Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Resource discovery mechanisms in pure unstructured peer-to-peer systems: a comprehensive survey

  • Published:
Peer-to-Peer Networking and Applications Aims and scope Submit manuscript

This article has been updated

Abstract

The concept of unstructured Peer-to-Peer (P2P) systems—setting free from any structural constraints—has put forward an appropriate paradigm for sharing a wide assortment of resources in a distributed-sharing manner efficiently. More importantly, unstructured P2P systems’ architecture and concepts have permeated diverse spheres of today’s successful and world-famous computer science areas, including NoSQL databases for excellently sharing data. However, pinpointing any given appropriate resource in such massive systems, namely unstructured P2P systems, is a challenging task; the two of the most dispensable rationales behind this proclaim are large scales of such systems and unstructured nature of overlay networks. Finding a decent resource with low response time, low bandwidth consumption, and high success-rate has played a crucial role in both the overall system performance and the functionality of P2P systems. Briefly, an efficacious resource discovery mechanism is the lifeblood of any productive P2P system. Given these points, in this study, we present an exhaustive survey on state-of-the-art resource discovery mechanisms employed in file-sharing pure unstructured P2P systems; we offer a new resource discovery categorization accordingly. Furthermore, we deeply delve into a plethora of resource searching methods and their merits as well as demerits to furnish the paper with an in-depth evaluation.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9

Similar content being viewed by others

Change history

  • 06 December 2020

    Springer Nature’s version of this paper was updated to remove the added data (location "c") at the bottom of every even the page, right after the Springer logo.

References

  1. Amoretti M (2009) A survey of P2P overlay schemes: effectiveness, efficiency and security. Recent Patents on Computer Science 2(3):195–213

    Google Scholar 

  2. Tushar W, Saha T, Yuen C, Smith D, Poor H (2020) Peer-to-peer trading in electricity networks: an overview. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 11:3185–3200

    Google Scholar 

  3. Ashraf F, Naseer A, Iqbal S (2019) Comparative analysis of unstructured P2P file sharing network. In: ICISDM 2019: Proceedings of the 2019 3rd International Conference on Information System and Data Mining, Houston

  4. Amoretti M, Zanichelli F (2018) P2P-PL: a pattern language to design efficient and robust P2P systems. P2P Networking and Applications 11(3):518–547

    Google Scholar 

  5. Shah N, Abid S, Qian D, Mehmood W (2017) A survey of P2P content sharing in MANETs. Comput Electr Eng 1(57):55–68

    Google Scholar 

  6. Zhang X, Hassanein H (2012) A survey of P2P live video streaming schemes–an algorithmic perspective. Comput Netw 56(15):3548–3579

    Google Scholar 

  7. Masood S, Shahid MA, Sharif M, Yasmin M (2018) Comparative analysis of P2P networks. International Journal of Advanced Networking and Applications 9(4):3477–3491

    Google Scholar 

  8. Shamshirband S, Soleimani H (2018) LAAPS: an efficient file-based search in unstructured P2P networks using reinforcement algorithm. Int J Comput Appl:1–8

  9. Ogino N, Kitahara T (2017) An efficient content search method based on local link replacement in unstructured P2P networks. IEICE Trans Commun:1–11

  10. Asghari S, Navimipour NJ (2019) Resource discovery in the P2P networks using an inverted ant Colony optimization algorithm. P2P Networking and Applications 12(1):129–142

    Google Scholar 

  11. Ed-daoui I, El Hami A, Itmi M, Hmina N, Mazri T (2018) Unstructured P2P systems: towards swift routing. Int J Eng Technol 7(2.3):33–36

  12. Zarrin J, Aguiar RL, Barraca JP (2018) Resource discovery for distributed computing systems: a comprehensive survey. J Parallel Distr Com 1(113):127–166

    Google Scholar 

  13. Palmieri F (2017) Bayesian resource discovery in infrastructure-less networks. Inf Sci 376:95–109

    Google Scholar 

  14. Li Z (2017) A hybrid P2P framework for supply chain visibility. Doctoral dissertation

  15. Jamal AA, Teahan WJ (2017) Alpha multipliers breadth-first search technique for resource discovery in unstructured P2P networks. Int J Adv Sci Eng Inf Technol 7(4):1403–1412

