Kooperativer Bibliotheksverbund

UID:

Umfang: 341 Seiten : , Illustrationen.

ISBN: 3-525-61322-9

Serie: Analysen und Projekte zum Religionsunterricht 20

Inhalt: A collection of texts originally compiled for instructional purposes in the German 'Gymnasium' or high school.

Sprache: Deutsch

Fachgebiete: Theologie/Religionswissenschaften

Schlagwort(e): Theologie der Befreiung ; Lehrmittel ; Theologie der Befreiung ; Quelle ; Schulbuch ; Schulbuch

UID:

Umfang: XIV, 173 S.

Ausgabe: 1. publ.

ISBN: 1-85293-048-9

Anmerkung: Zugl.: Oslo, Univ., Diss., 1986

Sprache: Englisch

Fachgebiete: Wirtschaftswissenschaften

Schlagwort(e): Internationaler Umweltschutz ; Umweltpolitik ; Umweltschutz ; Hochschulschrift ; Hochschulschrift

UID:

Umfang: X, 694 S. : , Ill., graph. Darst., Kt.

ISBN: 3-510-65137-5

Sprache: Englisch

Schlagwort(e): Konferenzschrift

URL: Inhaltsverzeichnis  (lizenzfrei)

UID:

Umfang: XI, 391 S. , Ill., graph. Darst., Kt.

Ausgabe: 1. publ.

ISBN: 0632018038

Serie: Geological Society special publication 40

Inhalt: Lacustrine Petroleum Source Rocks is a collection of papers arising from a meeting held at the Geology Society, London, in September 1985. The meeting was organized by the IGCP Project 219, ‘Comparative lacustrine sedimentology in space and time’, and the Petroleum Group of the Geological Society. Organic-rich lacustrine sediments, potential sources of oil and/or gas, represent a group of lacustrine sediments whose interpretation is not only intellectually challenging but whose subsurface prediction, in terms of location, nature and lateral variation, is economically important. The papers in this volume represent an attempt to bring together synthesized concepts, techniques and real examples in order to provide ideas for both interpretation and prediction. Petroleum source rocks deposited in lakes have come more into focus over recent years as petroleum exploration has shifted to new areas and as more detailed analysis of known petroleum provinces has become an exploration necessity. New areas include the multifarious basins of onshore China, for instance as described in this volume by Fu Jiamo et al., Brassell et al., Wang Tieguan et al. and Luo Binjie et al, and the rift basins of Africa (e.g. Sudan: Schull 1984; Frostick et al. 1986). Lacustrine sources of petroleum must also be accounted for in some established petroleum provinces ranging from passive margin sequences, such as offshore Gabon (e.g. Brice et al. 1980), to the North Sea (e.g. Duncan & Hamilton, this volume). Lacustrine source rocks are often unsampled, being among the first deposits of a syn-rift sequence, in which case evidence for...

