UID:
almafu_9960011145902883
Format:
1 online resource (815 pages) :
,
color illustrations
ISBN:
9780124201903
,
0124201903
,
9780127999159
,
0127999159
Note:
Includes index.
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Front Cover -- On Human Nature -- On Human Nature: Biology, Psychology, Ethics, Politics, and Religion -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Editors' Biographies -- Foreword -- Preface -- I - Biological Basis of Human Diversity -- 1 - The Advent of Biological Evolution and Humankind: Chance or Necessity? -- CHANCE AND NECESSITY -- EPIGENETIC PROCESSES -- WHAT IS A HOMININ? -- HUMAN SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES -- THE DISTINCTIVE FEATURES OF HUMANS -- CHANCE AND NECESSITY IN HUMAN EVOLUTION -- CAN ADAPTIVE ADVANTAGES OF BIPEDALISM BE IDENTIFIED? -- ``PARTIAL'' VERSUS ``COMPLETE'' BIPEDALISM -- THE TWO ADAPTIVE ADVANTAGES OF BIPEDALISM -- THE ORIGIN OF MODERN HUMANS -- REFERENCES -- 2 - Hominins: Context, Origins, and Taxic Diversity -- HOMININS LOCATED IN THE TREE OF LIFE -- CANDIDATES FOR THE STEM HOMININ -- Ardipithecus ramidus -- Orrorin tugenensis -- Sahelanthropus tchadensis -- Ardipithecus kadabba -- ASSESSING THE CLAIMS FOR HOMININ STATUS -- LADDER OR BUSH? -- EVIDENCE OF TAXIC DIVERSITY WITHIN THE HOMININ CLADE -- 7.0-5.0MA -- Evidence of Diversity -- 5.0-4.0MA -- Australopithecus anamensis -- Evidence of Diversity -- 4.0-3.0MA -- Australopithecus afarensis -- Australopithecus bahrelghazali -- Kenyanthropus platyops -- Australopithecus deyiremeda -- Burtele Foot -- Evidence of Diversity -- 3.0-2.5MA -- Australopithecus africanus -- Paranthropus aethiopicus -- LD 350-1 -- Evidence of Diversity -- 2.5-2.0MA -- Paranthropus boisei -- Homo habilis sensu lato -- Paranthropus aethiopicus -- Australopithecus garhi -- Evidence of Diversity -- 2.0-1.5MA -- Homo erectus -- Paranthropus robustus -- Paranthropus boisei and Homo habilis sensu lato -- Homo ergaster -- Homo rudolfensis -- Homo georgicus -- Australopithecus sediba -- Evidence of Diversity -- 1.5-1.0MA.
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Homo erectus, Paranthropus robustus, Paranthropus boisei, Homo habilis, and Homo ergaster -- Homo antecessor -- Evidence of Diversity -- 1.0-0.25MA -- Homo erectus -- Homo heidelbergensis -- Homo rhodesiensis -- Homo helmei -- Sima de los Huesos -- Homo antecessor -- Evidence of Diversity -- 0.25MA TO THE PRESENT -- Homo sapiens -- Homo neanderthalensis -- Homo erectus and Homo heidelbergensis -- Homo floresiensis -- Denisovans -- Evidence of Diversity -- DISCUSSION -- CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 3 - The History of Early Homo -- THE FIRST HOMO -- THE DISCOVERY OF HOMO ERECTUS -- DMANISI -- HOMININS -- PALEOENVIRONMENT -- STONE TOOLS -- POST-HOMO ERECTUS EVIDENCE -- HOBBIT -- CONCLUSION: WHAT WE LEARNED FROM THE DMANISI CASE -- The Question: Is Homo habilis the First Homo? -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- REFERENCES -- 4 - The Contribution of Genetic Ancestry From Archaic Humans to Modern Humans -- MODELS OF HUMAN ORIGINS -- OTHER ARCHAIC HUMAN GENOMES -- ARCHAIC GENOMES AND MODERN HUMAN DISPERSALS -- ARCHAIC GENOMES AND SELECTION -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 5 - World Dispersals and Genetic Diversity of Mankind: The Out-of-Africa Theory and Its Challenges -- INTRODUCTION -- PHYLOGEOGRAPHY AND MODELS OF HUMAN EVOLUTION -- Coalescent Theory and Mitochondrial Eve -- Hypothesis Compatibility Versus Hypothesis Testing -- Computer Simulations With Bayesian Hypothesis Testing -- Building Models Through Hypothesis Testing -- Ancient DNA Studies -- FOSSILS, ARCHAEOLOGY, AND MODELS OF HUMAN EVOLUTION -- One Human Lineage or Multiple Species? -- Concordance of Fossils and Archaeology With Models of Human Evolution -- IMPLICATIONS OF RECENT HUMAN EVOLUTION FOR CURRENT PATTERNS OF HUMAN GENETIC DIVERSITY -- The Impact of Gene Flow and Admixture on Genetic Diversity -- To Tree or Not to Tree, That Is the Question.
