Kooperativer Bibliotheksverbund

UID:

Format: XXXIX, 520 S. : , Ill., graph. Darst., Kt.

ISBN: 0-88318-712-4 , 0-88318-711-6 , 978-0-88318-712-8

Content: "A superb reference." Physics Today "Will become a classic text in climate research. " Physics World "Valuable to anyone who studies, models, or uses the climate of the earth." Walter Robinson, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society "Informative and authoritative on a remarkably wide range of topics." Nature Are we entering a period of global warming? Is weather predictable? Physics of Climate offers you an in-depth description of atmospheric circulation and how environmental phenomena worldwide interact in a single, unified system. This integrated approach unites all the key features of the climate system--oceans, atmosphere, and cryosphere--to explain the structure and behavior of climate over time. Ideal for students and professionals in meteorology, oceanography, geophysics, and physics.

Note: Hier auch später erschienene, unveränderte Nachdrucke

Language: English

Subjects: Physics , Geography

Keywords: Atmosphäre ; Klimatologie ; Physik ; Dynamische Meteorologie ; Klima ; Lehrbuch

URL: Inhaltsverzeichnis

URL: Inhaltsverzeichnis

URL: Inhaltsverzeichnis

UID:

Format: VII, 197 S.

Edition: 1. publ.

ISBN: 0-7456-1211-3 , 0-7456-1212-1

Content: The debate about globalization is increasingly central to both sociology and international politics, but there have been few attempts to consider its implications for the essential frameworks of the disciplines. In this pathbreaking book, Martin Shaw places the concept of global society at the centre of analysis. He argues that this is now the only context in which it makes sense to talk about a society, or in which to discuss problems of 'international relations'. Shaw examines the recent sociological contribution to international relations thinking about the state and offers a broad critique of international relations theory. He claims that, while its issue agenda may have broadened, its conceptual base is still narrow. He argues for a comprehensive introduction of the concept of society into thinking about security, and that global society rather than international society is the relevant framework for understanding world politics

Content: The final section of the book looks at the political perspectives which are entailed by a global society approach. Shaw maintains that classical socialist thinking on war and the international order is outmoded. He puts the case for a new politics of society and international institutions, and concludes with a wide-ranging theory of global state intervention

Language: English

Subjects: Political Science , Sociology

Keywords: Internationale Politik ; Weltgesellschaft

URL: http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=006596910&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA

URL: Inhaltsverzeichnis

URL: http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=006596910&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA

UID:

Format: XIII, 201 S. : Ill., graph. Darst., Kt.

Edition: 1. publ.

ISBN: 0-521-38178-9

Language: English

Subjects: Geography

Keywords: Wetter ; Zyklus ; Wetter ; Klimazyklus ; Periodizität ; Wettervorhersage ; Wettervorhersage ; Wetter ; Zyklus

URL: http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=005459526&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA

UID:

Format: XI, 419 S , graph. Darst., Kt

ISBN: 0792317572

Series Statement: Atmospheric sciences library 16

Content: Verlagsinfo: The monsoon over China is one of the major components of the general circulation on a global basis. Its activity be ars a significant regional implication in East Asia and Southeast Asia. Recently, the remarkable relationship and teleconnection between this part of the monsoon and other regions over the world have been revealed. However, little of the overall picture of monsoons over China is known by meteorologists in English-speaking countries. This monograph provides the first opportunity to extensively introduce this subject and give a comprehensive and systematic description of the major aspects of monsoons over China, with a special emphasis on the fluctuations of the monsoon on various scales and the effects of the Tibetan Plateau on the monsoon. Much highly original material and achievements Chinese and Western meteorologists have made from the past 20 years have been incorporated with a unifying approach. In each chapter, the observational and theoretical (including modelling) treatment will be closely combined in order to fully illustrate the relevent problems. The unique thermal and dynamical effects of the Tibetan Plateau on the monsoon circulation features wh ich are one of the central problems of the Asian monsoon are highlights of this monograph. Researchers in meteorology and weather forecasters should find this book a very useful introduction to monsoons over China, not only for its systematic treatment of the subject, but also because of its considerable historical information. This mono graph is equally suitable for graduates or more advanced students in meteorology, hydrology, and oceanography.

Note: Literaturangaben

Language: English

Keywords: China ; Monsun ; China ; Monsun

URL: http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0822/92012017-d.html

URL: http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0822/92012017-t.html

UID:

Format: xxv, 963 S. , graph. Darst.