Anmerkung: A. J. Fleet, K. Kelts, and M. R. Talbot: Introduction / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 40:vii-x, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.040.01.01 --- Part I Tectonic, Geological, Geochemical and Biological Framework --- K. Kelts: Environments of deposition of lacustrine petroleum source rocks: an introduction / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 40:3-26, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.040.01.02 --- J. F. Talling: Modern phytoplankton production in African lakes / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 40:27-28, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.040.01.03 --- M. R. Talbot: The origins of lacustrine oil source rocks: evidence from the lakes of tropical Africa / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 40:29-43, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.040.01.04 --- P. De Deckker: Large Australian lakes during the last 20 million years: sites for petroleum source rock or metal ore deposition, or both? / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 40:45-58, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.040.01.05 --- R. S. Oremland, J. E. Cloern, R. L. Smith, C. W. Culbertson, J. Zehr, L. Miller, B. Cole, R. Harvey, Z. Sofer, N. Iversen, M. Klug, D. J. Des Marais, and G. Rau: Microbial and biogeochemical processes in Big Soda Lake, Nevada / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 40:59-75, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.040.01.06 --- C. P. Summerhayes: Predicting palaeoclimates / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 40:77-78, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.040.01.07 --- Part II Palaeoenvironmental Indicators --- B. J. Katz: Clastic and carbonate lacustrine systems: an organic geochemical comparison (Green River Formation and East African lake sediments) / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 40:81-90, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.040.01.08 --- M. Vandenbroucke and F. Behar: Geochemical characterization of the organic matter from some recent sediments by a pyrolysis technique / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 40:91-101, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.040.01.09 --- J. K. Volkman: Biological marker compounds as indicators of the depositional environments of petroleum source rocks / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 40:103-122, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.040.01.10 --- H. L. ten Haven, J. W. de Leeuw, J. S. Sinninghe Damsté, P. A. Schenck, S. E. Palmer, and J. E. Zumberge: Application of biological markers in the recognition of palaeohypersaline environments / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 40:123-130, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.040.01.11 --- W. Davison: Interactions of iron, carbon and sulphur in marine and lacustrine sediments / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 40:131-137, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.040.01.12 --- R. F. Yuretich: Possible relationships of stratigraphy and clay mineralogy to source rock potential in lacustrine sequences / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 40:139-151, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.040.01.13 --- B. Bahrig: Palaeo-environment information from deep water siderite (Lake of Laach, West Germany) / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 40:153-158, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.040.01.14 --- Jiang De-xin: Spores and pollen in oils as indicators of lacustrine source rocks / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 40:159-169, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.040.01.15 --- Part III Case Studies --- A. D. Duncan and R. F. M. Hamilton: Palaeolimnology and organic geochemistry of the Middle Devonian in the Orcadian Basin / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 40:173-201, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.040.01.16 --- S. J. Hillier and J. E. A. Marshall: Hydrocarbon source rocks, thermal maturity and burial history of the Orcadian Basin, Scotland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 40:203, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.040.01.17 --- J. Parnell: Significance of lacustrine cherts for the environment of source-rock deposition in the Orcadian Basin, Scotland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 40:205-217, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.040.01.18 --- G. W. F. Loftus and J. T. Greensmith: The lacustrine Burdiehouse Limestone Formation—a key to the deposition of the Dinantian Oil Shales of Scotland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 40:219-234, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.040.01.19 --- J. Parnell: Lacustrine petroleum source rocks in the Dinantian Oil Shale Group, Scotland: a review / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 40:235-246, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.040.01.20 --- P. J. W. Gore: Lacustrine sequences in an early Mesozoic rift basin: Culpeper Basin, Virginia, USA / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 40:247-278, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.040.01.21 --- Fu Jiamo, Sheng Guoying, and Liu Dehan: Organic geochemical characteristics of major types of terrestrial petroleum source rocks in China / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 40:279-289, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.040.01.22 --- Luo Binjie, Yang Xinghua, Lin Hejie, and Zheng Guodong: Characteristics of Mesozoic and Cenozoic non-marine source rocks in north-west China / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 40:291-298, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.040.01.23 --- S. C. Brassell, G. Eglinton, Guoying Sheng, and Jiamo Fu: Biological markers in lacustrine Chinese oil shales / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 40:299-308, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.040.01.24 --- Wang Tieguan, Fan Pu, and F. M. Swain: Geochemical characteristics of crude oils and source beds in different continental facies of four oil-bearing basins, China / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 40:309-325, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.040.01.25 --- D. M. McKirdy, R. E. Cox, and J. G. G. Morton: Biological marker, isotopic and geological studies of lacustrine crude oils in the western Otway Basin, South Australia / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 40:327, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.040.01.26 --- A. C. Hutton: The lacustrine Condor oil shale sequence / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 40:329-340, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.040.01.27 --- M. R. Gibling: Cenozoic lacustrine basins of South-east Asia, their tectonic setting, depositional environment and hydrocarbon potential / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 40:341-351, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.040.01.28 --- P. Anadón, L. Cabrera, and R. Julià: Anoxic-oxic cyclical lacustrine sedimentation in the Miocene Rubielos de Mora Basin, Spain / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 40:353-367, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.040.01.29 --- R. Crossley and B. Owen: Sand turbidites and organic-rich diatomaceous muds from Lake Malawi, Central Africa / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 40:369-374, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1988.040.01.30

In: Geological Society special publication

Sprache: Englisch

URL: http://sp.lyellcollection.org/content/40/1

UID:

