Kooperativer Bibliotheksverbund

UID:

Format: XVI, 523 S.

Language: Undetermined

Keywords: Geologie ; Enzyklopädie ; Nomenklatur

Author information: Schieferdecker, A. A. G.

UID:

Format: XXVI, 540 S.

ISBN: 9031304077 , 9024724031

Language: French

Subjects: Earth Sciences , Geography

Keywords: Geologie ; Geologie ; Wörterbuch ; Enzyklopädie ; Mehrsprachiges Wörterbuch ; Wörterbuch

UID:

Format: XVIII, 209 p. 113 illus., 112 illus. in color. , online resource.

Edition: 1st ed. 2023.

ISBN: 9783031273209

Series Statement: Earth and Environmental Sciences Library,

Content: This book presents the following geological contributions in Ediacaran and Paleozoic rocks. 1) It introduces four new rock units for the first time, the Ediacaran El Urf Formation (volcanoclastic sediments in the central Eastern Desert), the Ediacaran Abu Haswa Formation (stromatolitic dolostone in southwestern Sinai), the Early Permian Wadi Dome Formation (mixed clastics and carbonates in the west of Suez Gulf) and the Early Permian Misawag Formation (in the subsurface, northwestern Desert), 2) making correlation of the Ediacaran rock units with the corresponding rock units in Libya, Jordan, Iraq and Saudi Arabia, 3) linking the exposed Paleozoic rock units with their equivalent rock units in subsurface in northwestern desert, 4) correlating the Paleozoic rock units with the equivalent rock units in adjacent countries, e. g. Libya, Jordan, Iraq and Saudi Arabia, 5) manifesting the possible depositional environments of the Ediacaran and Paleozoic rock units. Additionally, it offers an important unique geological information about the Ediacaran and Paleozoic rock units in Egypt. It unifies the nomenclature of Paleozoic rock units that take numerous names for the same geological time. It obsoletes the formation names that do not follow the rules of the North American stratigraphic code (1983) for rock units' nomenclature. It provides the target audience illustrations, e.g. field photographs for the exposed rock units that save efforts and time for audience (undergraduate, post-graduate, researchers and professional) to reach to the original localities of each rock units. It provides the audience with schematic diagrams that exhibit the link between the exposed and subsurface rock units all over the Egyptian territory. It describes the following topics of each rock unit: definition, stratigraphic contact, lithological characteristics, faunal and floral associations that are used for the identification of the possible age, correlation with corresponding rock units in adjacent countries, e.g. Libya, Jordan, Iraq and Saudi Arabia and the possible depositional environments for each rock units. The book is a fundamental source of an updated version of the information in the field to the undergraduate, graduate, researchers, professional, practitioners and policy planning elsewhere.

Note: Chapter 1. Introduction and Back Ground History -- Chapter 2. The Ediacaran rock units -- Chapter 3. The Cambrian Period -- Chapter 4. The Ordovician Period -- Chapter 5. The Silurian Period -- Chapter 6. The Devonian Period -- Chapter 7. The Carboniferous Period -- Chapter 8. The Permian Period.

In: Springer Nature eBook

Additional Edition: Printed edition: ISBN 9783031273193

Additional Edition: Printed edition: ISBN 9783031273216

Additional Edition: Printed edition: ISBN 9783031273223

Language: English

DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-27320-9

URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-27320-9

URL: lizenzpflichtig

URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)

UID:

Format: 1 online resource (xiv, 558 pages) : , illustrations

ISBN: 1-281-75612-1 , 9786611756123 , 0-08-086905-X

Series Statement: Developments in Precambrian geology ; 6

Note: Front Cover; Iron-Formation: Facts and Problems; Copyright Page; Contents; Foreword; Contributing Authors; CHAPTER 1.INTRODUCTION; Origin, purpose, and scope of this volume; Classification and nomenclature of iron-formation; Acknowledgements; References; CHAPTER 2. ANIMIKIE BASIN, LAKE SUPERIOR REGION. U.S.A.; Introduction; Regional geologic setting; Geochronology; Documentation of the basin; Description of the basin; The iron-formations and their depositional environments; Secondary enrichment deposits; References; CHAPTER 3. THE HAMERSLEY BASIN; Introduction; Documentation , Location, area, shape, and outcrop limits; Stratigraphy; The iron-formations; Structure; Metamorphism; Tectonic development of the basin; Surface configuration and depositional conditions; Mineral deposits; Acknowledgements; References; CHAPTER 4. PALAEOENVIRONMENTAL SETTING OF IRON-FORMATIONS IN THE DEPOSITIONAL BASIN OF THE TRANSVAAL SUPERGROUP, SOUTH AFRICA; Introduction; Documentation of the depository; Structure and metamorphism of the strata; Age; Nomenclature; Tectono-sedimentary and stratigraphic setting of the iron-formations; Schmidtsdrif Subgroup , Campbellrand-Malmani carbonate sequence; Asbesheuwels Subgroup; Koegas Subgroup; Rooihoogte and Timeball Hill Formations; Makganyene Diamictite; Voëlwater Subgroup; Manganore Iron Formation; Vertical distribution of iron and manganese in the Transvaal Supergroup; Conclusion; Acknowledgements; References; CHAPTER 5. THE KRIVOY ROG BASIN; Introduction; History of geological research; Geological structure of the basin; The iron-formations; Metamorphism; Genetic model for Precambrian banded iron-formations; Iron ore deposits; References , CHAPTER 6. IRON-FORMATION IN FOLD BELTS MARGINAL TO THE UNGAVA CRATON; Introduction; History and documentation of geology; Description of basins; Depositional environments; References and selected bibliography; CHAPTER 7. THE NABBERU BASIN OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA; Introduction; Documentation of the basin; Description of the basin; Depositional environment; Depositional facies model; Acknowledgements; References; CHAPTER 8. PART A: A CONTRIBUTION ON THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF PRECAMBRIAN IRON-FORMATIONS; Introduction; Systematic studies; Discussion and conclusions; Acknowledgements; References , PART B: RARE EARTH ELEMENTS IN IRON-FORMATION; Introduction; REE distribution in iron-formation; Evolution of Precambrian oxidation states; Mineralogical facies; Diagenesis; Volcanic input to iron-formations; Summary; References; PART C: OXYGEN ISOTOPE GEOCHEMISTRY OF IRON-FORMATION; Introduction; Proterozoic iron-formation; Archean iron-formation; Discussion; Acknowledgement; References; CHAPTER 9. THE PALAEONTOLOGY AND PALAEOECOLOGY OF PRECAMBRIAN IRON-FORMATIONS; Introduction; Palaeontology; Palaeoecology; Microbial deposition of iron-formation; Conclusions; Acknowledgements; References; CHAPTER 10. BANDED IRON-FORMATION - A GRADUALIST'S DILEMMA , English

Additional Edition: ISBN 0-444-42144-0

Language: English

UID:

Format: 1 online resource (518 p.)