ISBN: 052143064X

Note: MAB0014.001: M 93.0387 , MAB0014.002: AWI S3-94-0071 , MAB0036: Cambridge : Cambridge Univerity Press, 1992. - xxv, 963 S. , MAB0039: Monographie , Contents: Preface to the Second Edition. - Preface to the First Edition. - Legal Matters. - Computer Programs by Chapter and Section. - 1 Preliminaries. - 1.0 Introduction. - 1.1 Program Organization and Control Structures. - 1.2 Error, Accuracy, and Stability. - 2 Solution of Linear Algebraic Equations. - 2.0 Introduction. - 2.1 Gauss-Jordan Elimination. - 2.2 Gaussian Elimination with Backsubstitution. - 2.3 LU Decomposition and Its Applications. - 2.4 Tridiagonal and Band Diagonal Systems of Equations. - 2.5 Iterative Improvement of a Solution to Linear Equations. - 2.6 Singular Value Decomposition. - 2.7 Sparse Linear Systems. - 2.8 Vandermonde Matrices and Toeplitz Matrices. - 2.9 Cholesky Decomposition. - 2.10 QR Decomposition. - 2.11 Is Matrix Inversion an N3 Process?. - 3 Interpolation and Extrapolation. - 3.0 Introduction. - 3.1 Polynomial Interpolation and Extrapolation. - 3.2 Rational Function Interpolation and Extrapolation. - 3.3 Cubic Spline Interpolation. - 3.4 How to Search an Ordered Table. - 3.5 Coefficients of the Interpolating Polynomial. - 3.6 Interpolation in Two or More Dimensions. - 4 Integration of Functions. - 4.0 Introduction. - 4.1 Classical Formulas for Equally Spaced Abscissas. - 4.2 Elementary Algorithms. - 4.3 Romberg Integration. - 4.4 Improper Integrals. - 4.5 Gaussian Quadratures and Orthogonal Polynomials. - 4.6 Multidimensional Integrals. - 5 Evaluation of Functions. - 5.0 Introduction. - 5.1 Series and Their Convergence. - 5.2 Evaluation of Continued Fractions. - 5.3 Polynomials and Rational Functions. - 5.4 Complex Arithmetic. - 5.5 Recurrence Relations and Clenshaw's Recurrence Formula. - 5.6 Quadratic and Cubic Equations. - 5.7 Numerical Derivatives. - 5.8 Chebyshev Approximation. - 5.9 Derivatives or Integrals of a Chebyshev-approximated Function. - 5.10 Polynomial Approximation from Chebyshev Coefficients. - 5.11 Economization of Power Series. - 5.12 Pade Approximants. - 5.13 Rational Chebyshev Approximation. - 5.14 Evaluation of Functions by Path Integration. - 6 Special Functions. - 6.0 Introduction. - 6.1 Gamma Function, Beta Function, Factorials, Binomial Coefficients. - 6.2 Incomplete Gamma Function, Error Function, Chi-Square Probability Function, Cumulative Poisson Function. - 6.3 Exponential Integrals. - 6.4 Incomplete Beta Function, Student's Distribution, F-Distribution, Cumulative Binomial Distribution. - 6.5 Bessel Functions of Integer Order. - 6.6 Modified Bessel Functions of Integer Order. - 6.7 Bessel Functions of Fractional Order, Airy Functions, Spherical Bessel Functions. - 6.8 Spherical Harmonics. - 6.9 Fresnel Integrals, Cosine and Sine Integrals. - 6.10 Dawson's Integral. - 6.11 Elliptic Integrals and Jacobian Elliptic Functions. - 6.12 Hypergeometric Functions. - 7 Random Numbers. - 7.0 Introduction. - 7.1 Uniform Deviates. - 7.2 Transformation Method: Exponential and Normal Deviates. - 7.3 Rejection Method: Gamma, Poisson, Binomial Deviates. - 7.4 Generation of Random Bits. - 7.5 Random Sequences Based on Data Encryption. - 7.6 Simple Monte Carlo Integration. - 7.7 Quasi- (that is, Sub-) Random Sequences. - 7.8 Adaptive and Recursive Monte Carlo Methods. - 8 Sorting. - 8.0 Introduction. - 8.1 Straight Insertion and Shell's Method. - 8.2 Quicksort. - 8.3 Heapsort. - 8.4 Indexing and Ranking. - 8.5 Selecting the Mth Largest. - 8.6 Determination of Equivalence Classes. - 9 Root Finding and Nonlinear Sets of Equations. - 9.0 Introduction. - 9.1 Bracketing and Bisection. - 9.2 Secant Method, False Position Method, and Ridders' Method. - 9.3 Van Wijngaarden-Dekker-Brent Method. - 9.4 Newton-Raphson Method Using Derivative. - 9.5 Roots of Polynomials. - 9.6 Newton-Raphson Method for Nonlinear Systems of Equations. - 9.7 Globally Convergent Methods for Nonlinear Systems of Equations. - 10 Minimization or Maximization of