Umfang: 129 Seiten , Illustrationen, Karten

Ausgabe: Reprinted 1989

ISBN: 0886290562 , 0-88629-56-2

Serie: A Carleton contemporary 10

Anmerkung: CONTENTS PREFACE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS AN INTRODUCTORY NOTE CHAPTER 1 THE CHALLENGE Oil and gas pipelines: early development Pipelines for cold regions Pipelines and the public interest Where does the "North" begin? The freezing of soils Permafrost CHAPTER 2 THE TERRAIN IN COLD REGIONS Patterned ground Solifluction and other soil movements on slopes Ice-wedge polygons, pingoes and palsar Other ice in the ground and thermokarst The climate of the ground CHAPTER 3 A BRIEF HISTORY OF GEOTECHNICAL ACTIVITIES AND ASSOCIATED SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN THE NORTH The passive, or pre-technological approach Post-war Northern development and the geotechnical approach up to 1960 Pressure The scientific approach What happens when soils freeze? Conservation and concern for the natural environment CHAPTER 4 THE TRANS-ALASKA PIPELINE The first big pipeline on permafrost Permafrost and earthquakes Terrain conditions and site investigations The pipeline and hydrological conditions Solutions to the problems The completed pipeline CHAPTER 5 THE GAS PIPELINES AND THE FROST HEAVE PROBLEM The Mackenzie Valley pipeline Frost heave and the cold pipeline Origin of the heaving pressure Frost heave and the shut-off pressure Measuring the movement of water through frozen ground A difference of opinion A change of plans CHAPTER 6 THE ALASKA HIGHWAY PIPELINE The approved pipeline Some general problems applying to gas pipelines Creeping soils, rivers, and glacier-dammed lakes The Alaska Highway Pipeline and the frost heave problem Another change of plans CHAPTER 7 MORE PIPELINES, MORE SCIENCE AND MORE POLITICS Russian pipelines The Norman Wells oil pipeline Applied science carried out by a company A pipeline bent in France International science More mega projects CHAPTER 8 FREEZING GROUND, SCIENCE AND SOCIETY Pipelines in cold places: the future A new problem or an old one? A scientific challenge neglected Who is responsible? The unanswered questions Conclusion

Sprache: Englisch

Fachgebiete: Geographie

Schlagwort(e): Lehrbuch

UID:

Umfang: IX, 302 Seiten , Illustrationen, graphische Darstellungen, Karten

ISBN: 0-216-91726-3 , 0-412-00841-6

Anmerkung: 1 Introduction J.R. Ashworth 1.1 Scope of the book 1.2 Definitions 1.3 Migmatites and granites 1.4 Melt-absent migmatization 1.5 Compositions of anatectic leucosomes 1.6 Textures and structures as possible indicators of melt presence 1.7 Estimation of P-T-aₕ₂ₒ conditions 1.8 The Granulite Facies 1.9 Mineral compositions in leucosome and melanosome: the plagioclase problem 1.10 Open and closed systems 1.11 Conclusions References 2 The significance of experimental studies for the formation of migmatites W. Johannes 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Experimental studies in the haplogranite system Qz-Or-Ab-H₂O 2.3 Experimental studies in the tonalite system Qz-Ab-An-H₂O 2.4 Experimental studies in the granite system Qz-Or-Ab-An-H₂O 2.5 Plagioclase compositions: observations in nature, experimental findings and conclusions 2.6 Suggestions for future research References 3 Phase equilibria in partial melting of pelitic rocks James A. Grant 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Subsolidus phase equilibria and experimental data 3.3 Partial melting 3.4 Melting at Pₕ₂ₒ = Pₜₒₜₐₗ 3.5 Melting at Pₕ₂ₒ 〈 Pₜₒₜₐₗ 3.6 Vapour-absent melting 3.7 Internal and external control of intensive variables 3.8 Paths through time and space 3.9 Separation of solid, liquid and vapour 3.10 Summary liquidus relations 3.11 Conclusions References 4 Mass balance in migmatites Sakiko N. Olsen 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Baltimore Gneiss and Front Range migmatites 4.3 Mass-balance calculations: methods and assumptions 4.4 Mass-balance calculations: results 4.5 Littleton Formation migmatites 4.6 Discussion References 5 Textures J.R. Ashworth and E.L. McLellan 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Grain size 5.3 Textures attributed to crystallization from a melt 5.4 Grain shape 5.5 Grain orientation (petrofabric) 5.6 Grain contact relations 5.7 Conclusions References 6 Migmatite occurrences in New England Robert J. Tracy 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Tectonic evolution of New England 6.3 Grenville massifs of western New England 6.4 Ordovician migmatites in the western high grade belt 6.5 Migmatites of the eastern Acadian metamorphic high 6.6 Avalonian terrains overprinted in the Alleghenian 6.7 Summary References 7 Migmatites in the Moines David Barr 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Early migmatites 7.3 Late migmatites 7.4 Sutherland migmatites 7.5 Conclusions References 8 Fluid inclusions in migmatites J. Touret and Sakiko N. Olsen 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Fluid inclusions in migmatites of Bamble, Norway 8.3 Fluid inclusions in the Front Range migmatites

