-platelet therapy with ASA and P2Y12-receptor antagonists. Clopidogrel is the most widely used P2Y12-antagonist. Clinical trials have demonstrated that high platelet reactivity (HPR) after clopidogrel administration increases the risk of recurrent atherothrombotic events [1]. However, controversial findings to identify and overcome HPR after coronary stent-implantation and to improve clinical outcome by tailored anti-platelet therapy exist [2–8]. Patients with HPR are commonly identified by ADP-induced platelet aggregometry, performed by VerifyNow® assay and multiple electrode aggregometry (MEA) [9]. However, ex vivo platelet aggregation is potentially influenced by biasing factors (e.g. parameters of the haemogram) making it hard to transfer results from platelet aggregometry on in vivo platelet function [10]. It has been suggested that activating platelets via Thrombin Receptor Activating Peptide (TRAP) and the thrombin receptor might serve as an “internal control” for ADP-induced platelet inhibition [11, 12], to selectively indicate the degree of P2Y12–mediated platelet reactivity.
Recently, our group showed that the ratio of ADP- to TRAP-induced platelet aggregation (r- ADP-agg) is a valuable tool reflecting a patient’s individual degree of P2Y12–mediated platelet reactivity and that a high r-ADP-agg is associated with an increased mortality in patients after coronary stent-implantation on clopidogrel [13, 14]. This data suggest that r-ADP-agg might predict the clinical outcome of patients after percutaneous coronary intervention more precisely than ADP-induced platelet aggregation alone.
The aim of the present study was to further investigate the clinical utility of r-ADP-agg by analysing clinical factors influencing P2Y12-dependent platelet reactivity as monitored by r-ADP-agg in comparison to conventional ADP-induced aggregation.
Methods
Study design and clinical characteristics
Data of this study were collected during an observational single centre study in which the anti-platelet effect of clopidogrel in patients after coronary stent implantation had been investigated. The study was performed in accordance with the Helsinki declaration and was approved by the ethics committee of the Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Germany (registry number 183/07). All patients gave their written informed consent prior to study participation. Patients were included prospectively in the Department of Cardiology and Angiology at the Heart Center of the University of Freiburg from 2007 to 2011. All patients received 100 mg ASA per day and 75 mg clopidogrel after a loading dose of 300 mg (at least 24 hours before platelet aggregation assay) or 600 mg (at least 12 hours before platelet aggregation assay). The washout period for the GPIIb/IIIa antagonist eptifibatid was 12 hours. Patients with coagulation disorders such as antiphospholipid syndrome were excluded.
Blood samples
Venous blood was collected using a 21 G butterfly needle (Safety-Multifly®-Set, Sarstedt, Nümbrecht, Germany) to a final concentration (Fc) of >15 μg/ml r-hirudin (SARSTEDT Monovetten, Nümbrecht, Germany). To prevent storage induced platelet activation, blood samples were analysed within the first two hours after venous puncture.
Platelet aggregometry
Multiple electrode aggregometry (MEA, Roche Diagnostics, Switzerland) was performed in whole blood of patients after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) under anti-platelet medication as recently described [13, 14]. In order to assess the overall platelet aggregability, blood samples were stimulated with TRAP (Fc 32 μM). To specifically quantify the effect of P2Y12-inhibitors, whole blood was stimulated with ADP (Fc 6.4 μM). R-ADP-agg was defined as the ratio of ADP- to TRAP-induced platelet aggregation.
Statistical analysis
Data are presented as numbers with frequencies for categorical variables and means with standard deviations (SD) for continuous variables. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was applied to assess normality. Group comparisons for normally distributed variables were performed with Student's t-test. In non-normally distributed parameters, the Mann-Whitney U test was used. Correspondingly, Pearson’s or Spearman’s coefficients were used for bivariate correlational analyses. All tests were 2-tailed and p values ≤0.05 were considered statistically significant. The association of covariates was tested by analyses of covariance (ANCOVA). To identify patient characteristics that show a significant association with aggregation markers even after mutual statistical adjustment (accounting for confounding effects), separate multiple regression models of the three aggregation markers including potentially relevant influencing available factors (following the review of Siller-Matula et al. [15]) as covariates were run on all patients with complete data. The final models reported here were then obtained by a backward elimination procedure removing all covariates with a p value >0.1 in a stepwise manner. Data were analysed with Prism 5.01 (GraphPad Software, La Jolla, California, USA) and SPSS 21.0.0.1 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, Illinois, USA).
