Abstract
The distribution of wildlife parasites in a landscape is intimately tied to the spatial distribution of hosts. In parasite species, including many gastrointestinal parasites, with obligate or common environmental life stages, the dynamics of the parasite can also be strongly affected by geophysical components of the environment. This is especially salient in host species, for example humans and macaques, which thrive across a wide variety of habitat types and quality and so are exposed to a wealth of environmentally resilient parasites. Here, we examine the effect of environmental and anthropogenic components of the landscape on the prevalence, intensity, and species diversity of gastrointestinal parasites across a metapopulation of long-tailed macaques on the island of Bali, Indonesia. Using principal-components analysis, we identified significant interaction effects between specific environmental and anthropogenic components of the landscape, parsing the Balinese landscape into anthropogenic (PC1), mixed environment (PC2), and non-anthropogenic (PC3) components. Further, we determined that the anthropogenic environment can mitigate the prevalence and intensity of specific gut parasites and the intensity of the overall community of gut parasites, but that non-anthropogenically driven landscape components have no significant effect in increasing or reducing the intensity or prevalence of the community of gut parasites in Balinese macaques.
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Acknowledgments
We would like to thank Udayana Universitas and the Pusat Kajian Primata. We would also like to thank Rachel Polando, Natalie Griffiths, Sean Hoban, Janine Reugg, and three anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments and insights. This work was supported by the National Science Foundation (BSC-0629787), the University of Notre Dame’s Institute for Scholarship in the Liberal Arts, and the Leakey Foundation. All collections were approved by the University of Notre Dame IACUC (protocol 07-001) and the Indonesian Institute of Science (permit number 662.02/1090.DIII).
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Lane, K.E., Holley, C., Hollocher, H. et al. The anthropogenic environment lessens the intensity and prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in Balinese long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis). Primates 52, 117–128 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10329-010-0230-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10329-010-0230-6