Format:
XV, 662 S.
,
Ill., Kt.
ISBN:
0122835204
,
0-12-283522-0
Series Statement:
International geophysics series 30
Note:
MAB0014.001: MOP B 19920
,
MAB0014.002: AWI A6-92-0276
,
MAB0014.003: PIK N 455-00-0309
,
Contents:
Preface. -
Acknowledgments. -
1 How the Ocean-Atmosphere System Is Driven. -
1.1 Introduction. -
1.2 The Amount of Energy Received by the Earth. -
1.3 Radiative Equilibrium Models. -
1.4 The Greenhouse Effect. -
1.5 Effects of Convection. -
1.6 Effects of Horizontal Gradients. -
1.7 Variability in Radiative Driving of the Earth. -
2 Transfer of Properties between Atmosphere and Ocean. -
2.1 Introduction. -
2.2 Contrasts in Properties of Ocean and Atmosphere. -
2.3 Momentum Transfer between Air and Sea, and the Atmosphere's Angular Momentum Balance. -
2.4 Dependence of Exchange Rates on Air-Sea Velocity, Temperature, and Humidity Differences. -
2.5 The Hydrological Cycle. -
2.6 The Heat Balance of the Ocean. -
2.7 Surface Density Changes and the Thermohaline Circulation of the Ocean. -
3 Properties of a Fluid at Rest. -
3.1 The Equation of State. -
3.2 Thermodynamic Variables. -
3.3 Values of Thermodynamic Quantities for the Ocean and Atmosphere. -
3.4 Phase Changes. -
3.5 Balance of Forces in a Fluid at Rest. -
3.6 Static Stability. -
3.7 Quantities Associated with Stability. -
3.8 Stability of a Saturated Atmosphere. -
3.9 Graphical Representation of Vertical Soundings. -
4 Equations Satisfied by a Moving Fluid. -
4.1 Properties of a Material Element. -
4.2 Mass Conservation Equation. -
4.3 Balance for a Scalar Quantity like Salinity. -
4.4 The Internal Energy (or Heat) Equation. -
4.5 The Equation of Motion. -
4.6 Mechanical Energy Equation. -
4.7 Total Energy Equation. -
4.8 Bernoulli's Equation. -
4.9 Systematic Effects of Diffusion. -
4.10 Summary List of the Governing Equations. -
4.11 Boundary Conditions. -
4.12 A Coordinate System for Planetary Scale Motions. -
5 Adjustment under Gravity in a Nonrotating System. -
5.1 Introduction: Adjustment to Equilibrium. -
5.2 Perturbations from the Rest State for a Homogenous Inviscid Fluid. -
5.3 Surface Gravity Waves. -
5.4 Dispersion. -
5.5 Short-Wave and Long-Wave Approximations. -
5.6 Shallow-Water Equations Derived Using the Hydrostatic Approximation. -
5.7 Energetics of Shallow-Water Motion. -
5.8 Seiches and Tides in Channels and Gulfs. -
6 Adjustment under Gravity of a Density-Stratified Fluid. -
6.1 Introduction. -
6.2 The Case of Two Superposed Fluids of Different Density. -
6.3 The Baroclinic Mode and the Rigid Lid Approximation. -
6.4 Adjustments within a Continuously Stratified Incompressible Fluid. -
6.5 Internal Gravity Waves. -
6.6 Dispersion Effects. -
6.7 Energetics of internal waves. -
6.8 Internal Waves Generated at a Horizontal Boundary. -
6.9 Effects on Boundary-Generated Waves of Variations of Buoyancy Frequency with Height. -
6.10 Free Waves in the Presence of Boundaries. -
6.11 Waves of Large Horizontal Scale: Normal Modes. -
6.12 An Example of Adjustment to Equilibrium in a Stratified Fluid. -
6.13 Resolution into Normal Modes for the Ocean. -
6.14 Adjustment to Equilibrium in a Stratified Compressible Fluid. -
6.15 Examples of Adjustment in a Compressible Atmosphere. -
6.16 Weak Dispersion of a Pulse. -
6.17 Isobaric Coordinates. -
6.18 The Vertically Integrated Perturbation Energy Equation in Isobaric Coordinates. -
7 Effects of Rotation. -
7.1 Introduction. -
7.2 The Rossby Adjustment Problem. -
7.3 The Transients. -
7.4 Applicability, to the Rotating Earth. -
7.5 The Rossby Radius of Deformation. -
7.6 The Geostrophic Balance. -
7.7 Relative Geostrophic Currents: The Thermal Wind. -
7.8 Available Potential Energy. -
7.9 Circulation and Vorticity. -
7.10 Conservation of Potential Vorticity for a Shallow Homogeneous Layer. -
7.11 Circulation in a Stratified Fluid and Ertel's Potential Vorticity. -
7.12 Perturbation Forms of the Vorticity Equations in a Uniformly Rotating Fluid. -
7.13 Initialization of Fields for Numerical Prediction Schemes. -
8 Gravity Waves in a Rotating Fluid. -
8.1 Introduction. -