    Google Scholar 

  16. Bashmal L, Almulifi A, Kurdi H (2017) Hybrid resource discovery algorithms for unstructured P2P networks. Procedia Comput Sci 109(1):289–296

    Google Scholar 

  17. Risson J, Moors T (2006) Survey of research towards robust P2P networks: search methods. Comput Netw 50(17):3485–3521

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  18. Sarmady S (2010) A survey on P2P and DHT. arXiv: 1006.4708

  19. Buford J, Yu H (2010) P2P Networking and applications: Synopsis and research directions. Handbook of P2P Networking, pp. 3–45

  20. Androutsellis-Theotokis S, Spinellis D (2004) A survey of P2P content distribution technologies. ACM computing surveys (CSUR) 36(4):335–371

    Google Scholar 

  21. Lua E, Crowcroft J, Pias M, Sharma R, Lim S (2005) A survey and comparison of P2P overlay network schemes. IEEE Commun Surv Tutor 7(2):72–93

    Google Scholar 

  22. Suryanarayana G, Taylor RN (2004) A survey of trust management and resource discovery technologies in P2P applications. Citeseer

  23. Androutsellis-Theotokis S, Spinellis D (2004) A survey of P2P content distribution technologies. ACM computing surveys (CSUR) 36(4):335–371

    Google Scholar 

  24. Pourqasem J (2018) Toward the optimization resource discovery Service in Grid Systems: a survey. Journal of Applied Research on Industrial Engineering 5(4):346–355

    Google Scholar 

  25. Meshkova E, Riihijärvi J, Petrova M, Mähönen P (2008) A survey on resource discovery mechanisms, P2P and service discovery frameworks. Comput Netw 52(11):2097–2128

    Google Scholar 

  26. Sakaryan G, Wulff M, Unger H (2004) Search methods in P2P networks: A survey. In: International Workshop on Innovative Internet Community Systems, Berlin

  27. Thampi SM (2010) Survey of search and replication schemes in unstructured P2P Networks. arXiv Prepr. arXiv1008.1629

  28. Prakash A (2006) A survey of advanced search in P2P networks. Department of Computer Science, Kent State University

  29. Khatibi E, Mirtaheri SL, Khaneghah EM, and Sharifi M (2012) Dynamic multilevel feedback-based searching strategy in unstructured P2P systems. In: 2012 IEEE International Conference on Green Computing and Communications, Besancon

  30. Prasad TRK, Jayakumar P, Sajeev GP (2018) A K-Clique based clustering protocol for resource discovery in P2P Networks, in 2018 International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communications and Informatics (ICACCI), Bangalore

  31. Tsoumakos D, Roussopoulos N (2003) A Comparison of P2P Search Methods. In: WebDB, pp. 61–66

  32. Fisk A (May 2003) Gnutella dynamic query protocol v0. 1. http://www9.limewire.com/developer/dynamic query.html

  33. Castro M, Costa M, Rowstron A (2004) P2P overlays: structured, unstructured, or both?. Microsoft Research, Tech. Rep

  34. Zeinalipour-Yazti D, Kalogeraki V, Gunopulos D (2005) Exploiting locality for scalable information retrieval in P2P networks. Inf Syst 30(4):277–298

    Google Scholar 

  35. Bawa M, Cooper B, Crespo A, Daswani N, Ganesan P, Garcia-Molina H, Kamvar S, Marti S, Schlosser M, Sun Q, Vinograd P (2003) P2P research at Stanford. ACM SIGMOD Rec 32(3):23–28

    Google Scholar 

  36. Chen Z, Liu J, Li J (2010) An adaptive expanding antbudget search algorithm for unstructured P2P networks. In: 2010 2nd International Conference on Future Computer and Communication, Wuha