Edition: 2nd ed.

ISBN: 1-281-07707-0 , 9786611077075 , 0-08-055476-8

Content: Ron DiPippo, Professor Emeritus at the University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, is a world-regarded geothermal expert. This single resource covers all aspects of the utilization of geothermal energy for power generation from fundamental scientific and engineering principles. The thermodynamic basis for the design of geothermal power plants is at the heart of the book and readers are clearly guided on the process of designing and analysing the key types of geothermal energy conversion systems. Its practical emphasis is enhanced by the use of case studies from real plants that increase the reader'

Note: Previous ed.: Oxford: Elsevier, 2005. , Includes index. , Front Cover; Geothermal Power Plants, Second Edition; Copyright Page; Contents; Preface and Acknowledgements to the Second Edition; Preface to the First Edition; Acknowledgements to the First Edition; PART ONE: RESOURCE IDENTIFICATION AND DEVELOPMENT; Chapter 1. Geology of Geothermal Regions; 1.1 Introduction; 1.2 The earth and its atmosphere; 1.3 Active geothermal regions; 1.4 Model of a hydrothermal geothermal resource; 1.5 Other types of geothermal resources; References; Problems; Chapter 2. Exploration Strategies and Techniques; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Objectives of an exploration program , 2.3 Phases of an exploration program2.4 Synthesis and interpretation; 2.5 The next step: drilling; References; Problems; Chapter 3. Geothermal Well Drilling; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Site preparation and drilling equipment; 3.3 Drilling operations; 3.4 Safety precautions; References; Chapter 4. Reservoir Engineering; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Reservoir and well flow; 4.3 Well testing; 4.4 Calcite scaling in well casings; 4.5 Reservoir modeling and simulation; References; Problems; PART TWO: GEOTHERMAL POWER GENERATING SYSTEMS; Chapter 5. Single-Flash Steam Power Plants; 5.1 Introduction , 5.2 Gathering system design considerations5.3 Energy conversion system; 5.4 Thermodynamics of the conversion process; 5.5 Example: Single-flash optimization; 5.6 Optimum separator temperature: An approximate formulation; 5.7 Environmental aspects for single-flash plants; 5.8 Equipment list for single-flash plants; References; Nomenclature for figures in Chapter 5; Problems; Chapter 6. Double-Flash Steam Power Plants; 6.1 Introduction; 6.2 Gathering system design considerations; 6.3 Energy conversion system; 6.4 Thermodynamics of the conversion process; 6.5 Example: Double-flash optimization , 6.6 Scale potential in waste brine6.7 Environmental aspects for double-flash plants; 6.8 Equipment list for double-flash plants; References; Nomenclature for figures in Chapter 6; Problems; Chapter 7. Dry-Steam Power Plants; 7.1 Introduction; 7.2 Origins and nature of dry-steam resources; 7.3 Steam gathering system; 7.4 Energy conversion system; 7.5 Example: Optimum wellhead pressure; 7.6 Environmental aspects of dry-steam plants; 7.7 Equipment list for dry-steam plants; References; Nomenclature for figures in Chapter 7; Problems; Chapter 8. Binary Cycle Power Plants; 8.1 Introduction , 8.2 Basic binary systems8.3 Working fluid selection; 8.4 Advanced binary cycles; 8.5 Example of binary cycle analysis; 8.6 Environmental impact of binary cycles; 8.7 Equipment list for basic binary plants; References; Nomenclature for figures in Chapter 8; Problems; Chapter 9. Advanced Geothermal Energy Conversion Systems; 9.1 Introduction; 9.2 Hybrid single-flash and double-flash systems; 9.3 Hybrid flash-binary systems; 9.4 Example: Integrated flash-binary hybrid system; 9.5 Total-flow systems; 9.6 Hybrid fossil-geothermal systems; 9.7 Combined heat and power plants , 9.8 Hot dry rock (enhanced geothermal systems) , English

Additional Edition: ISBN 0-7506-8620-0

Language: English

UID:

Format: 1 online resource (473 pages) : , illustrations

ISBN: 0-08-101929-7 , 0-08-101928-9

Content: Handbook of Materials Failure Analysis: With Case Studies from the Construction Industry provides a thorough understanding of the reasons materials fail in certain situations, covering important scenarios including material defects, mechanical failure due to various causes, and improper material selection and/or corrosive environment. The book begins with a general overview of materials failure analysis and its importance, and then logically proceeds from a discussion of the failure analysis process, types of failure analysis, and specific tools and techniques, to chapters on analysis of materials failure from various causes. Failure can occur for several reasons, including: materials defects-related failure, materials design-related failure, or corrosion-related failures. The suitability of the materials to work in a definite environment is an important issue. The results of these failures can be catastrophic in the worst case scenarios, causing loss of life. This important reference covers the most common types of materials failure, and provides possible solutions.

