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Widespread expression of perilipin 5 in normal human tissues and in diseases is restricted to distinct lipid droplet subpopulations

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Abstract

Diseases associated with the accumulation of lipid droplets are increasing in western countries. Lipid droplet biogenesis, structure and degradation are regulated by proteins of the perilipin family. Perilipin 5 has been shown to regulate basal lipolysis in oxidative tissues. We examine perilipin 5 in normal human tissues and in diseases using protein biochemical and microscopic techniques. Perilipin 5 was constitutively located at small lipid droplets in skeletal myocytes, cardiomyocytes and brown adipocytes. In addition, perilipin 5 was detected in the epithelia of the gastrointestinal and urogenital tract, especially in hepatocytes, the mitochondria-rich parietal cells of the stomach, tubular kidney cells and ductal cells of the salivary gland and pancreas. Granular cytoplasmic expression, without a lipid droplet-bound localization was detected elsewhere. In cardiomyopathies, in skeletal muscle diseases and during hepatocyte steatogenesis, perilipin 5 was upregulated and localized to larger and more numerous lipid droplets. In steatotic human hepatocytes, perilipin 5 was moderately increased and colocalized with perilipins 1 and 2 but not with perilipin 3 at lipid droplets. In liver diseases implicated in alterations of mitochondria, such as mitochondriopathies, alcoholic liver disease, Wilson’s disease and acute liver injury, perilipin 5 was frequently localized to small lipid droplets and less in the cytoplasm. In tumorigenesis, perilipin 5 was especially upregulated in lipo-, leio- and rhabdomyosarcoma and hepatocellular and renal cell carcinoma. In summary, our study provides evidence that perilipin 5 is not restricted to certain cell types but localizes to distinct lipid droplet subpopulations reflecting a possible function in oxidative energy supply in normal tissues and in diseases.

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Abbreviations

LD:

Lipid droplet

MCP:

Mitochondriopathy

MLDP:

Myocardial lipid droplet protein

PAT:

Perilipin–adipophilin–TIP47 family of proteins

TG:

Triacylglycerides

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Acknowledgements

We especially thank Tore Kempf (Functional Proteome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center Heidelberg) for mass spectrometric analyses. Additionally, we thank Elisabeth Specht-Delius, Eva Eiteneuer and Sarah Meßnard for histochemical and immunohistochemical stainings and Zlata Antoni for the ultrastructural analysis (all Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg), as well as Sabine Jakubowski for the excellent technical assistance (Institute of Pathology, Mainz). We thank Hans Heid and Werner W. Franke (German Cancer Research Center Heidelberg) for helpful discussions. All human tissue specimens were provided by the tissue bank of the National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT, Heidelberg, Germany). Confocal laser scanning microscopy was done with a confocal A1R laser scanning microscope (Nikon Imaging Center, Bioquant Heidelberg).

Funding

The study was funded by grants of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft to BKS (STR-1160/1-1 and 1-2). MH was stipend of the Erasmus Basileus-Program, BKS of the Olympia-Morata Program of the Medical Faculty of Heidelberg University.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of General Pathology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany

    Merita Hashani, Lena Maria Pawella, Judith Lehmann-Koch, Gunhild Mechtersheimer, Peter Schirmacher & Beate Katharina Straub

  2. Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Prishtina, Prishtina, Kosovo

    Merita Hashani

  3. Institute of Pathology, University Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany

    Hagen Roland Witzel, Wilfried Roth & Beate Katharina Straub

  4. Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Translational and Experimental Oncology, University Hospital Mainz, Mainz, Germany

    Jens Schumacher

  5. Functional Proteome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center Heidelberg (DKFZ), INF 580, Heidelberg, Germany

    Martina Schnölzer

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  1. Merita Hashani
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Correspondence to Beate Katharina Straub.

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The research involving human tissues was approved by the ethics committee of the University of Heidelberg, no. 206/2005 and 207/2005.

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Electronic supplementary material

Supplementary Fig. 1

Validation of perilipin 5 antibodies. HEK293T cells were transfected with expression constructs either expressing a FLAG-tagged or a non-tagged form of perilipin 5. All 3 antibodies (against the N- and C-terminus as well as against the loop) specifically detect perilipin 5. Perilipin 5 expression was analyzed with the indicated antibodies (JPG 993 kb)

High resolution image (TIF 563 kb)

Supplementary Fig. 2

Immunohistochemical analysis of normal human tissues using antibody against N-terminus of perilipin 5. Same tissues were stained as delineated in figure legend 2, in part in consecutive sections. Bars: 50 μm (JPG 4572 kb)

High resolution image (TIF 9036 kb)