  37. Zhiwei S, Shaowu M, Jianan W, Xiongyan T (2009) Analyzing the technologies of search algorithm based on P2P. In: 2009 2nd IEEE International Conference on Broadband Network & Multimedia Technology, Beijing, 2009

  38. Al-Aaridhi R, Dlikman I, Masinde N, Graffi K (2018) Search Algorithms for distributed data structures. In: P2P Networks, in 2018 International Symposium on Networks, Computers and Communications (ISNCC), Rome

  39. Bosunia MR, Jeong S-H (2019) Machine-to-machine content retrieval in wireless networks. Wirel Pers Commun 107(3):1465–1490

    Google Scholar 

  40. Boulfekhar S, Benmohammed M (2013) A novel energy efficient and lifetime maximization routing protocol in wireless sensor networks. Wirel Pers Commun 72(2):1333–1349

    Google Scholar 

  41. Bisnik N, Abouzeid A (2005) Modeling and Analysis of Random Walk Search Algorithms in P2P Networks. Proceedings - Second International Workshop on Hot Topics in P2P Systems, HOT-P2P 2005, San Diego,

  42. Wu K, Wu C (2013) State-based search strategy in unstructured P2P. Futur Gener Comput Syst 29(1):381–386

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  43. Jiang S, Guo L, Zhang X, Wang H (2008) Lightflood: minimizing redundant messages and maximizing scope of P2P search. IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems 19(5):601–614

    Google Scholar 

  44. Fletcher GHL, Sheth HA, Börner K (2004) Unstructured P2P networks: Topological properties and search performance. In: International Workshop on Agents and P2P Computing, Berlin

  45. Dorrigiv R, Lopez-Ortiz A, Pralat P (2007) Search algorithms for unstructured P2P Networks. In: 32nd IEEE Conference on Local Computer Networks (LCN 2007), Dublin

  46. Yang B, Garcia-Molina H (2002) Improving search in P2P networks. In: Proceedings 22nd International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems, Vienna

  47. Li X, Wu J (2006) Searching techniques in P2P networks. In: Handbook of Theoretical and Algorithmic Aspects of Ad Hoc, Sensor, and P2P Networks, pp. 613–642

  48. Singla A, Rohrs C (2002) Ultrapeers: another step towards Gnutella scalability. http://rfc-gnutella.sourceforge.net/Proposals/Ultrapeer

  49. Yang B, Garcia-Molina H (2002) Efficient search in P2P networks. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS), New York

  50. Tsoumakos D, Roussopoulos N (2006) Analysis and comparison of P2P search methods. In: Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Scalable information systems, New York

  51. Gkantsidis C, Mihail M, Saberi A (2006) Random walks in P2P networks: algorithms and evaluation. Perform Eval 63(3):241–263

    Google Scholar 

  52. Lv Q, Cao P, Cohen E, Li K, and Shenker S (2002) Search and Replication in Unstructured P2P Networks. In: Proceedings of the 16th international conference on Supercomputing, New York

  53. Leu J-S, Tsai C-W, Lin W-H (2011) Resource searching in an unstructured P2P network based on cloning random Walker assisted by dominating set. Comput Netw 55(3):722–733

    Google Scholar 

  54. Jiang H, Jin S (2005) Exploiting dynamic querying like flooding techniques in unstructured P2P networks. In: 13TH IEEE International Conference on Network Protocols (ICNP’05), Boston

  55. Tian C, Jiang H, Liu X, Liu W, Wang Y (2008) Towards minimum traffic cost and minimum response latency: a novel dynamic query protocol in unstructured P2P networks. In: 2008 37th International Conference on Parallel Processing, Portland

  56. Jin S, Jiang H (2007) Novel approaches to efficient flooding search in P2P networks. Comput Netw 51(10):2818–2832

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  57. Daswani A, Fisk S (n.d.) Gnutella UDP Extension for Scalable Searches (GUESS) v0.1 (0). [Online]. Available: http://130.203.136.95/showciting;jsessionid=C91B0BE31D86A6763AEAB81A4695B27B?cid=929229