Note: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Chapter 1 - Failure of the metallic structures due to microbiologically induced corrosion and the techniques for protection -- 1 - Introduction -- 1.1 - History of MIC -- 1.2 - Economic impact -- 2 - Mechanism of MIC -- 2.1 - Formation of biofilm -- 2.2 - Change of environment within biofilm -- 2.3 - Deterioration of the metal surface -- 2.4 - Common types of bacteria in MIC -- 2.4.1 - Sulfate-reducing bacteria -- 2.4.2 - Acid-producing bacteria -- 2.4.3 - Iron-reducing bacteria -- 2.4.4 - Common metals affected by MIC -- 3 - Types of corrosion caused by MIC -- 3.1 - Pitting corrosion -- 3.2 - Crevice corrosion -- 3.3 - Stress corrosion cracking -- 4 - Methods for detecting and recognizing MIC -- 4.1 - Detecting MIC -- 4.2 - Electrochemical measurement -- 4.3 - Surface analysis -- 4.4 - Probing MIC -- 5 - Protection from MIC -- 5.1 - Early detection and monitoring -- 5.2 - Coatings and lining -- 5.3 - Cathodic and anodic protection -- 5.4 - Inhibitors -- 5.5 - Oxidizing and nonoxidizing biocides -- 5.6 - Keeping the system clean -- 5.7 - Material selection and design improvement -- 6 - Conclusions -- 7 - Future work -- References -- Further ReadingS -- Chapter 2 - Failure analysis of welded constructional steel components -- 1 - Introduction -- 2 - Weld stresses -- 3 - Fracture mechanics -- 4 - Characteristics of welds -- 5 - Welding defects -- 6 - Conclusions -- Nomenclature -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 3 - Failure analysis of buried steel pipe under common geological disasters -- 1 - Introduction -- 2 - Fault movement -- 2.1 - Strike-slip fault -- 2.2 - Reverse fault -- 3 - Landslide -- 4 - Ground settlement -- 5 - Rockfall impact -- 5.1 - Pipe in soil stratum -- 5.2 - Pipe in rock stratum -- 6 - Conclusions -- References. , Chapter 4 - Construction failures due to improper materials, manufacturing, and design -- 1 - Introduction -- 2 - Failures due to substandard or improper material -- 2.1 - Case 1: Breakage of foundation bolt on a construction site -- 2.1.1 - Description of the failure -- 2.1.2 - Investigation -- 2.1.3 - Conclusion -- 2.1.4 - Recommendation -- 2.2 - Case 2: Breakage of rebars while bending during construction of reinforcement concrete -- 2.2.1 - Description of the failure -- 2.2.2 - Investigation -- 2.2.3 - Conclusion -- 2.2.4 - Recommendation -- 3 - Failures due to manufacturing as well as fabrication defect -- 3.1 - Case 3: Failure of I-beam column of a warehouse during construction -- 3.1.1 - Description of the failure -- 3.1.2 - Investigation -- 3.1.3 - Conclusion -- 3.1.4 - Recommendation -- 4 - Failures due to improper designing and assembling -- 4.1 - Case 4: Failure of a conveyor bend pulley -- 4.1.1 - Description of the failure -- 4.1.2 - Investigation -- 4.1.3 - Conclusion -- 4.1.4 - Recommendation -- 4.2 - Case 5: failure of tie rod of a bottom dispenser bucket in a lifting arrangement -- 4.2.1 - Description of the failure -- 4.2.2 - Investigation -- 4.2.3 - Conclusion -- 4.2.4 - Recommendation -- 4.3 - Case 6: Failure of street light pole -- 4.3.1 - Description of the failure -- 4.3.2 - Investigation -- 4.3.3 - Conclusion -- 4.3.4 - Recommendation -- 5 - Concluding remarks -- References -- Chapter 5 - Failures of construction equipment and accessories: metallurgical root-cause analysis -- 1 - Introduction -- 2 - Failures due to improper material -- 2.1 - Case 1: failure of an arm pin of a boom placer or reach stacker -- 2.1.1 - Description of the failure -- 2.1.2 - Investigation -- 2.1.3 - Conclusion -- 2.1.4 - Recommendation -- 2.2 - Case 2: failure of chisel of a rock breaker -- 2.2.1 Description of the failure -- 2.2.2 Investigation. , 2.2.3 - Conclusion -- 2.2.4 - Recommendation -- 3 - Failures due to manufacturing as well as fabrication defect -- 3.1 - Case 3: failure of chain links while lifting loads -- 3.1.1 - Description of the failure -- 3.1.2 - Investigation -- 3.1.3 - Conclusion -- 3.1.4 - Recommendation -- 3.2 - Case 4: failure of a crane hook -- 3.2.1 Description of the failure -- 3.2.2 Investigation -- 3.2.3 - Conclusion -- 3.2.4 - Recommendations -- 3.3 - Case 5: failure of truck-mounted crane (cherry-picker truck) -- 3.3.1 - Description of the failure -- 3.3.2 - Investigation -- 3.3.3 - Conclusion -- 3.3.4 - Recommendation -- 4 - Failures due to service abuses -- 4.1 - Case 6: failure of omega crane hoist wire rope -- 4.1.1 - Description of the failure -- 4.1.2 - Investigation -- 4.1.3 - Conclusion -- 4.1.4 - Recommendation -- 5 - Failures due to improper maintenance and inspection -- 5.1 - Case 7: failure of a wire rope -- 5.1.1 - Description of the failure -- 5.1.2 - Investigation -- 5.1.3 - Conclusion -- 5.1.4 Recommendation -- 6 - Concluding remarks -- References -- Chapter 6 - Corrosion and protection of the metallic structures in the petroleum industry due to corrosion and the techniques f... -- 1 - Introduction -- 1.1 - Corrosion problems in petroleum metallic structures -- 1.1.1 - Sweet (CO2) corrosion -- 1.1.2 - H2S corrosion -- 1.1.3 - O2 corrosion -- 1.2 - Material failure types and mechanism -- 1.2.1 - Pitting corrosion -- 1.2.2 - Erosion corrosion -- 1.2.3 - Cavitation corrosion -- 1.2.4 - Galvanic corrosion -- 1.2.5 - Microbiologically induced corrosion -- 1.2.6 - Stress corrosion cracking -- 1.2.7 - Sulfide stress corrosion cracking -- 2 - Common corrosion failure cases -- 2.1 - Corrosion under insulation -- 2.2 - Erosion corrosion caused by sand slurry -- 3 - Material protection -- 3.1 - Metal isolation (coatings and linings). , 3.2 - Corrosion-resistant alloys -- 3.3 - Corrosion inhibitors -- 3.4 - Cathodic protection -- 3.4.1 - Impressed current -- 3.4.2 - Sacrificial anodes -- 4 - Outlook -- References -- Chapter 7 - Failure of timber constructions -- 1 - Timber mechanics and failure -- 1.1 - Mechanical properties -- 1.2 - Failure criteria -- 1.3 - Modeling of timber failure -- 2 - Failure of timber connections -- 2.1 - Failure modes of mechanical timber connections -- 2.1.1 - Ductile failure mode -- 2.1.2 - Brittle failure mode -- 2.1.2.1 - Parallel to grain -- 2.1.2.2 - Perpendicular to grain -- 3 - Collapses of timber buildings: case studies -- 3.1 - Recent studies on the collapse of timber buildings -- 3.1.1 - Causes of building failure -- 3.1.2 - Structural element involved -- 3.2 - Case studies of failure of timber structures -- 3.2.1 - Inadequate design: Ballerup Arena (2003) -- 3.2.2 - Inadequate fabrication control: Jyväskylä Fair Center (2003) -- 3.2.3 - Inadequate production processes: Bad Reichenhall ice arena (2006) -- 3.3 - Recommendations to reduce failure of timber constructions -- References -- Chapter 8 - Structural failures in cast-in-place reinforced concrete building structures under construction -- 1 - Introduction -- 2 - A brief description of the construction of RC building structures -- 3 - Collapses during construction -- 4 - Causes of failures in RC building structures during construction -- 5 - Measures to minimize the risk of collapse -- 6 - Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 9 - Reliability design of the drawer system in French refrigerator subject to repetitive stresses -- 1 - Introduction -- 2 - Load analysis -- 3 - Parametric accelerated life testing of drawer system in French refrigerator system -- 4 - Laboratory experiments -- 5 - Conclusions -- Nomenclature -- References. , Chapter 10 - Failure analysis of a crusher jaw -- 1 - Introduction -- 2 - Methodology -- 2.1 - Background information -- 2.2 - Visual examination -- 2.3 - Fractographic examination -- 2.4 - Chemical analysis -- 2.5 - Casting of austenitic manganese steel -- 2.5.1 - Machining of standard test piece -- 2.5.2 - Heat-treatment -- 2.5.3 - Mechanical testing -- 2.5.4 - Metallographic examination -- 3 - Results and discussion -- 4 - Economic benefits of this study -- 4.1 - Operational history -- 4.2 - Cost estimate -- 5 - Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 11 - Bearing failure issues and corrective measures through surface engineering -- 1 - Bearing tribology -- 1.1 - Bearing material -- 1.2 - Bearing selection and design -- 1.3 - Friction and wear in a bearing -- 1.4 - Bearing lubrication -- 2 - Fractography and analytical techniques -- 3 - Case study -- 3.1 - Fatigue wear -- 3.2 - Fretting wear -- 3.3 - Corrosive wear -- 3.4 - Used oil analysis -- 3.5 - Source of elements -- 3.6 - Additives for protection -- 4 - Surface engineering in the bearing industry -- 4.1 - Physical vapor deposition -- 4.2 - Coating characteristics -- 4.3 - Fatigue testing -- 5 - Economy aspect -- 6 - Conclusive remarks and future direction -- References -- Chapter 12 - Consolidation works on sandstone monuments: A new approach -- 1 - Introduction -- 1.1 - Stone degradation patterns at Atouguia da Baleia village -- 1.2 - Consolidation treatments -- 2 - Experimental -- 2.1 - Mineralogical characterization -- 2.2 - Preparation of specimens -- 2.3 - Consolidating products and their applications -- 2.4 - Physical tests -- 2.5 - Mechanical tests -- 2.6 - Durability assessment tests -- 3 - Analysis of the results -- 3.1 - Physical behavior -- 3.2 - Mechanical behavior -- 3.3 - Durability assessment tests -- 4 - Conclusions -- References. , Chapter 13 - Nondestructive testing methodology to assess the conservation of historic stone buildings and monuments.