Results
Sample characteristics
In total, platelet function was assessed in 359 patients. The mean of TRAP-induced aggregation, ADP-induced aggregation and r-ADP-agg was 794 ± 239 AU*min, 297 ± 153 AU*min and 37 ± 14% respectively. ADP- and TRAP-induced aggregation correlated significantly (r = 0.623, p<0.001), while r-ADP-agg correlated significantly with ADP-induced aggregation (r = 0.769, p<0.001) but not with TRAP-induced aggregation (r = 0.041, p = 0.041). Clinical baseline characteristics are shown in Table 1.
Aggregation Markers
While ADP- and TRAP-induced platelet aggregation correlated significantly with platelet counts (PC) (ADP: r = 0.302, p<0.001; TRAP: r = 0.509, p<0.001), the r-ADP-agg values were independent of those (r = -0.003; p = 0.960) (Fig 1). A significant correlation of white blood cell counts (WBC) with ADP- and TRAP-induced aggregation (ADP: r = 0.229, p<0.001; TRAP: r = 0.278, p<0.001) was observed while this was not found for r-ADP-agg (r = 0.083; p = 0.118). No significant correlation was found for all aggregation markers with red blood cell counts (RBC) (ADP: r = 0.021, p = 0.689; TRAP: r = -0.071, p = 0.183; r-ADP-agg: r = 0.071; p = 0.181). Furthermore, factors that might influence platelet reactivity after clopidogrel treatment were analysed following the description of Siller-Matula [15, 16] according to availability as shown in Table 2. Body weight was found to correlate significantly with both ADP-induced platelet aggregation (r = 0.143, p = 0.007) and r-ADP-agg (r = 0.157, p = 0.003), but not with TRAP-induced platelet aggregation. Nevertheless, it was found that TRAP-induced platelet aggregation correlated significantly with age (r = -0.105, p = 0.048) while this was not seen for ADP-induced aggregation or r-ADP-agg. Creatinine levels did not correlate significantly with any of the aggregation markers. Although CRP and cholesterol was not available in all patients (n = 245 and 129 respectively) no significant correlations were found.
In the analysis of categorical variables there was a trend towards a higher r-ADP-agg in male compared to female patients (p = 0.032). This observation is most likely explained by a higher body weight in men compared to women (mean male vs. female: 84 ± 14 vs 69 ± 15 kg; p<0.001). Consistent with this explanation, analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) showed that the difference between the hypothetical means adjusted for the covariate body weight was substantially smaller (hypothetical means for r-ADP-agg; male: 38% vs female 36%; p = 0.317). Furthermore, ADP-induced aggregation and r-ADP-agg were enhanced in patients presenting with an acute coronary syndrome (ACS) (effect size for ADP: r = 0.364, p<0.001; r-ADP-agg: r = 0.423, p<0.001) and under treatment with β-blockers (effect size for ADP: r = 0.262, p = 0.041; r-ADP-agg: r = 0.352, p = 0.022). Severely reduced left ventricular function, diabetes mellitus, the use of calcium antagonists or proton pump inhibitors were not associated significantly with aggregation markers.
Results of the multiple regression analyses to identify factors significantly associated with aggregations markers under mutual adjustment are presented in Table 3. Only parameters of covariates that were retained in the model of the respective aggregation marker during the backward elimination procedure are included in the table. Cholesterol and CRP were not included in the multiple regression analyses because these biomarkers were not available in all patients. Furthermore, their bivariate correlations with aggregation markers were quite weak (all |r| < 0.11).