Functions. - 10.0 Introduction. - 10.1 Golden Section Search in One Dimension. - 10.2 Parabolic Interpolation and Brent's Method in One Dimension. - 10.3 One-Dimensional Search with First Derivatives. - 10.4 Downhill Simplex Method in Multidimensions. - 10.5 Direction Set (Powell's) Methods in Multidimensions. - 10.6 Conjugate Gradient Methods in Multidimensions. - 10.7 Variable Metric Methods in Multidimensions. - 10.8 Linear Programming and the Simplex Method. - 10.9 Simulated Annealing Methods. - 11 Eigensystems. - 11.0 Introduction. - 11.1 Jacobi Transformations of a Symmetric Matrix. - 11.2 Reduction of a Symmetric Matrix to Tridiagonal Form: Givens and Householder Reductions. - 11.3 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors of a Tridiagonal Matrix. - 11.4 Hermitian Matrices. - 11.5 Reduction of a General Matrix to Hessenberg Form. - 11.6 The QR Algorithm for Real Hessenberg Matrices. - 11.7 Improving Eigenvalues and/or Finding Eigenvectors by Inverse Iteration. - 12 Fast Fourier Transform. - 12.0 Introduction. - 12.1 Fourier Transform of Discretely Sampled Data. - 12.2 Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). - 12.3 FFT of Real Functions, Sine and Cosine Transforms. - 12.4 FFT in Two or More Dimensions. - 12.5 Fourier Transforms of Real Data in Two and Three Dimensions. - 12.6 External Storage or Memory-Local FFTs. - 13 Fourier and Spectral Applications. - 13.0 Introduction. - 13.1 Convolution and Deconvolution Using the FFT. - 13.2 Correlation and Autocorrelation Using the FFT. - 13.3 Optimal (Wiener) Filtering with the FFT. - 13.4 Power Spectrum Estimation Using the FFT. - 13.5 Digital Filtering in the Time Domain. - 13.6 Linear Prediction and Linear Predictive Coding. - 13.7 Power Spectrum Estimation by the Maximum Entropy (All Poles) Method. - 13.8 Spectral Analysis of Unevenly Sampled Data. - 13.9 Computing Fourier Integrals Using the FFT. - 13.10 Wavelet Transforms. - 13.11 Numerical Use of the Sampling Theorem. - 14 Statistical Description of Data. - 14.0 Introduction. - 14.1 Moments of a Distribution: Mean, Variance, Skewness, and So Forth. - 14.2 Do Two Distributions Have the Same Means or Variances?. - 14.3 Are Two Distributions Different?. - 14.4 Contingency Table Analysis of Two Distributions. - 14.5 Linear Correlation. - 14.6 Nonparametric or Rank Correlation. - 14.7 Do Two-Dimensional Distributions Differ?. - 14.8 Savitzky-Golay Smoothing Filters. - 15 Modeling of Data. - 15.0 Introduction. - 15.1 Least Squares as a Maximum Likelihood Estimator. - 15.2 Fitting Data to a Straight Line. - 15.3 Straight-Line Data with Errors in Both Coordinates. - 15.4 General Linear Least Squares. - 15.5 Nonlinear Models. - 15.6 Confidence Limits on Estimated Model Parameters. - 15.7 Robust Estimation. - 16 Integration of Ordinary Differential Equations. - 16.0 Introduction. - 16.1 Runge-Kutta Method. - 16.2 Adaptive Stepsize Control for Runge-Kutta. - 16.3 Modified Midpoint Method. - 16.4 Richardson Extrapolation and the Bulirsch-Stoer Method. - 16.5 Second-Order Conservative Equations. - 16.6 Stiff Sets of Equations. - 16.7 Multistep, Multivalue, and Predictor-Corrector Methods. - 17 Two Point Boundary Value Problems. - 17.0 Introduction. - 17.1 The Shooting Method. - 17.2 Shooting to a Fitting Point. - 17.3 Relaxation Methods. - 17.4 A Worked Example: Spheroidal Harmonics. - 17.5 Automated Allocation of Mesh Points. - 17.6 Handling Internal Boundary Conditions or Singular Points. - 18 Integral Equations and Inverse Theory. - 18.0 Introduction. - 18.1 Fredholm Equations of the Second Kind. - 18.2 Volterra Equations. - 18.3 Integral Equations with Singular Kernels. - 18.4 Inverse Problems and the Use of A Priori Information. - 18.5 Linear Regularization Methods. - 18.6 Backus-Gilbert Method. - 18.7 Maximum Entropy Image Restoration. - 19 Partial Differential Equations. - 19.0 Introduction. - 19.1 Flux-Conservative Initial Value Problems. - 19.2 Diffusive Initial Value Problems. - 19.3 Initial Value Problems in Multidi

