Molecular Research in Penile Cancer—Lessons Learned from the Past and Bright Horizons of the Future?

Abstract

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Penile cancer is a rare tumor. There is a limited understanding of the biological mediators of prognostic and therapeutic importance in penile cancer. However, there exists some fundamental understanding of the major pathways involved in the development of penile pre-neoplastic lesions and neoplasms. The aim of the present review is to highlight our current state of molecular knowledge in penile cancer to foster the necessary tools for researchers to pave major advancements in our current treatment paradigms and cancer specific outcomes.

Keywords

• penile cancer
• pathways
• carcinogenesis
• progression
• metastasis