Noncoding RNAs in Archaea: Genome-Wide Identification and Functional Classification

Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) fulfill essential functions in eukaryotes and bacteria, but also in the third domain of life, the Archaea. Many archaeal organisms live in hostile environments that provide unique challenges for their transcriptional and translational regulatory pathways. Computational analyses and RNA-sequencing methodologies allowed for the genome-wide detection of ncRNA molecules in archaea. Several new classes of ncRNAs have been discovered and are expected to enable life in these extreme habitats. Here, we provide an overview of the current knowledge on archaeal ncRNAs and their deduced or biochemically verified functions. In addition, details of applying RNA-seq methodology for the detection of ncRNAs in Sulfolobus acidocaldarius are provided. Identified ncRNAs include small RNAs (sRNAs) that regulate gene expression and C/D box sRNAs that guide 2'-O methylation of target RNAs.