Language: English

UID:

Format: x, 352 Seiten , Illustrationen

ISBN: 978-1-4757-2292-5

Content: Frozen Ground Engineering first introduces the reader to the frozen environment and the behavior of frozen soil as an engineering material. In subsequent chapters this information is used in the analysis and design of ground support systems, foundations, and embankments. These and other topics make this book suitable for use by civil engineering students in a one-semester course on frozen ground engineering at the senior or first-year-graduate level. Students are assumed to have a working knowledge of undergraduate mechanics (statics and mechanics of materials) and geotechnical engineering (usual two-course sequence). A knowledge of basic geology would be helpful but is not essential. This book will also be useful to advanced students in other disciplines and to engineers who desire an introduction to frozen ground engineering or references to selected technical publications in the field. BACKGROUND Frozen ground engineering has developed rapidly in the past several decades under the pressure of necessity. As practical problems involving frozen soils broadened in scope, the inadequacy of earlier methods for coping became increasingly apparent. The application of ground freezing to geotechnical projects throughout the world continues to grow as significant advances have been made in ground freezing technology. Freezing is a useful and versatile technique for temporary earth support, groundwater control in difficult soil or rock strata, and the formation of subsurface containment barriers suitable for use in groundwater remediation projects.

Note: Contents PREFACE CHAPTER 1. FROZEN GROUND 1.1 Frozen ground support systems Frozen earth wall Design considerations 1.2 Seasonally and perennially frozen ground Cold regions: definition Subsurface temperatures Active layer, Permafrost 1.3 Terrain features in permafrost areas Ground ice features Patterned ground 1.4 Engineering considerations Freezing process Thawing of frozen ground Frost action Useful aspects of frozen ground Ice as a construction material Problems CHAPTER 2. PHYSICAL AND THERMAL PROPERTIES 2.1 Composition and structure of frozen ground Soil types Phase relationships Ice phase Particle size and size distribution Consistency of cohesive soils 2.2 Soil classification Unified soil classification system Frozen soil classification 2.3 Water-ice phase relationships Unfrozen water in frozen soil Effect of solutes on freezing 2.4 Soil frost action Frost action process Frost susceptibility of soils Frost-heave forces Freeze-thaw effects on permeability 2.5 Thermal properties Thermal conductivity Heat capacity Thermal diffusiuity Latent heat of fusion Thermal expansion (or contraction) Problems CHAPTER 3. HEAT FLOW IN SOILS 3.1 Heat transfer at the ground surface Climatic factors Freezing (or thawing) indices Surface n-factor 3.2 Seasonal ground freezing (or thawing) Frost depth Thawing of frozen soil Design implications 3.3 Temperature below cooled (or heated) areas Steady state heat flow Transient temperatures Periodic heat flow 3.4 Thermal analysis: frozen ground support systems Single freeze pipe Wall formation Multiple rows of freeze pipes Problems CHAPTER 4. THAW BEHAVIOR OF FROZEN GROUND 4.1 Thaw settlement 4.2 Consolidation of thawing soils Thaw consolidation Residual stress in thawing soils 4.3 Thaw-consolidation in some layered systems Two layer soil problems Compressible soil ouer discrete ice layers Problems CHAPTER 5. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FROZEN SOILS 5.1 Stress-strain-time and strength behavior Hydrostatic pressure effect on frozen soil behavior Shear stress effect on frozen soil behavior 5.2 Factors influencing creep and strength Creep of frozen soil under constant stress Stress-strain behavior under constant strain rate Ice content effect on strength Normal pressure effect on strength Strain rate effect on strength Temperature effect on strength Frozen soil behauior at cryogenic temperatures 5.3 Analytical representation of creep and strength data General creep equation Strength of frozen soils Comparison with Vyalou's creep and strength equations Normal pressure effect on creep and strength Salinity effect on frozen soil creep and strength 5.4 Frozen soil behavior in uniaxial tension 5.5 Deformability of frozen soils 5.6 Compressibility of frozen soils Problems CHAPTER 6. CONSTRUCTION GROUND FREEZING 6.1 Design considerations Ground freezing applications Soil conditions Groundwater flow Ground movement 6.2 Freezing methods and system installation Primary plant and pumped loop secondary coolant Expendable liquid refrigerant Installation of the cooling system 6.3 Structural design of frozen earth walls Curved walls Straight walls and combinations Tunnels Finite-element method 6.4 Monitoring requirements Freeze hole deviation Temperature Frost boundary location and wall thickness 6.5 Other construction considerations Protection of exposed frozen earth Concrete placement against frozen earth Problems CHAPTER 7. FOUNDATIONS IN FROZEN SOILS 7.1 General considerations Foundations in seasonally frozen ground Foundations in permafrost 7.2 Shallow foundations Selection of foundation method Design of shallow foundations Bearing capacity Settlement considerations 7.3 Pile foundations Pile types Pile placement Pile freezeback Axially loaded piles Laterally loaded piles Anchors in frozen ground 7.4 Frost-heave forces on foundations Tangential forces on a vertical surface Design for frost heave Problems CHAPTER 8. STABILITY OF SOIL MASSES IN COLD REGIONS 8.1 Landslides in permafrost: classification 8.2 Slopes in thawing permafrost Low-angle planar flows Slides 8.3 Slopes in frozen soils 8.4 Slope stabilization methods Construction and design techniques Stabilization of planar slides Stabilization of cut slopes Problems CHAPTER 9. EARTHWORK IN COLD REGIONS 9.1 Site considerations Drainage Thermal and frost action factors Subsurface conditions Material sources 9.2 Excavation and transport Mechanical excavation Drilling and blasting Thawing frozen soil Hydraulic dredging 9.3 Field placement Compaction Placement in water 9.4 Water-retaining embankments on permafrost Unfrozen embankments Frozen embankments Maintaining the frozen state Thermal and stability considerations 9.5 Embankment performance Frost heave Settlement Stability Artificial islands CHAPTER 10. FIELD INVESTIGATIONS 10.1. Sampling frozen ground Sampling methods Sample protection 10.2 Ground-temperature measurement Temperature sensors and measuring equipment 10.3 Field testing of frozen soils Field test methods Pressuremeter test Deep static cone penetration test Other types of field tests 10.4 Geophysical methods Seismic velocities in frozen ground Electrical properties of frozen ground Geophysical techniques used in frozen ground High-frequency electrical methods Borehole logging in permafrost APPENDIX A. SYMBOLS APPENDIX B. SI UNITS APPENDIX C LABORATORY AND FIELD TESTS ON FROZEN SOILS C1 Handling, storage, and machining of specimens prior to testing C2 Uniaxial compression test C3 Uniaxial tensile test C.4 Salinity of soil pore water C5 Thermosiphon C6 Pile load test in permafrost REFERENCES AUTHOR INDEX SUBJECT INDEX

Language: English

Keywords: Einführung

UID:

Format: XI, 503 S. : Ill., graph. Darst.

ISBN: 3540512764

Content: The spectrum of physical and chemical dating methods now covers the entire range of earth history. But there are so many methods that it is becoming increasingly difficult to select those that are appropriate for solving a specific problem. The objective of this book is to cover the whole spectrum of methods and to give examples of their applications. Thus it is addressed to everybody interested in the application of physical and chemical dating methods to the geosciences and archeology. It is especially valuable as a concise, but comprehensive reference for students and practitioners.