With regards to ADP-induced aggregation, there was no significant association between WBC and ADP-induced aggregation in the multiple regression models, in contrast to the bivariate correlation coefficient reported above. This pattern of results can be explained by a confounding effect of platelet count, as also evidenced by a significant bivariate correlation between PC and WBC (r = 0.315; p<0.001). In contrast, PC is retained in the model. In fact, it has the strongest association with ADP-induced aggregation among all patient characteristics, as evidenced by the standardized coefficient. Further relevant factors include body weight, the presence of ACS or diabetes, use of beta blockers and, to a lesser degree, of proton pump inhibitors.
Like ADP-induced aggregation, TRAP-induced aggregation is significantly predicted by diabetes and platelet count. Age is uniquely associated with TRAP, whereas other factors relevant in ADP-induced aggregation do not play a noticeable role. Thus, TRAP is associated with fewer characteristics than ADP-induced aggregation, however, the association with PC is so strong that the percentage of explained variation is 32.5%, as opposed to 20.6 in ADP-induced aggregation.
Finally, r-ADP-agg is significantly predicted by body weight, the presence of ACS, and the use of beta blockers. There is no significant difference between the sexes after adjustment for the other covariates, consistent with the results of the corresponding ANCOVA adjusting for body weight. Most importantly, r-ADP-agg is the only one of the aggregation markers not associated with platelet count, confirming the corresponding bivariate analyses. Of note, the strongest association of r-ADP-agg is with ACS (as measured by standardized coefficients), which highlights the potential clinical utility of this aggregation marker. The proportion of variation in r-ADP-agg explained by the examined patient characteristics (8.4%) is noticeably lower than that in the other markers.
Discussion
The principal finding of this study is that r-ADP-agg does not depend on platelet count while conventional ADP-induced aggregation does.
Data published in 2011 by Gremmel et al. confirm our results: ADP-induced aggregation measured by MEA depends on the PC [17]. Interestingly, they found that this was only the case for MEA and not for other methods. The reason for this finding might be related to the underlying mechanism of MEA: activated by an agonist, the platelets adhere to the electrodes and cause the change of impedance. Higher platelet numbers might therefore cause higher changes of impedance [17].
Voisin et al. assessed platelet aggregation in 186 patients under dual anti-platelet therapy using VerifyNow [10]. They showed that ADP- and TRAP-induced platelet aggregation significantly decrease with increasing haematocrit or haemoglobin, whereas a ratio of ADP- to TRAP-induced aggregation does not which might be due to a parallel change of both markers. Nevertheless, they suggested that the ADP- to TRAP-induced ratio more precisely reflects P2Y12-mediated platelet aggregation and hence can be used to assess the effect of P2Y12-receptor inhibition. In the study of Voisin et al. data of platelet and white blood cell count and the influence on aggregation markers is not shown. Although, in the present study using MEA there was no association of the red blood cell count with aggregation markers, the findings of Voisin et al. confirm that platelet aggregometry might not be independent of haematological variables. Nevertheless, in contrast to the VerifyNow® assay it has been suggested that r-ADP-agg measured by MEA might be more precise to predict clinical outcome than conventional ADP-induced aggregation alone [14].
Numerous factors can influence the extent of platelet inhibition by clopidogrel [15, 16]. Some of these factors are assay-dependent [13], which is also partly evidenced by the present study’s results. For example, presence of diabetes and proton pump inhibitor medication appeared to be more strongly associated with ADP-induced aggregation than with r-ADP-agg. Increased r-ADP-agg in men and the correlation of ADP-induced aggregation with WBC may be explained in terms of confounding by body weight and platelet count, respectively.