Language: English

UID:

Format: 1 online resource (465 p.)

ISBN: 1-281-07783-6 , 9786611077839 , 0-08-051374-3

Content: In this information-packed volume, the authors present mathematical models and analyses for evaluating, assessing, and describing the petroleum geology of the oil-rich South Caspian Sea Basin, including eastern Azerbaijan and western Turkmenistan. Their mathematical models include descriptions of the development and structure of the surrounding geological systems and traps.Details the petrophysical properties and interrelationship with reservoir and source rocksDescribes how new technology has made it possible to profitably produce off previously useless wells〈b

Note: Description based upon print version of record. , Front Cover; Petroleum Geology of the South Caspian Basin; Copyright Page; Contents; Foreword; Preface; Nomenclature; Abbreviations; Structures of Azerbajan Part of the South Caspian Basin; Chapter 1. Geology of Azerbaijan and the South Caspian Basin; General Overview; Geologic Setting of Super-Deep Deposits; Saatly Super Deep Well, SD-1; Chapter 2. Mud Volcanoes; Yasamaly Valley; Alyaty Ridge; Chapter 3. Regional Distribution of Oil and Gas; Chapter 4. Lithostratigraphic Framework; Chapter 5. Onshore Oil and Gas Fields; Region I: Apsheron Peninsula; Region II: Pre-Caspian-Kuba Monocline , Region III: Lower Kura LowlandRegion IV: Yevlakh-Agdzhabedi Area; Chapter 6. Offshore Oil and Gas Fields; Caspian Sea Overview; Zone I: Western Portion of Apsheron-Pre-Balkhan Anticlinal Trend; Zone II: South Apsheron Offshore Area; Zone III: Baku Archipelago; Chapter 7. General Regularities in Oil and Gas Distribution; I. Azerbaijan Portion of the South Caspian Basin; II. Turkmenistan Portion of the South Caspian Basin; III. Regions Adjacent to the South Caspian Basin; Chapter 8. Conclusions (Chapters 1-7); Chapter 9. Mathematical Models in Petroleum Geology; Introduction , Mathematical Simulation of Geologic SystemsChapter 10. Mathematical Models in Oil and Gas Exploration and Production (Static Geologic Systems); Mapping of Structures within the Apsheron-Pre-Balkhan Anticline Trend; Reservoir Characterization Using Log Data; Modeling of Sedimentary Sequences Based on Well-Logging Data; Entropy as Criterion of Heterogeneity of Rocks; Anisotropy of Stratified Rocks; Permeability of Reservoir Rocks; Surface Activity of Rocks; Models of Oil Composition and Properties; Chapter 11. Mathematical Modeling of Geological Processes (Dynamic Geological Systems) , Methodology of Simulation of Dynamic SystemsMathematical Simulation of Sediment Compaction; Numerical Simulation of Oil- and Gas-Bearing Rock Properties; Chapter 12. Other Applications of Numerical Simulation Methodology; Basic Principles and Calculation Techniques; Simulation of Reservoir-Rock Properties; Simulation of Petrophysical Properties of Rocks; Simulation of Water Invasion into Oil-Saturated Rocks; Simulation of Pore-Fluid (Formation) Pressure; Simulation of Hydrocarbon Resources and Evaluation of Oil and Gas Reserves; Chapter 13. Conclusions (Chapters 8-13); Bibliography , English

Additional Edition: ISBN 0-88415-342-8

Language: English

UID:

Format: 1 online resource (780 pages) : , illustrations (some color), tables.