Sprache: Englisch

Fachgebiete: Geographie

Schlagwort(e): Lehrbuch

URL: Table of Contents

UID:

Umfang: X, 437 Seiten , Illustrationen

Ausgabe: second edition

ISBN: 0133513963

Anmerkung: MAB0014.001: AWI G6-95-0095 , Contents Preface 1 The Hydrologic Cycle Composition of Rainwater Hydrology Nonmeteoric Types of Water Chemical Terms in Hydrology Suggested Reading 2 Chemical Background Units and Terminology Equilibrium Thermodynamics Activity-Concentration Relationships Diffusion Review Questions Suggested Reading 3 Organic Compounds in Natural Waters Structure of Natural Organic Solutes Functional Groups Humic Substances DOC in Natural Environments Review Question Suggested Reading 4 The Carbonate System and pH Control Carbonic Acid System Alkalinity and Titration Curves Calcium Carbonate Solubility Dolomite High-Magnesium Calcite Ground and Surface Waters in Carbonate Terrains Carbonate Chemistry in the Oceans Acid Waters Review Questions Suggested Reading 5 Clay Minerals and Ion Exchange Mineralogy and Composition Colloid Properties Retardation of Pollutant Cations in Ground water Review Questions Suggested Reading 6 Stability Relationships and Silicate Equilibria Solubility Equilibria (Congruent Solution) Incongruent Solution and Stability Diagrams Uncertainty in Mineral Stability Diagrams Graphical Derivation of the Topology of Stability Diagrams Review Questions Suggested Reading 7 Kinetics Nucleation Dissolution and Growth Dissolution of Calcite in Sea water Growth of Calcite and Aragonite in Sea water Dissolution of Silicates Review Questions Suggested Reading 8 Weathering and Water Chemistry: 1. Principles Soil Formation The Mass-Balance Approach The Thermodynamic Approach The Statistical Approach Review Questions Suggested Reading 9 Weathering and Water Chemistry: 2. Examples Amazon River System Mackenzie River System, Canada Cascade Mountains, Washington Rio Tanama System, Puerto Rico Absaroka Mountains, Wyoming Adirondack Mountains, New York Mattole River, California Waters from Ultramafic Rocks Rhine River Soil Solutions in Volcanic Ash Summary Review Topic Suggested Reading 10 Acid Deposition and Surface Water Chemistry Acidity and Alkalinity Solubility of Aluminum Cation Exchange Anion Mobility and Anion Exchange Biological Processes Chemical Weathering Integrated Models Environmental Effects Review Questions Suggested Reading 11 Evaporation and Saline Waters Evaporation of Sierra Nevada Spring Water Chemical Divides and the Hardie-Eugster Model Modifications of the Hardie-Eugster Model Examples Evaporation of Seawater Saline Formation Waters Summary Review Questions Suggested Reading 12 The Oceans Circulation Composition of Sea water Removal Processes for the Major Species Suggested Reading 13 Redox Equilibria The Standard Hydrogen Electrode and Thermodynamic Conventions Measurement of Eh pe-pH and Eh-pH Diagrams Partial Pressure or Fugacity-Fugacity Diagrams Review Questions Suggested Reading 14 Redox Conditions in Natural Waters Photosynthesis Respiration and Decay Redox Buffering Lakes The Ocean Groundwater Summary Review Questions Suggested Reading 15 Trace Elements Sources of Trace Elements Speciation, Equilibrium Solubility Control Adsorption and Coprecipitation Controls Uptake by Living Organisms Summary Review Question Suggested Reading 16 Mathematical and Numerical Models Speciation and Saturation Programs Reactions in a Uniform, Nonadvecting Medium Reactions in a Nonuniform and/ or Advecting Medium Suggested Reading 17 Isotopes Stable Isotopes Radioactive Isotopes Suggested Reading References Glossary of Geological Terms APPENDIXES I Standard-State Thermodynamic Data for Some Common Species II Selected Values for Equilibrium Constants at 298.15K (25°C) and Standard Enthalpies of Reaction Ill Table of Atomic Weights Answers to Problems Author Index Subject Index

Sprache: Englisch

Schlagwort(e): Lehrbuch

URL: http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/exlibris/aleph/a22_1/apache_media/CI62FBQTH6M7I7SEM6V4S43V5CP1VT.pdf

UID:

Umfang: XIV, 568 S. , Ill., graph. Darst., Kt.