At the same time, however, the association between PC and r-ADP-agg remained very weak and non-significant in both bivariate and multivariate analyses, whereas there was a clearly detectable association between PC and ADP-induced aggregation which remained even after adjusting for a range of other patient characteristics. As PC can be considered a nuisance factor in the selective assessment of P2Y12-mediated platelet reactivity, r-ADP-agg may have higher clinical utility than conventional ADP-induced aggregation in the diagnosis of P2Y12-mediated HPR and associated thrombotic events. In the present analysis, approximately 10% of the variance in ADP-induced aggregation measurements could be explained by variations in patients’ PC (r2 = 0.3022 = 0.091) and could be considered nuisance variation leading to reduced precision in the quantification of individual P2Y12-mediated platelet reactivity. Eliminating this source of variation, as in r-ADP-agg, may thus lead to higher precision and higher power to detect the effects of prognostic and interventional factors on clinical outcomes. For example, our group recently showed that a high r-ADP-agg is associated with an increased mortality in patients after coronary stent-implantation and clopidogrel therapy [14]. Further clinical trials should evaluate if an adaption of P2Y12-inhibition monitored by r-ADP-agg can improve clinical outcome.
In the multiple regression model both, ADP-induced aggregation and r-ADP-agg were associated with the presence of an ACS setting and body weight. These factors had been described previously to be associated with HPR [15]. Interestingly, among all investigated patient characteristics, r-ADP-agg was most strongly associated with the presence of ACS.
TRAP is one of the strongest platelet activators and leads to pronounced platelet aggregation [18–20]. Badr et al. recently observed that platelet activation via thrombin receptors PAR-1 and PAR-4 is preserved in the majority of patients after platelet inhibition with clopidogrel. Nevertheless, it has been described that TRAP-induced platelet aggregation is slightly reduced in patients under treatment by thienopyridines [21]. However, Iyu et al. recently found that P2Y12-antagonists produced only minor additional inhibition of TRAP-induced aggregation and found no evidence that any of the P2Y12-antagonists act through other G-protein receptors including PAR1 [22]. Results from our group comparing different P2Y12-inhibitors showed that there are no differences of the TRAP-induced platelet aggregation in the corresponding medication group [13]. Although controversial findings exist on the influence of P2Y12-inhibitors TRAP-induced aggregation might be a reasonable internal control for patients under clopidogrel medication, as also stated by Gremmel et al. in 2010 [11, 12]. Nevertheless, in patients receiving co-medication that might influence TRAP-induced platelet aggregation such as vorapaxar the r-ADP-agg might not be applicable to monitor HPR after clopidogrel treatment [19, 23, 24].
Study Limitations
The present study is based on a post-hoc analysis of observational data. Therefore, confounders cannot be excluded. As we only performed a single measurement of platelet reactivity in the steady state of clopidogrel intake, pharmacodynamic differences in the first hours are not displayed. Only one method of platelet aggregometry was performed.
Conclusion
The ratio of ADP- to TRAP-induced platelet aggregation quantifies P2Y12-dependent platelet inhibition independently of the PC in contrast to conventional ADP-induced aggregation. Furthermore, r-ADP-agg was associated with the presence of an ACS and body weight as well as ADP-induced aggregation. Thus, the r-ADP-agg is a more valid reflecting platelet aggregation and potentially prognosis after coronary stent-implantation in P2Y12-mediated HPR than conventional ADP-induced platelet aggregation. Whether an adaption of P2Y12-antagonism monitored by r-ADP-agg can provide an additional clinical benefit needs to be evaluated in further trials.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: CBO M. Moser PD. Performed the experiments: CBO M. Meyer KS PW M. Moser PD. Analyzed the data: CBO M. Meyer HB KS PW QZ CB M. Moser PD. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: CBO CB M. Moser PD. Wrote the paper: CBO M. Meyer HB KS PW QZ CB M. Moser PD.
References
- 1. Sofi F, Marcucci R, Gori AM, Giusti B, Abbate R, Gensini GF. Clopidogrel non-responsiveness and risk of cardiovascular morbidity. An updated meta-analysis. Thromb Haemost. 2010;103(4):841–8. Epub 2010/02/06. doi: 09-06-0418 [pii] pmid:20135063.