ISBN: 0-08-100292-0 , 0-08-100293-9

Series Statement: Developments in Clay Science, Volume 7

Note: Front Cover -- Nanosized Tubular Clay Minerals: Halloysite and Imogolite -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Contributors -- Acknowledgements -- Chapter 1: General Introduction -- References -- Part I: Geology and Mineralogy of Nanosized Tubular Clay Minerals -- Chapter 2: Geology and Mineralogy of Nanosized Tubular Halloysite -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.2. Background History and Nomenclature -- 2.3. Genesis and Occurrence -- 2.3.1. Geological Processes of Main Halloysite Ores and Soils -- 2.3.2. Genetic Relation Between Halloysite and Kaolinite -- 2.3.3. Main Halloysite Ore Deposit in the World -- 2.4. Mineralogical Characterisation -- 2.4.1. Crystal Structure -- 2.4.1.1. Crystal Structure and Related Characterisations -- 2.4.1.2. Qualitative and Quantitative Differentiation of Halloysite and Kaolinite -- 2.4.2. Chemical Composition and Affecting Factors -- 2.4.3. Morphology and Origin of Its Diversity -- 2.4.3.1. Tubular Halloysite -- 2.4.3.2. Spheroidal Halloysite -- 2.4.3.3. Relation Between Morphology and Iron Content -- 2.4.4. Hydration and Dehydration: An Important Fingerprint of Their Properties -- 2.4.4.1. Dehydration-Rehydration Behaviour upon RH -- 2.4.4.2. Interlayer Water Content and Status -- 2.5. Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 3: Geology and Mineralogy of Imogolite-Type Materials -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. Structural Properties of Imogolite-Type Materials -- 3.2.1. Imogolite -- 3.2.2. Allophanes -- 3.2.3. Typical Methodology Applied to Differentiate Imogolite and Allophanes -- 3.2.4. Imogolite, Allophane, Proto-Imogolite and Proto-Allophane: Multiple Names for a Single Material? -- 3.3. Occurrence and Formation of Imogolite-Type Materials in Geologic and Pedologic Environments -- 3.3.1. Occurrence and Formation in the Geological Environment -- 3.3.2. Occurrence and Formation in Soil. , 3.3.2.1. Andosols: An Imogolite-Type Material Mine -- 3.3.2.2. Imogolite-Type Material Formation in Soils -- 3.4. Reactivity and Effect on Soil Properties -- 3.4.1. Phosphate -- 3.4.2. Metals -- 3.4.3. Organic Matter -- 3.5. Concluding Remarks -- References -- Part II: Structure and Properties of Nanosized Tubular Clay Minerals -- Chapter 4: Physicochemical Properties of Halloysite -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. Surface and Colloidal Properties of Halloysite -- 4.2.1. Cation Exchange Capacity -- 4.2.2. Specific Surface Area and Porosity -- 4.2.3. Dispersion Behaviour in Water -- 4.2.4. Hydrophilicity and Hydrophobicity -- 4.3. Mechanical Properties of Halloysite -- 4.4. Chemical Stability of Halloysite Under Acid and Alkaline Treatments -- 4.4.1. Effect of Acid Treatment on Halloysite -- 4.4.2. Effect of Alkali Treatment on Halloysite -- 4.5. Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 5: Characterisation of Halloysite by Electron Microscopy -- 5.1. Introduction -- 5.2. Background of Electron Microscopy -- 5.3. Morphological Analysis -- 5.4. Electron Diffraction -- 5.5. HRTEM Imaging of the Crystal Structure -- 5.6. Reconciliation of ED and HRTEM Results -- 5.7. Formation Mechanism of Halloysite Structure -- 5.8. Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 6: Characterisation of Halloysite by Spectroscopy -- 6.1. Introduction -- 6.2. Brief Presentation of Various Spectroscopic Methods -- 6.2.1. Infrared Spectroscopy -- 6.2.2. Raman Spectroscopy -- 6.2.3. X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy -- 6.2.4. Solid-State Magic-Angle-Spinning Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy -- 6.2.5. Mössbauer Spectroscopy -- 6.2.6. Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy -- 6.3. Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy of Halloysite and Related Kaolin Minerals -- 6.3.1. The Hydroxyl Groups and Interlayer Water -- 6.3.2. Halloysite Layers. , 6.4. Other Spectroscopic Characterisations of Halloysite -- 6.4.1. X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy -- 6.4.2. Solid-State MAS-NMR -- 6.4.3. ESR, Mössbauer and Cathodeluminescence Techniques -- 6.5. Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 7: Thermal-Treatment-Induced Deformations and Modifications of Halloysite -- 7.1. Introduction -- 7.2. Dehydration of Halloysite Under Thermal Treatment-Effects of Temperature -- 7.3. Structural Changes and Phase Transformations of Halloysite Under Calcination -- 7.4. Deformations in Texture and Morphology of Halloysite Under Calcination and Related Modifications in Surface Reactivities -- 7.4.1. Deformations in Texture and Morphology -- 7.4.2. Changes in Surface Reactivities -- 7.5. Some Applications of Heat-Treated Halloysite -- 7.6. Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 8: Surface Modifications of Halloysite -- 8.1. Introduction -- 8.2. Chemical Modification of the Internal Lumen Surface -- 8.2.1. Grafting of Organosilane onto the Internal Aluminol Groups -- 8.2.2. Grafting of Other Organic Compounds onto Internal Aluminol Groups -- 8.3. Modification of the External Surface -- 8.3.1. Surfactant, Polymer and Biopolymer Coatings -- 8.3.2. Organosilane Modification of Calcined Halloysite -- 8.4. Modification of the Interlayer Surface -- 8.4.1. Intercalation of Guest Molecules into the Interlayer Space -- 8.4.2. Grafting of Organics in the Interlayer Space -- 8.5. Applications of Surface-Modified Halloysite -- 8.5.1. Halloysite Polymer Nanocomposite -- 8.5.2. Controlled Loading and Release of Guest Molecules -- 8.5.3. Pollution Remediation -- 8.6. Concluding Remarks -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 9: Physicochemical Properties of Imogolite -- 9.1. Introduction -- 9.2. Surface Properties of Imogolite -- 9.2.1. Surface Charge -- 9.2.2. Electrokinetic Phenomena -- 9.3. Chemisorption and Physisorption. , 9.3.1. Gas Adsorption Properties -- 9.3.1.1. Determination of Textural Properties Through Adsorption of Nonreactive and Non-H-Bonded Molecules -- 9.3.1.2. Determination of Acid-Base Properties Through Adsorption of Reactive Molecules -- 9.3.1.3. Water and H-Bonded Liquid Adsorption on Imogolite -- 9.3.2. Metal/Metalloid Adsorption in the Liquid Phase -- 9.4. Conclusive Remarks -- References -- Chapter 10: Characterisation of Imogolite by Microscopic and Spectroscopic Methods -- 10.1. Introduction -- 10.2. Microscopic Methods -- 10.2.1. Atomic Force Microscopy and Scanning Tunneling Microscopy -- 10.2.2. Transmission Electron Microscopy -- 10.2.3. Cryo-TEM -- 10.3. Spectroscopic Methods -- 10.3.1. Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy -- 10.3.2. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance -- 10.3.3. X-Ray Absorption Including X-Ray Absorption Near Edge Structure and Extended X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure -- 10.3.4. X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy -- 10.4. Scattering Methods -- 10.4.1. Dynamic Light Scattering -- 10.4.2. X-Ray-Based Analysis -- 10.4.2.1. XRD by Imogolite and Imogolite Bundles -- 10.4.2.2. Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering -- 10.5. Chemical and Mass Analysis -- 10.5.1. Chemical Composition -- 10.5.2. Gas Adsorption -- 10.5.3. Water Adsorption and Thermogravimetric Analysis -- 10.6. Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 11: Deformations and Thermal Modifications of Imogolite -- 11.1. Introduction -- 11.2. X-Ray Scattering Formalism -- 11.2.1. Individual Nanotubes -- 11.2.2. Nanotubes Organised in Bundles -- 11.2.3. Typical Experimental Setup -- 11.3. Ovalisation of the Imogolite -- 11.4. Hexagonalisation of the Imogolite -- 11.5. Dehydroxylation and High-Temperature Structural Transformations -- 11.6. Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 12: Surface Chemical Modifications of Imogolite -- 12.1. Introduction. , 12.2. Modification of the Inner Pores of Imogolite -- 12.2.1. Direct Synthesis Methods -- 12.2.2. Postsynthesis Methods -- 12.2.3. Properties of the Obtained Materials -- 12.3. Modification of the Outer Surface of Imogolite -- 12.3.1. Grafting of Organic Molecules -- 12.3.2. Reactivity of Outer Surfaces -- 12.4. Surface Properties of the Lamellar Phases Deriving from Imogolite Thermal Collapse -- 12.5. Concluding Remarks -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 13: Liquid-Crystalline Phases of Imogolite and Halloysite Dispersions -- 13.1. Introduction -- 13.2. Structures of Liquid Crystals -- 13.3. The Nematic Phase of Imogolite Nanotubes -- 13.4. The Columnar Phase of Imogolite Nanotubes -- 13.5. Anisotropy of clay polymer nanocomposites Based on Imogolite Nanotubes -- 13.6. Liquid-Crystalline Phases of Halloysite, Another Rodlike Tubular Clay Mineral -- 13.7. Concluding Remarks -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 14: Molecular Simulation of Nanosized Tubular Clay Minerals -- 14.1. Introduction -- 14.2. Computational Aspects -- 14.2.1. Force Field Simulations -- 14.2.2. Density-Functional Theory -- 14.2.3. Self-consistent-Charge Density-Functional Tight-Binding Method -- 14.3. Imogolites -- 14.3.1. Imogolite Model -- 14.3.2. Imogolite: Aluminosilicate Nanotubes -- 14.3.3. Aluminogermanate Nanotubes -- 14.3.4. Other Imogolite-like Nanotubes -- 14.3.5. Modification of Imogolite -- 14.4. Halloysite -- 14.5. Chrysotile and Nano-Fibriform Silica -- 14.6. Concluding Remarks -- Abbreviations -- References -- Part III: Synthesis of Nanosized Tubular Clay Minerals -- Chapter 15: Why a 1:1 2D Structure Tends to Roll?: A Thermodynamic Perspective -- 15.1. Introduction -- 15.2. Equilibrium Energy of a Single Nanotube -- 15.2.1. Single-Walled (SW) Case -- 15.2.2. Double-Walled (DW) Case -- 15.2.3. Multi-Walled (MW) Case -- 15.2.3.1. ma≪R0, thin MW. , 15.2.3.2. R0≪a, thick single layer.