ISBN: 0632016167

Serie: Geological Society special publication 30

Inhalt: Alkaline igneous rocks may be defined as those which have higher concentrations of alkalis than can be accommodated in feldspars alone, the excess appearing as feldspathoids, sodic pyroxenes, sodic amphiboles and other alkali-rich phases. These rocks are, therefore, deficient in silica and/or alumina with respect to alkalis and will have nepheline and/or acmite in their norms. In practice the term ‘alkaline’ is used to encompass a wide range of igneous rocks, not all of which conform to this rigid definition. Carbonatites, for example, are certainly silica-deficient but are rarely alkali-rich. True (nepheline-normative) alkali basalts grade into hypersthene-normative transitional basalts without any obvious change in mineralogy. Since transitional basalts are often closely associated with alkali basalts in the field, they are traditionally regarded as alkaline. It is now usual practice to define alkaline igneous rocks simply in terms of their alkali (Na2O + K2O) and silica contents (see, for example, Le Bas et al. 1986). We have not attempted to review the classification of alkaline igneous rocks in this volume as this has been dealt with elsewhere (e.g. Sørensen 1974; Streckeisen 1967, 1980). The only alkaline rocks not covered in previous reviews are those hydrous mafic to ultramafic hypabyssal rocks known as the lamprophyres. The present volume includes three papers on this group. A comprehensive overview of lamprophyres is given by Rock and of the sub-group of lamproites by Bergman. The relationship between lamproites and kimberlites (which arguably belong to the lamprophyres) is discussed by Dawson.

Anmerkung: J. G. Fitton and B. G. J. Upton: Introduction / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 30:ix-xiv, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.030.01.01 --- D. K. Bailey: Mantle metasomatism—perspective and prospect / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 30:1-13, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.030.01.02 --- Martin Menzies: Alkaline rocks and their inclusions: a window on the Earth’s interior / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 30:15-27, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.030.01.03 --- A. D. Edgar: The genesis of alkaline magmas with emphasis on their source regions: inferences from experimental studies / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 30:29-52, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.030.01.04 --- M. J. Le Bas: Nephelinites and carbonatites / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 30:53-83, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.030.01.05 --- James D. Twyman and John Gittins: Alkalic carbonatite magmas: parental or derivative? / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 30:85-94, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.030.01.06 --- J. B. Dawson: The kimberlite clan: relationship with olivine and leucite lamproites, and inferences for upper-mantle metasomatism / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 30:95-101, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.030.01.07 --- Steven C. Bergman: Lamproites and other potassium-rich igneous rocks: a review of their occurrence, mineralogy and geochemistry / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 30:103-190, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.030.01.08 --- Nicholas M.S. Rock: The nature and origin of lamprophyres: an overview / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 30:191-226, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.030.01.09 --- David A. Clague: Hawaiian alkaline volcanism / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 30:227-252, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.030.01.10 --- Barry L. Weaver, David A. Wood, John Tarney, and Jean Louis Joron: Geochemistry of ocean island basalts from the South Atlantic: Ascension, Bouvet, St. Helena, Gough and Tristan da Cunha / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 30:253-267, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.030.01.11 --- Chris Harris and Simon M.F. Sheppard: Magma and fluid evolution in the lavas and associated granite xenoliths of Ascension Island / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 30:269-272, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.030.01.12 --- J. G. Fitton: The Cameroon line, West Africa: a comparison between oceanic and continental alkaline volcanism / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 30:273-291, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.030.01.13 --- B.H. Baker: Outline of the petrology of the Kenya rift alkaline province / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 30:293-311, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.030.01.14 --- R. Macdonald: Quaternary peralkaline silicic rocks and caldera volcanoes of Kenya / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 30:313-333, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.030.01.15 --- A. R. Woolley and G. C. Jones: The petrochemistry of the northern part of the Chilwa alkaline province, Malawi / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 30:335-355, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.030.01.16 --- P. Bowden, R. Black, R. F. Martin, E. C. Ike, J. A. Kinnaird, and R. A. Batchelor: Niger-Nigerian alkaline ring complexes: a classic example of African Phanerozoic anorogenic mid-plate magmatism / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 30:357-379, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.030.01.17 --- J. P. Liégeois and R. Black: Alkaline magmatism subsequent to collision in the Pan-African belt of the Adrar des Iforas (Mali) / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 30:381-401, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.030.01.18 --- C. J. N. Fletcher and B. Beddoe-Stephens: The petrology, chemistry and crystallization history of the Velasco alkaline province, eastern Bolivia / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 30:403-413, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.030.01.19 --- Daniel S. Barker: Tertiary alkaline magmatism in Trans-Pecos Texas / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 30:415-431, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.030.01.20 --- G. Nelson Eby: The Monteregian Hills and White Mountain alkaline igneous provinces, eastern North America / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 30:433-447, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.030.01.21 --- B.G.J. Upton and C.H. Emeleus: Mid-Proterozoic alkaline magmatism in southern Greenland: the Gardar province / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 30:449-471, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.030.01.22 --- Lotte Melchior Larsen and Henning Sørensen: The Ilímaussaq intrusion—progressive crystallization and formation of layering in an agpaitic magma / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 30:473-488, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.030.01.23 --- T. F. D. Nielsen: Tertiary alkaline magmatism in East Greenland: a review / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 30:489-515, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.030.01.24 --- Hilary Downes: Tertiary and Quaternary volcanism in the Massif Central, France / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 30:517-530, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.030.01.25 --- L. N. Kogarko: Alkaline rocks of the eastern part of the Baltic Shield (Kola Peninsula) / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 30:531-544, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.030.01.26