- 2. Collet JP, Cuisset T, Range G, Cayla G, Elhadad S, Pouillot C, et al. Bedside monitoring to adjust antiplatelet therapy for coronary stenting. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(22):2100–9. Epub 2012/11/06. pmid:23121439.
- 3. Gurbel PA, Erlinge D, Ohman EM, Neely B, Neely M, Goodman SG, et al. Platelet function during extended prasugrel and clopidogrel therapy for patients with ACS treated without revascularization: the TRILOGY ACS platelet function substudy. JAMA. 2012;308(17):1785–94. Epub 2012/11/03. 1388930 [pii]. pmid:23117779.
- 4. Price MJ, Berger PB, Teirstein PS, Tanguay JF, Angiolillo DJ, Spriggs D, et al. Standard- vs high-dose clopidogrel based on platelet function testing after percutaneous coronary intervention: the GRAVITAS randomized trial. JAMA. 2011;305(11):1097–105. Epub 2011/03/17. 305/11/1097 [pii]. pmid:21406646.
- 5. Trenk D, Stone GW, Gawaz M, Kastrati A, Angiolillo DJ, Muller U, et al. A randomized trial of prasugrel versus clopidogrel in patients with high platelet reactivity on clopidogrel after elective percutaneous coronary intervention with implantation of drug-eluting stents: results of the TRIGGER-PCI (Testing Platelet Reactivity In Patients Undergoing Elective Stent Placement on Clopidogrel to Guide Alternative Therapy With Prasugrel) study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;59(24):2159–64. Epub 2012/04/24. S0735-1097(12)00978-3 [pii]. pmid:22520250.
- 6. Bonello L, Tantry US, Marcucci R, Blindt R, Angiolillo DJ, Becker R, et al. Consensus and future directions on the definition of high on-treatment platelet reactivity to adenosine diphosphate. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;56(12):919–33. Epub 2010/09/11. S0735-1097(10)02473-3 [pii]. pmid:20828644.
- 7. Hazarbasanov D, Velchev V, Finkov B, Postadjian A, Kostov E, Rifai N, et al. Tailoring clopidogrel dose according to multiple electrode aggregometry decreases the rate of ischemic complications after percutaneous coronary intervention. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2012;34(1):85–90. Epub 2012/01/18. pmid:22249353.
- 8. Siller-Matula JM, Francesconi M, Dechant C, Jilma B, Maurer G, Delle-Karth G, et al. Personalized antiplatelet treatment after percutaneous coronary intervention: the MADONNA study. Int J Cardiol. 2013;167(5):2018–23. Epub 2012/06/05. S0167-5273(12)00651-1 [pii]. pmid:22656044.
- 9. Tantry US, Bonello L, Aradi D, Price MJ, Jeong YH, Angiolillo DJ, et al. Consensus and update on the definition of on-treatment platelet reactivity to adenosine diphosphate associated with ischemia and bleeding. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;62(24):2261–73. Epub 2013/10/01. S0735-1097(13)05380-1 [pii]. pmid:24076493.
- 10. Voisin S, Bongard V, Tidjane MA, Lhermusier T, Carrie D, Sie P. Are P2Y12 reaction unit (PRU) and % inhibition index equivalent for the expression of P2Y12 inhibition by the VerifyNow assay? Role of haematocrit and haemoglobin levels. Thromb Haemost. 2011;106(2):227–9. Epub 2011/05/06. [pii]. pmid:21544318.
- 11. Gremmel T, Calatzis A, Steiner S, Kaider A, Seidinger D, Koppensteiner R, et al. Is TRAP-6 suitable as a positive control for platelet reactivity when assessing response to clopidogrel? Platelets. 2010;21(7):515–21. Epub 2010/07/14. pmid:20624009.
- 12. Badr Eslam R, Lang IM, Koppensteiner R, Calatzis A, Panzer S, Gremmel T. Residual platelet activation through protease-activated receptors (PAR)-1 and -4 in patients on P2Y12 inhibitors. Int J Cardiol. 2013;168(1):403–6. Epub 2012/10/09. S0167-5273(12)01209-0 [pii]. pmid:23041015.