  58. Yang B, Vinograd P, Garcia-Molina H (2004) Evaluating GUESS and non-forwarding P2P search. In: 24th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems, Tokyo

  59. Daswani N, Garcia-Molina H (2004) Pong-cache Poisoning in GUESS. In: Proceedings of the 11th ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security, Washington DC, 2004

  60. Zhuge H, Chen X, Sun X (2005) Preferential walk: towards efficient and scalable search in unstructured P2P networks. In: Special interest tracks and posters of the 14th international conference on World Wide Web, New York

  61. Ramaswamy L, Liu L (2003) Free riding: a new challenge to P2P file sharing systems. In: 36th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, Hawaii

  62. Yang K-H, Wu C-J, Ho J-M (2006) Antsearch: an ant search algorithm in unstructured P2P networks. IEICE Trans Commun 89(9):2300–2308

    Google Scholar 

  63. Kalogeraki V, Gunopulos D, Zeinalipour-Yazti D (2002) A local search mechanism for P2P networks. In: Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management, New York

  64. Zeinalipour-Yazti D, Kalogeraki V, Gunopulos D (2004) Information retrieval techniques for P2P networks. In: Comput Sci Eng 6(4):20–26

  65. Yuan F, Liu J, Yin C (2007) A scalable search algorithm on unstructured p2p networks. In: Eighth ACIS International Conference on Software Engineering, Artificial Intelligence, Networking, and Parallel/Distributed Computing (SNPD 2007), Qingdao

  66. Wang C, Xiao L (2007) An effective P2P search scheme to exploit file sharing heterogeneity. IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems 18(2):145–157

    Google Scholar 

  67. Crespo A, Garcia-Molina H (2002) Routing indices for P2P systems. In: Proceedings 22nd International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems, Vienna

  68. Tsoumakos D, Rossopoulos N (2003) Probabilistic knowledge discovery and management for P2P networks. P2P Journal 12(2):129–136

    Google Scholar 

  69. Li X and Wu J (2006) Improve searching by reinforcement learning in unstructured P2Ps. In: 26th IEEE International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems Workshops (ICDCSW’06), Lisboa

  70. Chawathe Y, Ratnasamy S, Breslau L, Lanham N, Shenker S (2003) Making gnutella-like P2P systems scalable. In: Proceedings of the 2003 conference on Applications, technologies, architectures, and protocols for computer communications, Karlsruhe

  71. Li X, Wu J (2007) A hybrid searching scheme in unstructured P2P networks. The International Journal of Parallel, Emergent and Distributed Systems 22(1):15–38

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  72. Yang C, Wu J (2003) Dominating-Set-based Searching in P2P Networks. In: International Conference on Grid and Cooperative Computing, Berlin

  73. Liu Y, Liu X, Xiao L, Ni LM, Zhang X (2004) Location-aware Topology Matching in P2P Systems. In: IEEE INFOCOM 2004, vol. 4, pp. 2220–2230

  74. Kamel MBM, Crispo B, Ligeti P (2019) A decentralized and scalable model for resource discovery in IoT network. In: 2019 International Conference on Wireless and Mobile Computing, Networking and Communications (WiMob), Barcelona

  75. Morselli R, Bhattacharjee B, Marsh MA, Srinivasan A (2007) Efficient lookup on unstructured topologies. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications 25(1):62–72

  76. Khatibi E, Sharifi M, Mirtaheri SL (2019) DPAS: a dynamic popularity-aware search mechanism for unstructured P2P systems. P2P Networking and Applications 13(3):1–25

    Google Scholar 

  77. Sripanidkulchai K, Maggs B, Zhang H (2003) Efficient content location using interest-based locality in P2P systems. In: IEEE INFOCOM 2003. Twenty-second Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies (IEEE Cat. No. 03CH37428), San Francisco

  78. Crespo A, Garcia-Molina H (2004) Semantic overlay networks for P2P Systems. In: International Workshop on Agents and P2P Computing, Berlin