In: Geological Society special publication

Sprache: Englisch

URL: http://sp.lyellcollection.org/content/30/1

UID:

Umfang: XVI, 306 Seiten , Illustrationen

Ausgabe: First published 1989, Re-issued in this digitally printed version 2008

ISBN: 0521424234 , 978-0-521-42423-3 , 9780521424233

Serie: Studies in polar research

Inhalt: This book describes the effects of cold climates on the surface of the earth. Using scientific principles, the authors describe the evolution of ground thermal conditions and the origin of natural features such as frost heave, solifluction, slope instabilities, patterned ground, pingos and ice wedges. The thermodynamic conditions accompanying the freezing of water in porous materials are examined and their fundamental role in the ice segregation and frost heave processes is demonstrated in a clear and simple manner. This book concentrates on the analysis of the causes and effects of frozen ground phenomena, rather than on the description of the natural features characteristic of freezing or thawing ground. Its scientific approach provides a basis for geotechnical analyses such as those essential to resource development.

Anmerkung: MAB0014.001: AWI G3-92-0286 , Contents: Symbols. - Preface. - Acknowledgements. - 1 PERIGLACIAL CONDITIONS. - 1.1 The significance of freezing in soils and rocks. - 1.2 Freezing and thawing in porous materials. - 1.3 Climate and ground freezing. - 1.3.1 Permafrost. - 1.3.2 Ephemeral freezing. - 1.4 Characteristics of permafrost. - 1.5 Manifestations of freezing and thawing of the ground. - 2 MORPHOLOGY OF PERMAFROST AND SEASONALLY FROZEN GROUND. - 2.1 Frozen ground as a geological material. - 2.2 Ice in the ground. - 2.2.1 Excess ice. - 2.2.2 Frost-heave ice: segregation ice. - 2.2.3 Intrusive ice; ice wedge ice, and other forms. - 2.2.4 Ice of external origin: buried glacier, snow, lake and river ice; icings. - 2.2.5 Age of ice in permafrost. - 2.2.6 Distribution of ground ice. - 2.2.7 Submarine frozen ground. - 2.2.8 Micromorphology of freezing soils. - 2.2.9 Pedology and soil freezing. - 2.3 Gas hydrates (clathrates). - 2.4 World distribution of permafrost. - 2.4.1 Land permafrost. - 2.4.2 Submarine distribution. - 2.5 Seasonal freezing. - 3 CLIMATE AND FROZEN GROUND. - 3.1 Introduction. - 3.2 Seasonal frost and permafrost. - 3.3 Climate and permafrost distribution. - 3.4 The importance of microclimates. - 3.5 The surface energy balance. - 3.5.1 The nature of surface interactions. - 3.5.2 A buffer layer model. - 3.5.3 Effects of surface changes. - 3.6 Possible effects of climatic change. - 3.7 Summary. - 4 THE GROUND THERMAL REGIME. - 4.1 Introduction. - 4.2 Heat flow in the ground. - 4.2.1 The heat conduction equation. - 4.3 Thermal properties. - 4.3.1 Thermal conductivity. - 4.3.2 Heat capacity. - 4.3.3 Thermal diffusivity. - 4.4 Ground thermal conditions. - 4.4.1 Geothermal heat flow and permafrost thickness. - 4.4.2 Effects of climatic change. - 4.4.3 Seasonal temperature variations. - 4.5 Lateral variations in ground temperatures. - 4.5.1 Influence of water bodies. - 4.6 Summary. - 5 THE FORMS OF THE GROUND SURFACE 1: SLOPES AND SUBSIDENCES. - 5.1 Freezing and thawing and displacements