Note: MAB0014.001: M 92.0834 , MAB0014.002: M 91.0343 , MAB0014.003: AWI G6-92-0159 , MAB0026.001: 2. Verf.: , MAB0036: Berlin [u.a.] : Springer, 1990. - XI, 503 S. : 146 Ill. , MAB0039: Monographie , MAB0014.001: M 92.0293 , MAB0014.002: M 92.0540 , Contents: 1 Introduction. - 2 Time Scales and Ages. - 2.1 Absolute Time Scales. - 2.2 Relative Time Scales. - 2.3 Physical and Chemical Time Scales. - 3 Selection, Collection, Packing, Storage, Transport,and Description of the Samples. - 3.1 Selection and Collection of the Samples. - 3.2 Packing, Storage, and Transport of the Samples. - 3.3 Sample Description. - 4 Treatment and Interpretation of the Raw Data. - 4.1 Suitability of a Sample for Dating and Reliabilityof the Dates. - 4.1.1 Soft-Rock Dating. - 4.1.2 Hard-Rock Dating. - 4.1.3 Isotope Geochemistry. - 4.2 Mathematical Evaluation of Physical and Chemical Age Data. - 4.2.1 Rules for Simple Calculations with the Dating Results; Statistical Tests. - 4.2.2 Comparison of Age Values. - 4.2.3 Numerical and Graphical Evaluation of Age Values. - 4.3 Publication of the Age Values. - 5 Physical Dating Methods. - 5.1 Principles. - 5.2 Sample Treatment and Measurement Techniques. - 5.2.1 Sample Treatment. - 5.2.1.1 Hard-Rock Samples. - 5.2.1.2 Soft-Rock Samples. - 5.2.2 Radioactivity Measurements: Decay Counting Methods. - 5.2.2.1 Gas-Filled Proportional and Geiger-Müller Counters. - 5.2.2.2 Scintillation Counters. - 5.2.2.3 Semiconductor Detectors. - 5.2.3 Measurement of Stable and Long-Lived Isotopes: Atom Counting Methods. - 5.2.3.1 Mass Spectrometry (MS). - 5.2.3.2 Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS). - 5.2.3.3 Resonance-Ionization Spectrometry (RIS). - 5.2.4 Other Analytical Techniques. - 5.2.4.1 Isotope Dilution Analysis (ID). - 5.2.4.2 Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA). - 5.2.4.3 Flame Photometry, Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AA) and Inductive Coupled Plasma Analysis (ICP). - 5.2.4.4 Ion-Microprobe (IMP) and Laser Microprobe Mass Analysis (LAMMA). - 5.2.4.5 X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis (XRF) . - 6 Radiometric Dating Methods. - 6.1 Parent/Daughter Isotope Ratios as a Geochronometer. - 6.1.1 Potassium/Argon (40K/40Ar) Method. - 6.1.1.1 Conventional Potassium/Argon (40K/40Ar) Method. - 6.1.1.2 Argon/Argon (39Ar/40Ar) Method. - 6.1.2 Potassium/Calcium (40K/40Ca) Method. - 6.1.3 Rubidium/Strontium (87Rb/87Sr) Method. - 6.1.4 Lanthanum/Cerium (138La/138Ce) Method. - 6.1.5 Lanthanum/Barium (138La/138Ba) Method. - 6.1.6 Samarium/Neodymium (147Sm/143Nd) Method. - 6.1.7 Lutetium/Hafnium (176Lu/176Hf) Method. - 6.1.8 Rhenium/Osmium (187Re/187Os) Method. - 6.1.9 Uranium/Thorium/Lead Methods (238U/206Pb, 235U/207Pb and 232Th/208Pb Methods). - 6.1.10 Common Lead Method. - 6.1.11 Lead/Lead (207Pb/206Pb) Method. - 6.1.12 Chemical Lead Method. - 6.1.13 Lead/Alpha Method (Larsen Method). - 6.1.14 Krypton/Krypton (Krsf/Krn) Method. - 6.1.15 Xenon Methods. - 6.1.15.1 Uranium/Xenon (U/Xesf) Method. - 6.1.15.2 Xenon/Xenon (Xesf/Xen) Method. - 6.2 Dating with Cosmogenic Radionuclides. - 6.2.1 Radiocarbon (14C) Method. - 6.2.2 Tritium (3H) Methods. - 6.2.2.1 Classical Tritium (3H) Method. - 6.2.2.2 Tritium/Helium-3 (3H/3He) and Helium-3 (3He)Methods. - 6.2.3 Beryllium-10 (10Be) Method. - 6.2.4 Sodium-22 (22Na) Method. - 6.2.5 Aluminium-26 (26Al) Method. - 6.2.6 Silicon-32 (32Si) Method. - 6.2.7 Chlorine-36 (36Cl) Method. - 6.2.8 Argon-39 (39Ar) Method. - 6.2.9 Calcium-41 (41Ca) Method. - 6.2.10 Manganese-53 (53Mn) Method. - 6.2.11 Krypton-81 (81Kr) Method. - 6.2.12 Iodine-129 (129I) Method. - 6.2.13 Aluminium-26/Beryllium-10 (26Al/10Be) Method. - 6.2.14 Beryllium-10/Chlorine-36 (10Be/36Cl) Method. - 6.3 Dating Based on Radioactive Disequilibrium of the Uranium, Thorium, and Protactinium Decay Series: The Uranium/Thorium/Protactinium Methods. - 6.3.1 230Th/234U Method. - 6.3.2 231Pa/235U Method. - 6.3.3 231Pa/230Th Method. - 6.3.4 234U/238U Method. - 6.3.5 230Th-excess Method. - 6.3.6 231Pa-excess Method. - 6.3.7 230Th-excess/232Th or 230Th/238U Method. - 6.3.8 231Pa-excess/23Th-excess Method. - 6.3.9 234Th-excess Method. - 6.3.10 228Th-excess/232Th Method. - 6.3.11 Dating Methods Based on Supported 226Ra and Unsupported 226Ra. - 6.3.12 224Ra and 228Ra Methods. - 6.3.13 210Pb Method. - 6.3.14 Uranium/Helium (U/He) Method. - 6.3.15 Radium/Radon Method. - 6.4 Age Determination Using Radiation Damage. - 6.4.1 Thermoluminescence (TL) Method. - 6.4.2 Optical Dating (OSL) Method. - 6.4.3 Electron Spin Resonance (ESR or EPR) Method. - 6.4.4 Exo-Electron Method (TSEE Method). - 6.4.5 Thermally Stimulated Current (TSC) Method. - 6.4.6 Differential Thermoanalysis (DTA). - 6.4.7 Fission Track Method (FT Method). - 6.4.8 Alpha-Recoil Track Method. - 6.4.9 Age Determination Using Pleochroic Haloes. - 6.5 Dating Meteorites and Lunar Rocks. - 6.5.1 Introduction. - 6.5.2 Sample Preparation and Measurement. - 6.5.3 Formation Interval. - 6.5.4 Solidification Ages. - 6.5.5 Gas Retention Ages. - 6.5.6 Cosmic Ray Exposure Ages. - 6.5.7 Terrestrial Ages of Meteorites. - 7 Chronostratigraphic Methods Using Global Time Markers. - 7.1 Paleomagnetic Dating Methods. - 7.2 Chronostratigraphic Time-Scale Using [Delta] 18O Values. - 7.3 Chronostratigraphic Time-Scale Using [Delta] 34S and [Delta] 13C Values and 87Sr/86Sr Ratios. - 7.4 Artificial Radionuclides as Time Markers. - 7.5 Geochemical Time Markers. - 7.6 Chemical Pollution as Time Markers. - 8 Chemical Dating Methods. - 8.1 Amino-Acid Racemization Method (AAR). - 8.2 Amino-Acid Degradation Method. - 8.3 Dating of Bones Using the Nitrogen or Collagen Content. - 8.4 Chemical Electron-Spin-Resonance (ESR) Dating. - 8.5 Molecular (Protein and DNA) Clocks. - 8.6 Obsidian Hydration Method. - 8.7 Dating of Man-Made Glass. - 8.8 Calcium Diffusion and Cation-Ratio Methods. - 8.9 Dating of Bones Using the Fluorine or Uranium Content. - 9 Phanerozoic Time-Scale. - 9.1 Objectives and History of Geochronolgy. - 9.2 Geological Time-Scales. - 9.3 The Future. - 10 Literature. - 10.1 Journals that Frequently Publish Geochronological Papers. - 10.2 Geochronology Textbooks. - 10.3 References. - Acknowledgments. - Appendix A: Geochronology Glossary. - Appendix B: Radioactive and Stable Isotopes in Geochronology. - Appendix C: List of Addresses. - Subject Index. - Foldout Table: Dating Methods, Ranges, and Materials.