8.2 Effect of Rotation on Surface Gravity Waves: Poincare Waves. -
8.3 Dispersion Properties and Energetics of Poincare Waves. -
8.4 Vertically Propagating Internal Waves in a Rotating Fluid. -
8.5 Polarization Relations. -
8.6 Energetics. -
8.7 Waves Generated at a Horizontal Boundary. -
8.8 Mountain Waves. -
8.9 Effects of Variation of Properties with Height. -
8.10 Finite-Amplitude Topographic Effects. -
8.11 Dissipative Effects in the Upper Atmosphere. -
8.12 The Liouville-Green or WKBJ Approximation. -
8.13 Wave Interactions. -
8.14 The Internal Wave Spectrum in the Ocean. -
8.15 Wave Transport and Effects on the Mean Flow. -
8.16 Quasi-geostrophic Flow (f Plane): The Isallobaric Wind. -
9 Forced Motion. -
9.1 Introduction. -
9.2 Forcing Due to Surface Stress: Ekman Transport. -
9.3 Wind-Generated Inertial Oscillations in the Ocean Mixed Layer. -
9.4 Ekman Pumping. -
9.5 Bottom Friction: Velocity Structure of the Boundary Layer. -
9.6 The Laminar Ekman Layer. -
9.7 The Nocturnal Jet. -
9.8 Tide-Producing Forces. -
9.9 Effect of Atmospheric Pressure Variations and Wind on Barotropic Motion in the Sea: The Forced Shallow-Water Equation. -
9.10 Baroclinic Response of the Ocean to Wind Forcing: Use of Normal Modes. -
9.11 Response of the Ocean to a Moving Storm or Hurricane. -
9.12 Spin-Down by Bottom Friction. -
9.13 Buoyancy Forcing. -
9.14 Response to Stationary Forcing: A Barotropic Example. -
9.15 A Forced Baroclinic Vortex. -
9.16 Equilibration through Dissipative Effects. -
10 Effects of Side Boundaries. -
10.1 Introduction. -
10.2 Effects of Rotation on Seiches and Tides in Narrow Channels and Gulfs. -
10.3 Poincare Waves in a Uniform Channel of Arbitrary Width. -
10.4 Kelvin Waves. -
10.5 The Full Set of Modes for an Infinite Channel of Uniform Width. -
10.6 End Effects: Seiches and Tides in a Gulf That Is Not Narrow. -
10.7 Adjustment to Equilibrium in a Channel. -
10.8 Tides. -
10.9 Storm Surges on an Open Coastline: The Local Solution. -
10.10 Surges Moving along the Coast: Forced Kelvin Waves. -
10.11 Coastal Upwelling. -
10.12 Continental Shelf Waves. -
10.13 Coastally Trapped Waves. -
10.14 Eastern Boundary Currents. -
11. The Tropics. -
11.1 Introduction. -
11.2 Effects of Earth's Curvature: Shallow-Water Equations on the Sphere. -
11.3 Potential Vorticity for a Shallow Homogeneous Layer. -
11.4 The Equatorial Beta Plane. -
11.5 The Equatorial Kelvin Wave. -
11.6 Other Equatorially Trapped Waves. -
11.7 The Equatorial Waveguide: Gravity Waves. -
11.8 Planetary Waves and Quasi-geostrophic Motion. -
11.9 Baroclinic Motion near the Equator. -
11.10 Vertically Propagating Equatorial Waves. -
11.11 Adjustment under Gravity near the Equator. -
11.12 Transient Forced Motion. -
11.13 Potential Vorticity for Baroclinic Motion: The Steady Limit. -
11.14 Steady Forced Motion. -
11.15 The Tropical Circulation of the Atmosphere. -
11.16 Tropical Ocean Currents. -
12 Mid-latitudes. -
12.1 Introduction. -
12.2 The Mid-latitude Beta Plane. -
12.3 Planetary Waves. -
12.4 Spin-Up of the Ocean by an Applied Wind Stress. -
12.5 Steady Ocean Circulation. -
12.6 Western Boundary Currents. -
12.7 Vertical Propagation of Planetary Waves in a Medium at Rest. -
12.8 Nonlinear Quasi-geostrophic Flow in Three Dimensions. -
12.9 Small Disturbances on a Zonal Flow Varying with Latitude and Height. -
12.10 Deductions about Vertical Motion from the Quasi-geostrophic Equations. -
13 Instabilities, Fronts, and the General Circulation. -
13.1 Introduction. -
13.2 Free Waves in the Presence of a Horizontal Temperature Gradient. -
13.3 Baroclinic Instability: The Eady Problem. -
13.4 Baroclinic Instability: The Charney Problem. -
13.5 Necessary Conditions for Instability. -
13.6 Barotropic Instability. -
13.7 Eddies in the Ocean. -
13.8 Fronts. -
13.9 The Life Cycle of a Baroclinic Disturbance. -
13.10 General Circulation of the Atmosphere. -
Appendix One Units and Their SI Equivalents. -
Appendix Two Useful
In:
International geophysics series, Vol. 30
Language:
English
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