- 13. Olivier CB, Diehl P, Schnabel K, Weik P, Zhou Q, Bode C, et al. Third generation P2Y12 antagonists inhibit platelet aggregation more effectively than clopidogrel in a myocardial infarction registry. Thromb Haemost. 2014;111(2):266–72. Epub 2013/11/01. [pii]. pmid:24172891.
- 14. Olivier CB, Schnabel K, Brandt C, Weik P, Olschewski M, Zhou Q, et al. A high ratio of ADP-TRAP induced platelet aggregation is associated more strongly with increased mortality after coronary stent implantation than high conventional ADP induced aggregation alone. Clin Res Cardiol. 2014;103(12):968–75. Epub 2014/07/17. pmid:25027180.
- 15. Siller-Matula JM, Trenk D, Schror K, Gawaz M, Kristensen SD, Storey RF, et al. Response variability to P2Y12 receptor inhibitors: expectations and reality. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2013;6(11):1111–28. Epub 2013/11/23. S1936-8798(13)01352-6 [pii]. pmid:24262612.
- 16. Ignjatovic V, Pavlovic S, Miloradovic V, Andjelkovic N, Davidovic G, Djurdjevic P, et al. Influence of Different beta-Blockers on Platelet Aggregation in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease on Dual Antiplatelet Therapy. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther. 2015. Epub 2015/04/15. doi: 1074248415581175 [pii] pmid:25868659.
- 17. Gremmel T, Steiner S, Seidinger D, Koppensteiner R, Panzer S, Kopp CW. The influencing factors for clopidogrel-mediated platelet inhibition are assay-dependent. Thromb Res. 2011;128(4):352–7. Epub 2011/05/31. S0049-3848(11)00234-9 [pii]. pmid:21621250.
- 18. Furman MI, Liu L, Benoit SE, Becker RC, Barnard MR, Michelson AD. The cleaved peptide of the thrombin receptor is a strong platelet agonist. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998;95(6):3082–7. Epub 1998/04/18. pmid:9501219; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC19698.
- 19. Olivier C, Diehl P, Bode C, Moser M. Thrombin Receptor Antagonism in Antiplatelet Therapy. Cardiology and Therapy. 2013;2(1):57–68. pmid:25135289
- 20. Chung AW, Jurasz P, Hollenberg MD, Radomski MW. Mechanisms of action of proteinase-activated receptor agonists on human platelets. Br J Pharmacol. 2002;135(5):1123–32. Epub 2002/03/06. pmid:11877318; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1573223.
- 21. Varenhorst C, James S, Erlinge D, Braun OO, Brandt JT, Winters KJ, et al. Assessment of P2Y(12) inhibition with the point-of-care device VerifyNow P2Y12 in patients treated with prasugrel or clopidogrel coadministered with aspirin. Am Heart J. 2009;157(3):562 e1-9. Epub 2009/03/03. S0002-8703(08)01044-2 [pii]. pmid:19249429.
- 22. Iyu D, Glenn JR, White AE, Fox SC, van Giezen H, Nylander S, et al. Mode of action of P2Y(12) antagonists as inhibitors of platelet function. Thromb Haemost. 2011;105(1):96–106. Epub 2010/10/14. [pii]. pmid:20941457.
- 23. Kosoglou T, Reyderman L, Tiessen RG, van Vliet AA, Fales RR, Keller R, et al. Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of the novel PAR-1 antagonist vorapaxar (formerly SCH 530348) in healthy subjects. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2012;68(3):249–58. Epub 2011/09/22. pmid:21935705.
- 24. Olivier CB, Weik P, Meyer M, Weber S, Anto-Michel N, Diehl P, et al. TRAP-induced platelet aggregation is enhanced in cardiovascular patients receiving dabigatran. Thromb Res. 2015. Epub 2015/11/28. doi: S0049-3848(15)30170-5 [pii] pmid:26610745.