Research Article
Centrality of the Ranching Lifestyle and Attitudes Toward a Voluntary Incentive Program to Protect Endangered Species

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Abstract

The Endangered Species Act of 1973 has served as the defacto biodiversity policy in the United States; however, heavy-handed implementation early in the act's history led private landowners to avoid managing land to benefit endangered species. By reducing costs and increasing benefits to landowners, voluntary incentive programs (VIPs) potentially bridge the gap between a policy that discourages beneficial land management on private lands and the need to enhance recovery efforts. However, the effectiveness of VIPs is bound to landowner participation. With the use of a sample of rangeland landowners in central Texas, we examined the potential for private landowners to enroll in an incentive program to protect and maintain habitat for endangered songbirds. First, we characterized landowners based on the centrality of production-oriented agriculture to their lifestyle. This measure of lifestyle centrality was comprised of self-identification as a rancher/farmer, dependence on land for income, and rootedness to the land. Second, we examined the relationship between lifestyle centrality, attitude, and participation in a VIP. With the use of structural-equation modeling, we found attitude toward enrolling mediated the relationship between centrality and a landowner's intention to enroll in a VIP. In addition to demographic analyses, social variables such as attitudes, beliefs, and motivations are needed to understand fully the multiple underlying reasons for participation and nonparticipation in a VIP and to design effective interventions to enhance participation.

Resumen

La ley de especies en peligro de extinción de 1973 ha servido como la política en práctica de la biodiversidad en los Estados Unidos; sin embargo, la aplicación al inicio de la ley llevó a productores privados a evitar que el manejo de la tierra beneficiara a las especies en peligro de extinción. Reduciendo los costos y aumentando los beneficios para los propietarios de las tierras el programa de incentivo voluntario (VIPs) posiblemente abre una posibilidad entre una política que desalienta los beneficios del manejo de la tierra en la propiedad privada y la necesidad de intensificar los esfuerzos de recuperación. Sin embargo, la efectividad de los VIPs está vinculada con la participación de los propietarios. Utilizando una muestra de los propietarios de pastizales en la parte central de Texas se examinó la posibilidad de que los propietarios privados se inscribieran en un programa de incentivos para proteger y mantener el hábitat para aves canoras en peligro de extinción. Primero, se caracterizó a los productores basándose en la centralidad de la agricultura orientada a la producción y a su estilo de vida. Esta medida de centralidad del estilo de vida se basó en auto identificación como ganadero y/o agricultor, la dependencia de la tierra para sus ingresos así como el arraigo a la tierra. Segundo, se examinó la relación entre la centralidad del estilo de vida, la actitud y la participación en un VIP. Por medio del modelado de ecuaciones estructurales, nos enfocamos en actitud para registrarse por la relación entre la centralidad y la intención del propietario de inscribirse en un VIP. Además de los análisis demográficos, las variables sociales como las actitudes, creencias y motivaciones se necesitan para entender las razones múltiples detrás de la participación y no participación en un VIP y permiten diseñar intervenciones eficaces para mejorar la participación.

Section snippets

INTRODUCTION

Rangeland ecosystems provide a wealth of ecosystem services. Biodiversity enhances ecosystem services (e.g., regulating services) and can be an ecosystem service itself (e.g., cultural services), which can lead to increased human well-being (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 2003). Thus, maintaining or enhancing biodiversity in rangeland ecosystems is a desired social goal. Conservation of biodiversity in rangelands is complex because most rangeland systems in the United States are working lands

Sampling

Sample selection focused on landowners in a six-county region of Texas (Bell, Bosque, Coryell, Hamilton, Lampasas, and McLennan counties) who had potential breeding habitat for the black-capped vireo (Vireo atricapilla) and the golden-cheeked warbler (Dendroica chrysoparia). These are two federally listed endangered species that could benefit significantly from a habitat management program on private lands. We obtained landowner information from each county's tax appraisal districts and,

RESULTS

We obtained an interview cooperation rate of 56% for landowner interviews (based on American Association for Public Opinion Research 2006). Of the 303 self-administered questionnaires left with participants, 266 were returned for a self-administered survey response rate of 87% (based on Dillman 2000). Of these, 252 cases were usable in this analysis.

DISCUSSION

Landowner responses to the general behavioral intentions to enroll in a program to protect wildlife habitat and endangered species habitat serve as a baseline to understand initial reactions to these types of programs in general. About half of the landowners in this sample were at least somewhat willing to enroll in a program focusing on endangered species. A discussion of whether or not this level of interest is high or low requires further research; however, incentives likely are an important

IMPLICATIONS

Rangelands are important to Texas, and biodiversity is important to the ecosystem services that rangelands provide to Texans. Thus, preserving species richness offers a number of direct and indirect benefits. Although this idea was codified in the Endangered Species Act of 1973, the implementation of this policy has not markedly improved the recovery of endangered species on private lands.

Given the complex nature of the problem, incentives matter in endangered species recovery and are

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

G. Luikart and C. Ratheal assisted with data collection, G. Kyle provided comments on latent variable modeling and statistical programming, and A. Snelgrove provided GIS support.

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  • Cited by (0)

    At the time of data collection, Sorice was a PhD candidate, Dept of Wildlife & Fisheries Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.

    Research was funded by the Dept of Defense, Office of the Secretary of Defense and further supported by the Institute of Renewable Natural Resources, Texas A&M University.

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