Supplementary Fig. 3

Immunohistochemical analysis of normal human tissues using antibody against loop structure within perilipin 5. Same tissues were stained as delineated in figure legend 2, in part in consecutive sections. Bars: 50 μm (JPG 4707 kb)

High resolution image (TIF 9081 kb)

Supplementary Fig. 4

Corresponding negative control reaction of the immunohistochemical analyses shown in Fig. 2 and Supplementary Figs. 2 and 3. Same tissues were stained without primary antibody but respective (guinea pig) secondary antibody as delineated in figure legend 2, partly in consecutive sections. Bars: 50 μm (JPG 4357 kb)

High resolution image (TIF 8139 kb)

Supplementary Fig. 5

Laser scanning immunofluorescence microscopy of perilipin 5 at LDs. (a) Immunofluorescence microscopy of perilipin 5 (antibody against C-terminus) (PLIN5), with BODIPY and DAPI in hepatocytes of human steatotic liver, myocytes of skeletal muscle and parietal cells of stomach. Arrows indicate strong perilipin 5 staining at LDs. Bars: 25 μm (overview images) and 5 μm (magnified images). (b) Immunofluorescence microscopy of perilipin 5 (antibody against C-terminus) (PLIN5), with BODIPY and DAPI in transfected cultured cells of the human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HepG2. Perilipin 5 localized at LDs but also partially showed cytoplasmic localization. Bar: 5 μm (JPG 2704 kb)

High resolution image (TIF 3613 kb)

Supplementary Fig. 6

Localization of perilipin 5 to parietal cells in stomach. Perilipin 5 (antibody against C-terminus) is localized to ring-like structures in gastric corpus mucosa. Double immunofluorescence staining reveals perilipin 5-expression in E-Cadherin (a, a‘) and H+/K+ ATPase-ß (b, b‘)-positive gastric parietal cells. Same staining pattern is observed with all three perilipin 5 antibodies. Bar: 200 μm (JPG 1727 kb)

High resolution image (TIF 2646 kb)

Supplementary Fig. 7

Immunoprecipitation of perilipin 5 with plectin. Perilipin 5 was immunoprecipitated from whole tissue lysates of human skeletal muscle using an antibody against the N-terminus of perilipin 5 (Ab). Rabbit normal serum was used as negative control (NS). IP supernatant (1), IP sediment (2), IP sediment rest (3) and IP control fractions, IP supernatant (4), IP sediment (5) IP sediment rest (6). Molecular mass markers are given on the left side. (JPG 131 kb)

High resolution image (TIF 144 kb)

Supplementary Fig. 8

Partial colocalization of perilipin 5 with plectin in human skeletal muscle. Immunostaining for perilipin 5 (antibody against N-terminus) alone and together with plectin in cryosections of skeletal muscle. Cell nuclei were stained with HOECHST. Perilipin 5 was detected in a punctuated as well as minute ring-shaped pattern. Surprisingly, perilipin 5 showed partial co-localization with plectin at the z-discs of the skeletal myocytes. (JPG 2262 kb)

High resolution image (TIF 2921 kb)

Supplementary Fig. 9

Perilipin 5 in skeletal muscle disease. Perilipin 5 (antibody against C-terminus) is localized to small LDs in striated myocytes in normal human skeletal muscle and larger and more numerous LDs in peripheral artery occlusive disease (PAOD). Bars: 50 μm (JPG 1170 kb)

High resolution image (TIF 2300 kb)

Supplementary Fig. 10

Perilipin 5 expression in normal human liver, hepatocyte steatogenesis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Cytoplasmic perilipin 5 staining (antibody against C-terminus) in hepatocytes of normal human liver, localization at small LDs in microvesicular steatosis in hepatocytes of all 3 acinar zones, as well as in neoplastic steatogenesis in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Bars: 200 and 100 μm, respectively. (JPG 2529 kb)

High resolution image (TIF 4149 kb)

Supplementary Fig. 11

Perilipin 5 expression in human tumors. Perilipin 5 (antibody against C-terminus) predominantly localizes to the cytoplasm in squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity and hypopharynx and invasive adenocarcinoma of the breast (NST). Perilipin 5 surrounds small LDs in papillary thyroid cancer, pulmonal adenocarcinoma, signet cell and intestinal type gastric cancer, adenocarcinoma of the colon, hepatocellular carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreas and acinar adenocarcinoma of the prostate gland. Bar: 100 μm (JPG 4097 kb)

High resolution image (TIF 7415 kb)

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Hashani, M., Witzel, H.R., Pawella, L.M. et al. Widespread expression of perilipin 5 in normal human tissues and in diseases is restricted to distinct lipid droplet subpopulations. Cell Tissue Res 374, 121–136 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00441-018-2845-7

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