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Assessment of small-diameter shallow wells for managed aquifer recharge at a site in southern Styria, Austria

Evaluation de forages peu profonds de petit diamètre pour une recharge d’aquifère sous contrôle sur un site dans le sud de la Styrie, Autriche

Evaluación de pozos poco profundos de pequeño diámetro para el manejo de recarga de un acuífero en un sitio del sur de Styria, Austria

奥地利施第里尔州南部某地用于管理的含水层补给小口径浅层井评价

Avaliação de poços rasos com pequeno diâmetro para gerenciamento da recarga de aquífero em uma área no Sudeste da Estíria, Áustria

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Abstract

An approach to establish the recharge component of managed aquifer recharge (MAR) has recently been proposed that uses small-diameter shallow wells installed using relatively inexpensive drilling methods such as direct push. As part of further development of that approach, a generalized procedure is presented for a technical and economic assessment of the approach’s potential in comparison to other systems. Following this procedure, the use of small-diameter wells was evaluated both experimentally and numerically for a site located in southern Styria, Austria. MAR is currently done at the site using a horizontal pipe infiltration system, and system expansion has been proposed with a target rate of 12 l/s using small-diameter wells as one possible option. A short-duration single-well field recharge experiment (recharge rate 1.3–3.5 l/s) was performed (recharge by gravity only). Numerical modeling of the injection test was used to estimate hydraulic conductivity (K). Quasi-steady-state, single-well recharge simulations for different locations, as well as a long-term transient simulation, were performed using the K value calibrated from the field injection test. Results indicate that a recharge capacity of 4.1 l/s was achievable with a maximum head rise of 0.2 m at the injection well. Finally, simulations were performed for three different well fields (4, 6 and 8 wells, respectively) designed to infiltrate a target rate of 12 l/s. The experimental and numerical assessments, supported by a cost analysis of the small-diameter wells, indicate that the small-diameter wells are a viable, cost-effective recharge approach at this and other similar sites.

Résumé

Une approche pour établir la composante recharge de la recharge d’aquifère sous contrôle (MAR) a été récemment proposée à l’aide des puits peu profonds de petit diamètre en utilisant des méthodes de forage relativement peu coûteuses, tels que l’enfoncement direct. Dans le cadre de la poursuite du développement de cette approche, une procédure généralisée est présentée pour une évaluation technique et économique du potentiel de l’approche par rapport aux autres systèmes. À la suite de cette procédure, l’utilisation des puits de petit diamètre a été évaluée à la fois expérimentalement et numériquement pour un site situé dans le sud de la Styrie, en Autriche. Le MAR est actuellement réalisé sur le site en utilisant un système d’infiltration horizontal à l’aide d’un tube, et l’expansion du système a été proposée avec un taux d’objectif de 12 l/s à l’aide de puits de faible diamètre comme une option possible. Une expérience de recharge de courte durée à l’aide d’un puits unique sur le terrain (taux de recharge de 1.3–3.5 l/s) a été réalisée (recharge par gravité seulement). La modélisation numérique du test d’injection a été utilisée pour estimer la conductivité hydraulique (K). Des simulations de recharge en puits unique en état quasi permanent pour différents endroits, ainsi qu’une simulation transitoire sur le long terme ont été effectuées en utilisant la valeur K calibrée à partir du test d’injection. Les résultats indiquent que la capacité de recharge de 4.1 l/s était réaliste avec une augmentation maximale de la charge hydraulique de 0.2 m au puits d’injection. Finalement, des simulations ont été réalisées pour trois champs de puits différents (4, 6 et 8 puits, respectivement) destinés à infiltrer un débit cible de 12 l/s. Les évaluations expérimentales et numériques, soutenues par une analyse des coûts des puits de petit diamètre, indiquent que les puits de petit diamètre constituent une approche de recharge viable et rentable pour ce site et d’autres sites similaires.