Language: English

UID:

Format: xx, 517 p. , ill. (some col.), maps (some col.) , 25 cm

Edition: 4th ed.

ISBN: 0023833416

Note: Includes bibliographical references and index , Contents: Introduction. - 1 Atmosphere: Origin, Composition, and Structure. - Understanding the Atmosphere. - Evolution of the Atmosphere. - Probing the Atmosphere. - Temperature Profile of the Atmosphere. - The Ionosphere and the Aurora. - Conclusions. - Special Topic: The Martian Atmosphere. - Special Topic: The Ionosphere and Radio Transmission. - Key Terms. - Summary Statements. - Review Questions. - Questions for Critical Thinking. - Selected Readings. - 2 Radiation. - Electromagnetic Radiation. - Radiation Laws. - Input of Solar Radiation. - Solar Radiation and the Atmosphere. - The Ozone Shield. - Solar Radiation and the Earth's Surface. - Solar Radiation Budget. - Infrared Response and the Greenhouse Effect. - Radiation Measurement. - Conclusions. - Special Topic: Why Is the Sky Blue?. - Special Topic: The Hazards of Sunbathing. - Weather Fact: Greenhouse Effect on Mars and Venus. - Mathematical Note: Blackbody Radiation Laws. - Key Terms. - Summary Statements. - Review Questions. - Quantitative Questions. - Questions for Critical Thinking. - Selected Readings. - 3 Heat and Temperature. - Distinguishing Heat and Temperature. - Temperature Scales. - Temperature Measurement. - Heat Units. - Transport of Heat. - Specific Heat. - Heating and Cooling Degree-days. - Windchill. - Conclusions. - Special Topic: Temperature and Human Comfort. - Special Topic: Temperature and Crop Yields. - Key Terms. - Summary Statements. - Review Questions. - Quantitative Questions. - Questions for Critical Thinking. - Selected Readings. - 4 Heat Imbalances and Weather. - Heat Imbalance: Atmosphere Versus Earth's Surface. - Heat Imbalance: Variation by Latitude. - Weather: Response to Heat Imbalances. - Variation of Air Temperature. - Conclusions. - Special Topic: The Unique Thermal Properties of Water. - Special Topic: Solar Power. - Weather Fact: Why Mountaintops Are Cold. - Key Terms. - Summary Statements. - Review Questions . - Quantitative Questions. - Questions for Critical Thinking. - Selected Readings. - 5 Air Pressure. - Defining Air Pressure. - Pressure Balance. - Variation with Altitude. - Horizontal Variations. - Highs and Lows. - Air Pressure Measurement. - Pressure Units. - The Gas Law. - Conclusions. - Special Topic: Human Response to Changes in Air Pressure. - Special Topic: Altimetry. - Mathematical Note: The Gas Law. - Key Terms. - Summary Statements. - Review Questions. - Questions for Critical Thinking. - Selected Readings. - 6 Humidity and Stability. - The Hydrologic Cycle. - How Humid Is It?. - The Saturation Concept. - Relative Humidity. - Humidification. - Humidity Measurement. - Achieving Saturation. - Atmospheric Stability. - Lifting Processes. - Conclusions. - Special Topic: Humidity and Human Comfort. - Special Topic: Clouds by Mixing. - Weather Fact: The Rainiest Place on Earth. - Mathematical Note: Energy Conservation and the Dry Adiabatic Process. - Key Terms. - Summary Statements. - Review Questions. - Quantitative Questions. - Questions for Critical Thinking. - Selected Readings. - 7 Dew, Frost, Fog, and Clouds. - Low-Level Saturation Processes. - Cloud Development. - Classification of Clouds. - Unusual Clouds. - Conclusions. - Special Topic: Freeze Prevention. - Special Topic: Jack Frost and Autumn Color. - Key Terms. - Summary Statements. - Review Questions. - Quantitative Questions. - Questions for Critical Thinking. - Selected Readings. - 8 Precipitation, Weather Modification, and Atmospheric Optics. - Precipitation Processes. - Forms of Precipitation. - Precipitation Measurement. - Weather Modification. - Atmospheric Optics. - Conclusions. - Special Topic: When Is It Too Cold or Too Warm to Snow?. - Special Topic: Mirages. - Key Terms. - Summary Statements. - Review Questions. - Quantitative Questions. - Questions for Critical Thinking. - Selected Readings. - 9 The Wind. - The Forces. - Joining Forces. - Continuity of Wind. - Scales of Weather Systems. - Wind Pressure. - Wind Measurement. - Conclusions. - Special Topic: Wind Power. - Special Topic: Wind Gusts, Wind Shear, and Atmospheric Stability. - Weather Fact: The Windiest Place on Earth. - Mathematical Note: Geostrophic and Gradient Winds. - Key Terms. - Summary Statements. - Review Questions. - Questions for Critical Thinking. - Selected Readings. - 10 Planetary-Scale Circulation. - Idealized Circulation Pattern. - Pressure Systems and Wind Belts. - Upper-Air Westerlies. - El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO). - Conclusions. - Special Topic: The ENSO Event of 1982-83. - Mathematical Note: The Polar Front and the Midlatitude Jet Stream. - Key Terms. - Summary Statements. - Review Questions. - Questions for Critical Thinking. - Selected Readings. - 11 Air Masses, Fronts, Cyclones, and Anticyclones by Patrìda M. Pauley. - Air Masses. - Frontal Weather. - Midlatitude Cyclones. - Anticyclones. - Conclusions. - Special Topic: The Case of the Missing Storm. - Mathematical Note: Vorticity. - Key Terms. - Summary Statements. - Review Questions. - Questions for Critical Thinking. - Selected Readings. - 12 Local and Regional Circulation Systems. - Monsoons. - Land and Sea (or Lake) Breezes. - Lake-Effect Snows. - Heat Island Circulation. - Katabatic Winds. - Chinook Winds. - Desert Winds. - Mountain and Valley Breezes. - Conclusion. - Special Topic: Monsoon Failure and Drought in Sub-Saharan Africa. - Key Terms. - Summary Statements. - Review Questions. - Questions for Critical Thinking. - Selected Readings. - 13 Thunderstorms. - Thunderstorm Life Cycle. - Thunderstorm Genesis. - Geographical Distribution. - Severe Thunderstorms. - Thunderstorm Hazards. - Conclusions. - Special Topic: Lightning Safety. - Special Topic: Hail Suppression. - Weather Fact: The Rumble of Thunder. - Key Terms. - Summary Statement. - Review Questions. - Questions for Critical Thinking. - Selected Readings. - 14 Tornadoes. - Tornado Characteristics. - Distribution of Tornadoes. - Hazards of Tornadoes. - The F-Scale. - The Tornado-Thunderstorm Connection. - Tornado Look-Alikes. - Weather Radar. - Conclusions. - Special Topic: Wind Profilers. - Weather Fact: Tornado Oddities. - Key Terms. - Summary Statements. - Review Questions. - Questions for Critical Thinking. - Selected Readings. - 15 Hurricanes. - Hurricane Characteristics. - Distribution of Hurricanes. - Hazards of Hurricanes. - Life Cycle of Tropical Storms. - Hurricane Threat to the Southeast. - Hurricane Modification. - Conclusions. - Special Topic: Atlantic Hurricanes and West African Rainfall. - Weather Fact: Naming Hurricanes. - Key Terms. - Summary Statements. - Review Questions. - Questions for Critical Thinking. - Selected Readings. - 16 Weather Analysis and Forecasting. - World Meteorological Organization. - Acquisition of Weather Data. - Meteorology by Satallite. - Data Depiction on Weather Maps. - Weather Prediction. - Communication and Dissemination. - Conclusions. - Special Topic: Weather Proverbs: Fact or Fiction?. - Special Topic: Aviation Weather Hazards. - Mathematical Note: Some Orbital Characteristics of Weather Satellites. - Key Terms. - Summary Statements. - Review Questions. - Questions for Critical Thinking. - Selected Readings. - 17 Air Pollution Meteorology. - Air Pollutants. - Air Pollution Episodes. - Air Pollution's Impact on Weather. - The Ozone Shield. - Conclusions. - Special Topic: Principal Air Pollutants. - Key Terms. - Summary Statements. - Review Questions. - Questions for Critical Thinking. - Selected Readings. - 18 World Climates. - Describing Climate. - Climate Controls. - Global Patterns of Climate. - Climate Classification. - Conclusions. - Special Topic: 1816, The Year Without a Summer?. - Special Topic: Agroclimatic Compensation: The Be