Language: English

UID:

Format: 1 online resource (xv, 659 pages) : , illustrations

ISBN: 1-4832-8960-5

Series Statement: Developments in Petrology ; 6

Note: Front Cover; Trondhjemites, Dacites, and Related Rocks; Copyright Page; Preface; Contributors; Table of Contents; CHAPTER 1. TRONDHJEMITE: DEFINITION, ENVIRONMENT AND HYPOTHESES OF ORIGIN; Abstract; Trondhjemite: definition; Major-element character; Occurrence; Hypotheses of origin; Comments on Archean gray gneiss complexes; Relation to subduction; Acknowledgments; References; CHAPTER 2. A REVIEW OF THE MINERALOGY AND CHEMISTRY OF TERTIARY-RECENT DACITIC, LATITIC, RHYOLITIC, AND RELATED SALIC VOLCANIC ROCKS; Abstract; Introduction; Chemistry; Phenocryst mineralogy , Interrelationships between mineralogy and chemistry; Regional variations of dacitic and rhyolitic magmas; Acknowledgments; References; Appendices; CHAPTER 3. SOME TRACE ELEMENTS IN TRONDHJEMITES - THEIR IMPLICATIONS TO MAGMA GENESIS AND PALEOTECTONIC SETTING; Introduction; Selection and reliability of trace elements; Tectonic environments and trace element patterns; Models of trondhjemite genesis; Conclusions; References; CHAPTER 4. STRONTIUM ISOTOPE GEOCHEMISTRY OF LATE ARCHEAN TO LATE CRETACEOUS TONALITES AND TRONDHJEMITES; Abstract; Introduction; Samples and criteria; Data; Results , Conclusions; Acknowledgments; References; CHAPTER 5. OCEANIC PLAGIOGRANITE REVISITED; Abstract; Introduction; Keratophyre and plagiogranite; Nomenclature; Petrography; Intergrowths; Chemistry; Summary; References; CHAPTER 6. ARCHEAN GRAY GNEISSES AND THE ORIGIN OF THE CONTINENTAL CRUST: EVIDENCE FROM THE GODTHAB REGION, WEST GREENLAND; Abstract; Introduction; The Nuk gneisses; Origin of the Nuk magmas; Comparison with younger tectonic environments; A model for the generation of the Nuk gneisses; The Amitsoq gneisses; Conclusions; Acknowledgments; References , CHAPTER 7. METAMORPHIC DEVELOPMENT OF EARLY ARCHEAN TONALITIC AND TRONDHJEMITIC GNEISSES: SAGLEK AREA, LABRADOR; Abstract; Introduction; Geological setting; Geological relations in the Saglek area; Meta-plutoni e rocks: the Uivak gneisses; Supracrustal rocks; Petrology; Geochemistry; Discussion and origin of the Uivak gneisses; Implications for Archean crustal development; Acknowledgments; References; CHAPTER 8. GEOCHEMISTRY OF ARCHEAN TRONDHJEMITIC AND TONALITIC GNEISSES FROM SCOTLAND AND EAST GREENLAND; Abstract; Introduction; Geochemistry; Discussion; References , CHAPTER 9. THE ROLE OF TONALITIC AND TRONDHJEMITIC ROCKS IN THE CRUSTAL DEVELOPMENT OF SWAZILAND AND THE EASTERN TRANSVAAL, SOUTH AFRICA; Introduction; General geologic setting of Swaziland and eastern Transvaal; Geology of the tonalitic-trondhjemitic suites; Geochemistry of the tonali te-trondhjemite suites; Origin of the tonalite-trondhjemite suites; Summary and discussion; References; CHAPTER 10. PETROCHEMISTRY AND TECTONIC SETTING OF PLUTONIC ROCKS OF THE SUPERIOR PROVINCE IN MANITOBA; Abstract; Introduction; Terminology; Regional geology; Regional geophysics; Age of plutonism; Petrochemistry , English

Additional Edition: ISBN 1-322-25714-0

Additional Edition: ISBN 0-444-41765-6

Language: English

UID:

Format: 1 online resource (568 pages) : , illustrations (some color), tables, graphs

ISBN: 0-12-812999-9 , 0-12-812998-0

Content: Hydraulic Fracture Modeling delivers all the pertinent technology and solutions in one product to become the go-to source for petroleum and reservoir engineers. Providing tools and approaches, this multi-contributed reference presents current and upcoming developments for modeling rock fracturing including their limitations and problem-solving applications. Fractures are common in oil and gas reservoir formations, and with the ongoing increase in development of unconventional reservoirs, more petroleum engineers today need to know the latest technology surrounding hydraulic fracturing technology such as fracture rock modeling. There is tremendous research in the area but not all located in one place. Covering two types of modeling technologies, various effective fracturing approaches and model applications for fracturing, the book equips today's petroleum engineer with an all-inclusive product to characterize and optimize today's more complex reservoirs.