Resumen

Recientemente se propuso un enfoque para establecer el componente de recarga en la gestión de la recarga de acuíferos (MAR) utilizando la instalación de pozos poco profundos de pequeño diámetro con el empleo de métodos de perforación relativamente baratos, tales como el empuje directo. Como parte de un mayor desarrollo de este enfoque, se presenta un procedimiento generalizado para una evaluación técnica y económica de su potencial en comparación con otros sistemas. Siguiendo este procedimiento, se evaluó experimental y numéricamente el uso de pozos de pequeño diámetro para un sitio ubicado en el sur de Styria, Austria. El MAR se realiza actualmente en el sitio usando un sistema de cañería horizontal de infiltración, y la expansión del sistema se ha propuesto con una tasa objetivo de 12 l/s utilizando como una opción posible a pozos de pequeño diámetro. Se llevó a cabo un experimento de recarga de campo (sólo recarga por gravedad) de corta duración en un solo pozo (velocidad de recarga de 1.3–3.5 l/s). Se utilizó el modelado numérico de la prueba de inyección para estimar la conductividad hidráulica (K). Se llevaron a cabo simulaciones de recarga, en estado cuasi estacionario, de un solo pozo para diferentes ubicaciones, así como una simulación transitoria a largo plazo, utilizando el valor de K calibrado en la prueba de inyección de campo. Los resultados indican que la capacidad de recarga de 4.1 l/s era alcanzable con un aumento máximo de la carga hidráulica de 0.2 m en el pozo de inyección. Por último, se realizaron simulaciones para tres campos de pozos diferentes (4, 6 y 8 pozos, respectivamente) diseñados para infiltrarse con un ritmo original de 12 l/s. Las evaluaciones experimentales y numéricas, apoyados por un análisis de costos de los pozos de pequeño diámetro, indican que los pozos de pequeño diámetro son un enfoque de recarga viable y rentable en este y otros sitios similares.

摘要

近来提出了建立管理的含水层补给的补给成分方法,该方法就是使用通过相对便宜的钻探方法如直接推进法修建的小口径浅层井。作为该方法进一步发展的一部分,本文论述了与其它系统相比该方法潜力技术和经济评价方面的概化程序。然后,从实验上和数字上评估了奥地利施第里尔州南部某地小口径的利用情况。目前在研究区利用水平管渗透系统进行了管理的含水层补给,提出了系统扩充目标,即利用小口径作为一个可能的选择,目标为12升/秒。(只通过重力补给)进行了持续时间短的单井场补给实验(补给量为1.3 到3.5升/秒)。利用注水实验的数值模拟估算了水力传导率(K)。利用野外注水实验校正过的k值进行了不同地点的准稳态、单井补给模拟实验以及长期的瞬态模拟实验。结果显示,补给能力达到4.1升/秒,注入井的水头最大上升0.2 米。最后,在三个不同的井场(分别为4号、6号和8号井)进行了模拟实验,设定的目标补给量为12 升/秒。由小口径井成本分析支撑的实验和数值评价结果表明,在研究区和其它类似区小口径井是可行的、划算的补给方法。

Resumo

Uma abordagem para implementação da componente recarga do gerenciamento da recarga do aquífero (GRA) foi proposto recentemente utilizando poços rasos com pequeno diâmetro, instalados usando métodos de perfuração de baixo custo. Como parte de um desenvolvimento a longo prazo dessa abordagem, um procedimento generalizado é apresentado para uma avaliação técnica e econômica do potencial dessa abordagem em comparação a outros sistemas. Seguindo esse procedimento, o uso de poços de pequeno diâmetro foi avaliado experimentalmente e numericamente em uma área localizada no Sudeste de Estíria, Áustria. GRA é atualmente realizado no local utilizando um sistema de infiltração por tubo horizontal, e uma expansão do sistema foi proposta com objetivo de alcançar uma taxa de 12 l/s usando poços de pequeno diâmetro como uma possível opção. Um experimento de campo de curta duração com um poço (taxa de recarga de 1.3–3.5 l/s) foi realizado (somente recarga por gravidade). A modelagem numérica do teste de injeção foi utilizada para estimar a condutividade hidráulica (K). Simulações de poços individuais em regime quase permanente, bem como simulação de longo prazo em regime transiente, foram realizadas com a calibração do valor de K através do teste de injeção a campo. Os resultados indicam que a capacidade de recarga de 4.1 l/s é alcançável com um aumento de 0.2 m da carga hidráulica no poço de injeção. Por fim, simulações foram realizadas para diferentes poços (poços 4, 6 e 8 respectivamente) destinados ao objetivo de infiltrar a uma taxa de 12 l/s. A avaliação experimental e numérica, amparada por uma análise de custo dos poços de pequeno diâmetro, indica que os mesmos são viáveis, com bom custo beneficio para a abordagem da recarga nesta área e em locais similares.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the German Federal Environmental Foundation (DBU) scholarship program, the NIWR/USGS National Competitive Grant Program (project number 2011KS113G), the Kansas Geological Survey, the Graduate Academy of Technische Universität Dresden and the HIGRADE program at UFZ Leipzig. Parts of this article are based on the dissertation of Händel (2014) including Figures 2, 3, 8, 9, 10 and 11 (partially modified). We thank Manuel Kreck and Andreas Schoßland from Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, and Werner Schögler from Wasserverband Wasserversorgung Grenzland Südost, for their support in the field. We thank three anonymous reviewers for their valuable suggestions which led to a significant improvement of the paper.

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Händel, F., Liu, G., Fank, J. et al. Assessment of small-diameter shallow wells for managed aquifer recharge at a site in southern Styria, Austria. Hydrogeol J 24, 2079–2091 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-016-1442-7

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