of the ground. - 5.2 Instability of soil on slopes: overview. - 5.3 The mystery of solifluction. - 5.3.1 Origin of small movements. - 5.3.2 Creep in the frozen state. - 5.4 Rock glaciers. - 5.5 Effects of thawing: landslides and slumps. - 5.5.1 Loss of cohesive strength. - 5.5.2 Soil consolation and strength during thaw. - 5.5.3 Thermokarst. - 5.6 The extent and variety of movements on slopes. - 6 THE FORMS OF THE GROUND SURFACE 2: STRUCTURES AND MICROTOPOGRAPHY OF LEVEL GROUND. - 6.1 Surface characteristics. - 6.2 Features characterised by accumulation of ice. - 6.2.1 Pingos. - 6.2.2 Palsa. - 6.2.3 Hydrolaccoliths. - 6.3 Differential freeze-thaw effects. - 6.3.1 Uplift of stones. - 6.3.2 Soil hummocks. - 6.3.3 Earth circles. - 6.3.4 Stone polygons and rings. - 6.4 Thermal contraction and cracking. - 6.4.1 Soil and ice wedges. - 7 THERMODYNAMIC BEHAVIOUR OF FROZEN SOILS. - 7.1 Soil: A porous system. - 7.1.1 'Freezing points' and latent heat. - 7.1.2 Proportions of ice and water. - 7.1.3 Water contents and thermal properties. - 7.2 Energy status, or potential, of soil water. - 7.2.1 Freezing point depression, potential, and free energy. - 7.2.2 Potential of water in freezing soils. - 7.3 Pressure and temperature relations. - 7.4 Origin of frost heave and frost heave pressures. - 7.5 Permeability of frozen soils. - 7.6 Frost heave as a thermodynamic-rheologic process. - 8 HYDROLOGY OF FROZEN GROUND. - 8.1 Introduction. - 8.2 Surface hydrology. - 8.2.1 Bank stability in permafrost regions. - 8.3 Groundwater. - 8.3.1 Icings and frost blisters. - 8.3.2 Water supply. - 8.4 Hydrodynamics of frozen ground. - 8.4.1 Unfrozen water content. - 8.4.2 Gradients of water potential due to freezing temperatures. - 8.4.3 Moisture transfer mechanisms. - 8.4.4 Moisture transport in saturated soils. - 8.4.5 Moisture transport in unsaturated soils. - 8.5 Ice segregation and frost heaving. - 8.5.1 Coupled heat and moisture flow at freezing temperatures. - 8.5.2 The hydrodynamic model. - 8.5.3 The rigid ice model. - 8.5.4 Extreme forms of ice segregation. - 8.6 Seasonal hydrodynamics in permafrost. - 8.6.1 Water migration beyond the fringe. - 8.6.2 Development of aggradational ice. - 9 THE MECHANICS OF FROZEN GROUND. - 9.1 Introduction. - 9.2 The frozen soil system. - 9.2.1 Properties of the ice. - 9.2.2 The strength of soils. - 9.3 Deformation of frozen ground. - 9.3.1 Characteristics of creep. - 9.3.2 The origins of creep. - 9.4 Strength characteristics of frozen soils. - 9.4.1 Rates of strain and processes of deformation. - 9.5 Temperature dependence of creep rate and strength. - 9.6 Effect of soil composition. - 9.6.1 Size of soil particles. - 9.6.2 Ice content. - 9.6.3 Pore water salinity. - 9.7 Effect of normal and confining stresses on strength and deformation. - 9.7.1 Internal, thermodynamically controlled stresses. - 9.8 Field situations. - 9.8.1 Role of temperature and pressure variations. - 10 GEOCRYOLOGY PAST AND FUTURE. - 10.1 Geocryology and geotechnique. - 10.2 Energy exchange and climate instability. - 10.3 Thermodynamic and mechanical properties of frozen ground. - 10.4 Submarine and other extreme conditions for permafrost. - References. - Index.