Note: Front Cover -- Hydraulic Fracture Modeling -- Hydraulic Fracture Modeling -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- 1 - Finite-Element Modeling of the Growth and Interaction of Hydraulic Fractures in Poroelastic Rock Formations -- 1.1 INTRODUCTION -- 1.2 COMPUTATIONAL FRAMEWORK -- 1.3 MODELING OF THERMOPOROELASTIC DEFORMATION IN FRACTURED MEDIA -- 1.4 MODELING DISCRETE FRACTURE GROWTH -- 1.5 EFFECT OF MATRIX POROELASTICITY ON THE GROWTH OF A SINGLE FRACTURE -- 1.6 EFFECT OF INTERACTION ON THE PATHS OF TWO FLUID-DRIVEN PENNY-SHAPED CRACKS -- 1.7 THERMAL EFFECTS ON EARLY STAGES OF HYDRAULIC FRACTURE GROWTH -- 1.8 CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 2 - A Framework of Integrated Flow-Geomechanics-Geophysics Simulation for Planar Hydraulic Fracture Propagation -- 2.1 INTRODUCTION -- 2.2 ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR VERTICAL HYDRAULIC FRACTURES -- 2.2.1 Two-Dimensional Fracture Models: Perkins-Kern-Nordgren and Khristianovic-Geertsma-de Klerk Fractures -- 2.2.2 Fracture Propagation and Fracture Widths -- 2.3 NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF VERTICAL HYDRAULIC FRACTURE PROPAGATION IN THREE DIMENSIONS -- 2.3.1 Mathematical Statements and Constitutive Relations -- 2.3.2 Numerical Discretization and Examples -- 2.4 JOINT ANALYSIS OF GEOMECHANICS AND GEOPHYSICS -- 2.4.1 Induced Seismicity -- 2.4.2 Electromagnetic Survey -- 2.5 SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- FURTHER READING -- 3 - Simulation of Multistage Hydraulic Fracturing in Unconventional Reservoirs Using Displacement Discontinuity Met ... -- 3.1 STRESS SHADOW EFFECT -- 3.1.1 Theoretical Analysis -- 3.1.2 Experimental Observations -- 3.1.3 Field Observations -- 3.2 NUMERICAL APPROACHES FOR MULTISTAGE HYDRAULIC FRACTURING IN UNCONVENTIONAL RESERVOIRS -- 3.3 SIMULATION OF MULTISTAGE HYDRAULIC FRACTURING IN UNCONVENTIONAL RESERVOIRS USING DISPLACEMENT DISCONTINUITY METHOD. , 3.3.1 Governing Equations for Hydraulic Fracture Growth -- 3.3.1.1 Elasticity -- 3.3.1.2 Fluid Flow -- 3.3.1.3 Fracture Initiation and Propagation -- 3.4 MODEL VALIDATION -- 3.4.1 Mechanical Calculation Validation -- 3.4.2 Radial Fracture Propagation -- 3.5 APPLICATION -- 3.5.1 Fracture Height Growth in Multilayer Formations -- 3.5.2 Multistage Hydraulic Fracturing -- 3.6 CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 4 - Quasistatic Discrete Element Modeling of Hydraulic and Thermal Fracturing Processes in Shale and Low-Permeabili ... -- 4.1 INTRODUCTION -- 4.2 QUASISTATIC DISCRETE ELEMENT MODEL -- 4.3 FRACTURING OF BRITTLE CRYSTALLINE ROCK BY THERMAL COOLING -- 4.4 HYDRAULIC FRACTURING MODELING BY COUPLED QUASISTATIC DISCRETE ELEMENT MODEL AND CONJUGATE NETWORK FLOW MODEL -- 4.4.1 Methodology of Coupled Discrete Element Model and Dual Network Flow Model -- 4.4.2 Simultaneous Propagation of Interacting Fractures -- 4.4.3 Interaction Between Propagating Hydraulic Fracture and Natural Fracture -- 4.4.4 Three-Dimensional Simulations of Hydraulic Fracturing -- REFERENCES -- 5 - Hydraulic Fracturing Modeling and Its Extension to Reservoir Simulation Based on Extended Finite-Element Method ... -- 5.1 INTRODUCTION -- 5.2 MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF HYDRAULIC FRACTURE PROPAGATION -- 5.2.1 Underlying Assumptions -- 5.2.2 Governing Equations -- 5.2.3 Fracture Propagation Criteria -- 5.3 NUMERICAL SCHEME FOR HYDRAULIC FRACTURING -- 5.3.1 Stress Field With Extended Finite-Element Method -- 5.3.2 Pressure Field With Finite-Element Method -- 5.3.3 Coupling Schemes -- 5.4 NUMERICAL CASES AND RESULTS ANALYSIS -- 5.4.1 Validation of Numerical Model -- 5.4.2 The Effect of Rock Properties -- 5.4.3 The Effect of Fluid Properties -- 5.4.4 The Effect of Natural Fracture -- 5.5 MODELING OF SIMULTANEOUS PROPAGATION OF MULTIPLE CLUSTER FRACTURES -- 5.5.1 Problem Formulations. , 5.5.2 Tip Asymptotic Solution -- 5.5.3 Numerical Algorithm -- 5.5.4 Numerical Results -- 5.6 EXTENSIONS TO RESERVOIR HYDROMECHANICAL SIMULATION -- 5.6.1 Coupling Scheme for Extended Finite-Element Method and Embedded Discrete Fracture Model -- 5.6.2 Numerical Examples -- 5.7 CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 6 - Fully Coupled 3-D Hydraulic Fracture Models-Development and Validation -- 6.1 INTRODUCTION -- 6.2 NUMERICAL FORMULATION -- 6.2.1 Fluid Flow in the Porous Medium -- 6.2.2 Fracture Nucleation and Propagation -- 6.2.3 Fluid Flow in the Fracture -- 6.3 IMPLEMENTATION SCHEME -- 6.3.1 Cohesive Elements -- 6.3.2 Extended Finite Elements -- 6.4 SOLUTION VERIFICATION -- 6.4.1 Vertical Planar Khristianovich-Geertsma-de Klerk Fracture -- 6.4.2 Radial (Penny-Shaped) Fracture -- 6.5 MODEL VALIDATION -- 6.5.1 Laboratory-Scale Model -- 6.5.2 Field-Scale Model -- 6.6 CONCLUSION -- NOMENCLATURE -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- FURTHER