Language: English

URL: http://digitale-objekte.hbz-nrw.de/storage/2010/04/18/file_4/3756564.pdf

UID:

Format: XXVI, 352 S. : graph. Darst.

Edition: Reprint.

ISBN: 0582067014

Series Statement: Longman geochemistry series

Note: MAB0014.001: AWI G6-95-0127 , Contents: Preface. - Acknowledgements. - Glossary. - G.1 Abbreviations of mineral names used in the text. - G.2 Other abbreviations and symbols used in the text. - 1 Geochemical data. - 1.1 lntroduction. - 1.2 Geological processes and their geochemical signatures. - 1.2.1 Processes which control the chemical composition of igneous rocks. - 1.2.2 Processes which control the chemical composition of sedimentary rocks. - 1.2.3 Processes which control the chemical composition of metamorphic rocks. - 1.3 Geological controls on geochemical data. - 1.4 Analytical methods in geochemistry. - 1.4.1 X-ray fluorescence (XRF). - 1.4.2 Neutron activation analysis (INAA and RNAA). - 1.4.3 lnductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry (ICP). - 1.4.4 Atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). - 1.4.5 Mass spectrometry. - Isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS). - lnductively coupled plasma emission mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). - Spark source mass spectrometry (SSMS). - 1.4.6 Electron microprobe analysis. - 1.4.7 The ion microprobe. - 1.5 Selecting an appropriate analytical technique. - 1.6 Sources of error in geochemical analysis. - 1.6.1 Cantamination. - 1.6.2 CaIibration. - 1.6.3 Peak overlap. - 1.6.4 Detecting errors in geochemical data. - 2 Analysing geochemical data. - 2.1 lntroduction. - 2.2 Averages. - 2.3 Correlation. - 2.3.1 The correlation coefficient. - 2.3.2 The significance of the correlation coefficient (r). - 2.3.3 Assumptions in the calculation of the product-moment coefficient of correlation. - 2.3.4 Spearman rank correlation. - 2.3.5 Correlation matrices. - 2.3.6 Correlation coefficient patterns. - 2.4 Regression. - 2.4.1 Ordinary least squares regression. - 2.4.2 Reduced major axis regression. - 2.4.3 Weighted least squares regression. - 2.4.4 Robust regression. - 2.4.5 Some problems with traditional approaches to correlation and regression. - 2.5 Ratio correlation. - 2.5.1 An example of the improper use of ratio correlation - Pearce element ratio diagrams. - 2.5.2 Application to trace element diagrams. - 2.5.3 Ratio correlation in isotope geology. - 2.6 The constant sum problern. - 2.6.1 The consequences of closure. - Correlating compositional data. - The means of compositional data-sets. - Invalid escape routes. - 2.6.2 Aitchison's solution to the constant sum effect. - An example - basalts from Kilauea lki Iava Iake, Hawaii . - The interpretation of log-ratios. - 2.7 The interpretation of trends on triangular diagrams. - 2.8 Principal component analysis. - 2.9 Discriminant analysis. - 2.9.1 An example from igneous petrology. - 2.9.2 Other applications of discriminant analysis. - 2.10 Whither geochemical data analysis?. - 3 Using major element data. - 3.1 lntroduction. - 3.2 Rock classification. - 3.2.1 Classifying igneous rocks using oxide-oxide plots. - The total alkalis-silica diagram (TAS). - (a) Using TAS with volcanic rocks. - (b) A TAS diagram for plutonic rocks. - (c) Discrimination between the alkaline and subalkaline rock series using TAS. - The K2O vs SiO2 diagram for the Subdivision of the subalkaline series. - 3.2.2 Classifying igneous rocks using the norm. - Cation norms. - Norm calculations and the oxidation state of iron. - Basalt classification using the Ne-Di-Ol-Hy-Q diagram of Thompson (1984). - Granite classification using the Ab-An-Or diagram of O'Connor (1965). - The Q'(F' )- ANOR diagram of Streckeisen and Le Maitre (1979). - 3.2.3 Classifying igneous rocks using cations. - The R1-R2 diagram of de Ia Roche et al. (1980). - The Jensen cation plot (Jensen, 1976). - 3.2.4 The chemical classification of sedimentary rocks. - Arenite/wacke. - Mudrocks. - 3.2.5 Discussion. - 3.3 Variation diagrams. - 3.3.1 Recognizing geochemical processes on a major element variation diagram. - Fractional crystallization. - Assimilation and fractional crystallization. - Partial melting. - Mixing lines in sedimentary rocks. - The identification of former weathering conditions from sedimentary rocks. - Mixing in metamorphic rocks. - Element