  79. Bawa M, Manku GS, Raghavan P (2003) SETS: Search enhanced by topic segmentation. In: Proceedings of the 26th Annual International ACM SIGIR conference on Research and Development in Informaion Retrieval, Toronto

  80. Zhu Y, Hu Y (2006) Enhancing search performance on Gnutella-like P2P systems. IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems 17(12):1482–1495

    Google Scholar 

  81. Lafferty J, McCallum A, Pereira FCN (2001) Conditional random fields: probabilistic models for segmenting and labeling sequence data. In: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Machine Learning 2001 (ICML 2001), San Francisco

  82. Chen G, Low CP, Yang Z (2008) Enhancing search performance in unstructured P2P networks bBased on users’ common interest. IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems 19(6):821–836

    Google Scholar 

  83. Kayacan E, Ulutas B, Kaynak O (2010) Grey system theory-based models in time series prediction. Expert Syst Appl 37(2):1784–1789

    Google Scholar 

  84. Lin Y, Liu S (2004) A historical introduction to grey systems theory. In: 2004 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics (IEEE Cat. No. 04CH37583), The Hague

  85. Huang J, Li X, Wu J (2007) A class-based search system in unstructured P2P Networks. In: 21st International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications (AINA’07), Niagara Falls, ON

  86. Loo BT, Huebsch R, Stoica I, Hellerstein JM (2004) The case for a hybrid P2P search infrastructure. In: International workshop on P2P Systems, Berlin

  87. Tun W, Pourqasem J, Edalatpanah SA (2020) Optimizing resource discovery technique in the P2P grid systems. Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, vol 2020

  88. Zaharia M, Keshav S (2008) Gossip-based search selection in hybrid peer-to-peer networks. Concurrency and Computation: Practice and Experience 20(2):139–153

    Google Scholar 

  89. Chen H, Jin H, Liu Y, Ni LM (2008) Difficulty-aware hybrid search in P2P networks. IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems 20(1):71–82

    Google Scholar 

  90. Shi X, Han J, Liu Y, Ni LM (2009) Popularity adaptive search in hybrid P2P systems. J Parallel Distrib Comput 69(2):125–134

    Google Scholar 

  91. Šešum-Čavić V, Kühn E, Kanev D (2016) Bio-inspired search algorithms for unstructured P2P overlay networks. Swarm and Evolutionary Computation 29:73–93

    Google Scholar 

  92. Šešum-Čavić V, Kuehn E, Zischka S (2018) Swarm-inspired routing algorithms for unstructured P2P networks. International Journal of Swarm Intelligence Research (IJSIR) 9(3):23–63

    Google Scholar 

  93. Guan Z, Cao Y, Hou X, Zhu D (2007) A Novel efficient search algorithm in unstructured P2P networks. In: Second Workshop on Digital Media and its Application in Museum & Heritages (DMAMH 2007), Chongqing

  94. Krynicki K, Jaén Martínez FJ, Mocholí Agües JA (2014) Ant Colony optimisation for resource searching in dynamic P2P grids. International Journal of Bio-Inspired Computation 6(3):153–165

    Google Scholar 

  95. Krynicki K, Jaen J, Mocholi JA (2013) On the performance of ACO-based methods in P2P resource discovery. Appl Soft Comput 13(12):4813–4831

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Computer Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, University Road, Narmak, Tehran, 1684613114, Iran

    Elahe Khatibi & Mohsen Sharifi

Authors
  1. Elahe Khatibi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Mohsen Sharifi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mohsen Sharifi.

Additional information

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Highlights

• We put forth a novel taxonomy for resource discovery mechanisms in pure unstructured Peer-to-Peer systems.

• We thoroughly investigate contributing factors in devising any given resource discovery mechanism from a myriad of perspectives.

• We present a complete evaluation of each proposed class of resource discovery mechanisms.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Khatibi, E., Sharifi, M. Resource discovery mechanisms in pure unstructured peer-to-peer systems: a comprehensive survey. Peer-to-Peer Netw. Appl. 14, 729–746 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12083-020-01027-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12083-020-01027-9

Keywords

Search

Navigation