In: Studies in Polar research

Sprache: Englisch

Schlagwort(e): Lehrbuch

URL: https://external.dandelon.com/download/attachments/dandelon/ids/DE0049CD582CCE3B6A9E0C12577340041027F.pdf

UID:

Umfang: XI, 400 S. : Ill., graph. Darst.

ISBN: 0471921858

Serie: Physical, chemical, and earth sciences research report 8

Anmerkung: MAB0014.001: 91.0560 , MAB0014.002: G 9084 , MAB0014.003: AWI G7-91-0409 , MAB0036: Chichester : Wiley & Sons, 1989. - xi, 400 S. : 5 photogr., 92 fig. and 29 tables , MAB0039: Buch , Table of Contents: The Dahlem Konferenzen / S. Bernhard. - Introduction / H. Oeschger and C. C. Langway, Jr. - Aerosol transport from sources to ice sheets / G. E. Shaw. - Mechanisms of wet and dry deposition of atmospheric contaminants to snow surfaces / C. I. Davidson. - The transformation of snow to ice and the occlusion of gases / J. Schwander. - Environmental records in alpine glaciers / D. Wagenbach. - GROUP REPORT. - How do glaciers record environmental processes and preserve information? / J. W. C. White, P. Brimblecombe, C. Brühl, C. I. Davidson, R. J. Delmas, G. Gravenhorst, K. O. Münnich, S. A. Penkett, U. Schotterer, J. Schwander, G. E. Shaw, D. Wagenbach. - Dating by physical and chemical seasonal variations and reference horizons / C. U. Hammer. - Dating of ice by radioactive isotopes / B. R. Stauffer. - Dating by ice flow modeling: a useful tool or an exercise in applied mathematics? / N. Reeh. - Physical property reference horizons / H. Shoji and C. C. Langway, Jr. - GROUP REPORT. - How can an ice core chronology be established? / W. F. Budd, J. T. Andrews, R. C. Finkel, E. L. Fireman, W. Graf, C. U. Hammer, J. Jouzel, D. P. Raynaud, N. Reeh, H. Shoji, B. R. Stauffer, J. Weertman. - Temporal variations of trace gases in ice cores / M. A. K. Khalil and R. A. Rasmussen. - Trace metals and organic compounds in ice cores / D. A. Peel. - The ionic deposits in polar ice cores / H. B. Clausen and C. C. Langway, Jr. - The impact of observed changes in atmospheric composition on global atmospheric chemistry and climate / P. J. Crutzen and C. Brühl. - GROUP REPORT. - What anthropogenic impacts are recorded in glaciers? / G. I. Pearman, R. J. Charlson, T. Class, H. B. Clausen, P. J. Crutzen, T. Hughes, D. A. Peel, K. A. Rahn, J. Rudolph, U. Siegenthaler, D. S. Zardini. - Past environmental long-term records from the Arctic / W. Dansgaard and H. Oeschger. - Long-term changes in the concentrations of major chemical compounds (soluble and insoluble) along deep ice cores / R. J. Delmas and M. Legrand. - Long-term environmental records from Antarctic ice cores / C. Lorius, G. Raisbeck, J. Jouzel, and D. Raynoud. - Studies of polar ice: insights for atmospheric chemistry / M. B. McElroy. - GROUP REPORT. - Long-term ice core records and global environmental changes / A. D. Hecht, W. Dansgaard, J. A. Eddy, S. J. Johnsen, M. A. Lange, C. C. Langway, Jr., C. Lorius, M. B. McElroy, H. Oeschger, G. Raisbeck, P. Schlosser. - List of participants with fields of research. - Subject index. - Author index.

In: Physical, chemical, and earth sciences research report

Sprache: Englisch