mobility. - Artificial trends. - 3.3.2 Selecting a variation diagram. - Bivariate plots. - (a) Harker diagrams - bivariate plots using SiO2 along the x-axis. - (b) Bivariate plots which use MgO on the x-axis. - (c) Bivariate plots using cations. - (d) Bivariate plots using the magnesium number. - Triangular variation diagrams. - (a) The AFM diagram. - (b) Problems in the use of the AFM diagram. - 3.3.3 lnterpreting trends on variation diagrams. - Extract calculations. - Addition-subtraction diagrams. - Trends showing an inflection. - Scattered trends. - A computer-based approach to mixing calculations. - 3.3.4 Modelling major element processes in igneous rocks. - 3.3.5 Discussion. - 3.4 Diagrams on which rock chemistry can be plotted together with experimentally determined phase boundaries. - 3.4.1 The normative albite-orthoclase-quartz diagram -the 'granite system'. - Water-undersaturated equilibria. - The presence of anorthite. - 3.4.2 The silica-undersaturated portion of the normative nepheline-kalsilite-silica diagram - the 'nepheline syenite system'. - 3.4.3 Basaltic experimental systems. - CMAS diagrams. - (a) Projecting rock compositions into CMAS. - (b) Interpreting CMAS diagrams. - Diagrams based upon the Yoder-Tilley (1962) CIPW normative tetrahedron. - (a) Projections in the tholeiite basalt tetrahedron OI-PI-Di-Q. - (b) The normative Ne-Di-OI-Hy-Q diagram. - (c) The low-pressure tholeiitic basalt phase diagram (Cox et al., 1979). - (d) Problems with CIPW normative projections. - 3.4.4 Experimental systems for calc-alkaline rocks. - The olivine-clinopyroxene-silica projection of Grove et al. (1982). - The projections of Baker and Eggler (1983, 1987). - 3.4.5 Discussion. - Chapter 4 Using trace element data. - 4.1 Introduction. - 4.1.1 Classification of trace elements according to their geochemical behaviour. - Trace element groupings in the periodic table. - Trace element behaviour in magmatic systems. - 4.2 Controls on trace element distribution. - 4.2.1 Partition coefficients. - Measuring partition coefficients. - Physical controls on the value of partition coefficients in mineral-melt systems. - (a) Composition. - (b) Temperature. - (c) Pressure. - (d) Oxygen activity. - (e) Crystal chemistry. - (f) Water content of the melt. - (g) Selecting a partition coefficient. - Partition coefficients in basalts and basaltic andesites. - Partition coefficients in andesites. - Partition coefficients in dacites and rhyolites. - 4.2.2 Geological controls on the distribution of trace elements. - Element mobility. - Partial melting. - (a) Batch melting. - (b) Fractional melting. - Crystal fractionation. - (a) Equilibrium crystallization. - (b) Fractional crystallization/Rayleigh fractionation. - (c) In situ crystallization. - Contamination. - (a) AFC processes. - (b) Zone refining. - Dynamic models. - (a) Dynamic melting. - (b) The RTF magma chamber. - Sedimentary processes. - 4.3 Rare earth elements (REE). - 4.3.1 The chemistry of the REE. - 4.3.2 Presenting REE data. - (a) Difficulties with chondrite normalization. - (b) Choosing a set of normalizing values. - REE ratio diagrams. - NASC normalization for sediments. - Rock normalization. - 4.3.3 Interpreting REE patterns. - REE patterns in igneous rocks. - REE patterns in sea and river water. - REE patterns in sedirnents. - (a) Clastic sediments. - (b) Chemical sediments. - 4.4 Normalized multi-element diagrams or incompatible element diagrams (spider diagrams). - 4.4.1 Multi-element diagrams for igneous rocks. - Primordial (primitive) mantle-normalized spider diagrams. - Chondrite-normalized spider diagrams. - MORB-normalized spider diagrams. - Which spider diagrams do we use?. - Interpreting multi-element diagrams for igneous rocks. - 4.4.2 Multi-element diagrams for sediments. - Interpreting multi-element diagrams for sediments. - 4.5 Platinum metal group element (PGE) plots. - 4.5.1 Presenting PGE data. - Chondrite normalization. -Primitive mantle normali

Language: English

UID:

Format: IX, 561 S.

ISBN: 3540545840

Series Statement: NATO ASI series : I, Global and environmental change 13

Note: MAB0014.001: M 94.0348 , MAB0014.002: AWI A12-95-0130 , MAB0036: Berlin [u.a.] : Springer, 1993. - IX, 561 S. , MAB0039: Monographie aus Schriftenreihe , MAB0455.001: Vol. 13

In: NATO ASI Series

Language: English