READING -- 7 - Continuum Modeling of Hydraulic Fracturing in Complex Fractured Rock Masses -- 7.1 INTRODUCTION -- 7.2 TOUGH-FLAC SIMULATOR AND FRACTURE CONTINUUM APPROACH -- 7.2.1 TOUGH-FLAC Simulator -- 7.2.2 Fracture Continuum Approach -- 7.3 VERIFICATION AND DEMONSTRATION -- 7.3.1 Hydromechanics in Complex Fractured Rock -- 7.3.2 Fracture Propagation Across Discontinuities and Geological Layers -- 7.3.2.1 Verification of the Model for Fracture Propagation -- 7.3.2.2 The Effects of Nearby Fractures on Hydraulically Induced Fracture Propagation -- 7.3.2.3 The Influence of Complex Geological Settings on Hydraulically Induced Fracture Propagation -- 7.3.3 Classical Hydraulic Fracturing Stress Measurement Operation -- 7.4 CONCLUDING REMARKS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 8 - Development of a Hydraulic Fracturing Simulator for Single-Well Fracturing Design in Unconventional Reservoirs -- 8.1 INTRODUCTION. , 8.2 FRACTURE FLUID CHARACTERIZATION -- 8.3 FRACTURE MASS CONSERVATION EQUATIONS -- 8.4 FRACTURE ENERGY EQUATION -- 8.5 FRACTURE MECHANICS EQUATIONS -- 8.6 FLUID LEAK-OFF FORMULATION -- 8.7 WELLBORE MASS, FLOW, AND ENERGY EQUATIONS -- 8.8 STRESS SHADOW EFFECT -- 8.9 GOVERNING EQUATION SOLUTION -- 8.10 FRACTURE DISCRETIZATION -- 8.11 DISCRETIZED FRACTURE MASS AND ENERGY CONSERVATION EQUATIONS -- 8.12 DISCRETIZED FRACTURE MECHANICS EQUATIONS -- 8.13 DISCRETIZED WELLBORE MASS AND ENERGY CONSERVATION EQUATIONS -- 8.14 WELLBORE-SURROUNDINGS TRANSFER -- 8.15 SOLUTION OF FINITE DIFFERENCE FLOW, ENERGY, AND FRACTURE MECHANICS EQUATIONS -- 8.16 TIME STEP SIZE SELECTION -- 8.17 EXAMPLE PROBLEMS -- 8.17.1 Radial Fracture Propagation -- 8.17.2 PKN-Like Fracture Propagation -- 8.17.3 Field-Type Simulation -- 8.18 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 9 - Modeling Rock Fracturing Processes With FRACOD -- 9.1 INTRODUCTION -- 9.2 ROCK FRACTURE PROPAGATION MECHANISMS AND FRACTURE CRITERION -- 9.3 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND OF FRACOD -- 9.4 COUPLING BETWEEN ROCK FRACTURING AND THERMAL AND HYDRAULIC PROCESSES -- 9.4.1 Rock Fracturing-Thermal Coupling -- 9.4.2 Fracturing-Hydraulic Flow Coupling -- 9.4.3 Hydraulic Flow-Thermal Coupling -- 9.5 VALIDATION AND DEMONSTRATION EXAMPLES -- 9.5.1 Modeling Biaxial Compressive Test -- 9.5.2 Modeling Borehole Breakouts -- 9.5.3 Cooling Fractures in Borehole Wall -- 9.5.4 Rock Mass Cooling Due to Fluid Flow -- 9.6 MODELING HYDRAULIC FRACTURING USING FRACOD -- 9.6.1 Verification Example-Hydraulic Fracturing in Intact Rock -- 9.6.2 Verification Against the Khristianovic-Geertsma-de Klerk Model -- 9.6.3 Modeling Fracture Diversion -- 9.7 MODELING CO2 GEOSEQUESTRATION EXPERIEMENT USING FRACOD -- 9.7.1 Fault Reactivation -- 9.7.2 Caprock Stability -- 9.8 CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES. , 10 - An Integrated Study for Hydraulic Fracture and Natural Fracture Interactions and Refracturing in Shale Reservoirs -- 10.1 INTRODUCTION -- 10.2 BACKGROUND -- 10.3 COUPLED GEOMECHANICAL AND FLUID FLOW MODEL -- 10.4 CASE STUDY: THE EAGLE FORD SHALE WELL PAD MODELING -- 10.4.1 Complex Discrete Fracture Network Model With Predetermined Fracture Geometry -- 10.4.2 Complex Discrete Fracture Network Model With Coupled Fracture Growth Simulations -- 10.4.3 Refracturing -- 10.5 DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUDING REMARKS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 11 - Development of a Coupled Reservoir-Geomechanical Simulator for the Prediction of Caprock Fracturing and Fault ... -- 11.1 INTRODUCTION -- 11.2 GEOMECHANICAL FORMULATION -- 11.2.1 Mean Stress Equation -- 11.2.2 Stress Tensor Components -- 11.3 FLUID AND HEAT FLOW FORMULATION -- 11.4 DISCRETIZATION AND SOLUTION OF GOVERNING EQUATIONS -- 11.4.1 Discretization of Simulator Conservation Equations -- 11.4.2 Solution of Simulator Conservation Equations -- 11.4.3 Geomechanical Boundary Conditions and Stress Field Initialization -- 11.5 PERMEABILITY AND POROSITY DEPENDENCIES -- 11.5.1 Isotropic Porous Media -- 11.5.2 Fractured Media -- 11.6 CAPROCK FRACTURING AND FAULT REACTIVATION -- 11.6.1 Caprock Tensile Failure -- 11.6.2 Fault and Fracture Reactivation -- 11.6.3 Caprock Shear Failure -- 11.7 EXAMPLE SIMULATIONS -- 11.7.1 Displacement From a Uniform Load on a Semiinfinite Elastic Medium -- 11.7.2 Two-Dimensional Mandel-Cryer Effect -- 11.7.3 Depletion of a Single-Phase Reservoir -- 11.7.4 In Salah Gas Project -- 11.7.5 CO2 Leakage Through Fault Zones -- 11.7.6 Fracture of a Concrete Block -- 11.8 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 12 - Modeling of Cryogenic Fracturing Processes -- 12.1 INTRODUCTION -- 12.1.1 Comparison With Hydraulic Fracturing -- 12.1.2 History of Cryogenic Fracturing. , 12.2 PHYSICAL PROCESS OF CRYOGENIC FRACTURING.

Language: English