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Diagnostik und Therapie des chronischen Schmerzes nach Hernienoperation

Diagnostics and therapy of chronic pain following hernia operation

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Zusammenfassung

Der chronische Schmerz nach Hernienoperationen übertrifft in seiner Häufigkeit die Rezidivrate sowohl bei inguinalen wie ventralen Hernien um ein Vielfaches. Für die Leistenhernienreparation konnten Risikofaktoren identifiziert werden wie offenes Vorgehen, Verwendung kleinporiger Netze, Netzfixation mit Naht oder Tacks, vorbestehender oder schlecht eingestellter früh-postoperativer Schmerz. Für die Narbenhernie gelten die beiden letztgenannten Faktoren ebenfalls als entscheidend, die Weite (> 10 cm) der Bruchlücke scheint bei laparoskopischem Vorgehen mit dem chronischen Schmerz korreliert. Die diagnostischen Möglichkeiten beschränken sich auf die Identifizierung einer segmentalen Ausbreitung, die dann eine segmentale Blockade oder sogar Neurektomie therapeutisch sinnvoll erscheinen lässt. Die nach Narbenhernienreparation auftretenden diffusen Beschwerden sind der konservativen Analgesie nach den üblichen Standards zuzuführen, Netzexplantationen stellen aufwendige Operationen mit unsicherem Erfolg dar. Außerdem tritt im Anschluss mit an Sicherheit grenzender Wahrscheinlichkeit ein Hernienrezidiv auf. Somit stellt die Prophylaxe, die unter anderem in der Verhinderung eines Rezidivs besteht, die entscheidende Maßnahme dar. Zudem müssen Risikopatienten identifiziert und dem für sie geeignetsten Verfahren, wie im Falle der Leistenhernienreparation der Laparoskopie, zugeführt werden.

Abstract

The frequency of chronic pain after hernia repair is currently much higher than the recurrence rate. For inguinal hernias it has been shown that mesh-based techniques are comparable to mesh-free techniques concerning chronic pain. Risk factors could be clearly identified for inguinal hernia repair and include open repair, meshes with small pores, mesh fixation with sutures or tacks, pre-existing pain and severe pain during the early postoperative period. The last two risk factors are also important for incisional hernias. For laparoscopic incisional hernia repair, the width (> 10 cm) of the gap seems to correlate with chronic pain. The diagnostic measures are restricted to the identification of a segmental problem in terms of nerve entrapment which can be blocked by local anesthesia or definite neurectomy. In some cases of chronic pain after inguinal hernia repair removal of the mesh will be advisable. After incisional hernia repair a segmental involvement is rarely seen. Localized pain may be induced by stay sutures which can be removed. Mesh removal is, however, a complex procedure especially after open repair resulting in hernia recurrence and therefore represents a salvage technique. The prophylaxis of chronic pain is therefore of utmost importance as is the identification of patients at risk which is now possible. These patients for example with inguinal hernias should be treated laparoscopically with an adequate technique including meshes with big pores and without fixation or fixation with glue only.

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Einhaltung ethischer Richtlinien

Interessenkonflikt. D. Berger gibt an, dass kein Interessenkonflikt besteht. Dieser Beitrag beinhaltet keine Studien an Menschen oder Tieren.

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Berger, D. Diagnostik und Therapie des chronischen Schmerzes nach Hernienoperation. Chirurg 85, 117–120 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00104-013-2594-9

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