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Do Human Races Exist? -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- Hypothesis Testing in Scientific Inference -- THE EVOLUTIONARY AND GENETIC UNITY OF THE HUMAN SPECIES -- REFERENCES -- 6 - Human Population Variability and Its Adaptive Significance -- A MANKIND POPULATION GENETICS FRAMEWORK FOR APPLIED RESEARCH -- Most Genetic Variation Occurs Within Continental Groups -- Clines, Clusters, Clinal Clusters, Trees? -- Russian Dolls Everywhere -- All Admixed -- Toward Homogenization? -- Ancestry Informative Markers Versus Self-Reported Ancestry -- The Contribution of Ancient DNA: Archaic Adaptative Introgression -- Old Debates Revisited: Basques, Indo-Europeans, and Jews -- Out-of-Africa and That's It? Not So Simple -- RARITY MATTERS: RARE VARIANTS AND LOW FREQUENCY VARIANTS -- COPY NUMBER MATTERS: STRUCTURAL VARIATION -- NOT ONLY GENES: REGULATION IS A MAJOR ACTOR -- WHAT ABOUT PHENOTYPIC GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION? -- ABUNDANT INDICATIONS FOR RECENT AND GEOGRAPHICALLY DIFFERENTIATED EVOLUTION -- Mountaineers -- White-Skinned, Blue-Eyed -- Milk Drinkers -- Other Examples of Recent Evolution -- Coevolution Between Culture and Genetics -- Brain Genes and Cognition -- CONCLUSION -- GLOSSARY OF SPECIALIZED TERMS -- REFERENCES -- 7 - Evolution and Implications of Genomic Diversity on ``Human Kind'' in India -- INTRODUCTION -- PEOPLING OF INDIA -- Early Settlers -- Autochthonous Expansions -- Arrival of Neolithic Farmers -- Population Stratification -- Enigma of Dravidian Land -- Deccan, Dry Land Farmers, and NRY HG L1 -- Demic Expansion -- Settled Agriculture -- Culture, an Isolation Parameter -- IMPLICATIONS IN HEALTH AND DISEASE -- Not All the Infected Develop the Disease -- Lotus and Cactus Model -- Pharmacogenomics -- Survival Dictum -- INDIA: GRANDEST EXPERIMENT OF NATURE -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES.
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8 - The Human Brain: Evolution and Distinctive Features -- INTRODUCTION -- SOME BASIC NEUROANATOMY -- THEMES AND THEORIES IN HUMAN BRAIN EVOLUTION -- Association Cortex Enlargement by the Addition of Areas -- Association Cortex Expansion, Without Internal Compartmentation -- Association Cortex Enlargement With the Same Areas, but Reorganized -- Humans as Scaled-Up Apes -- EVOLUTION OF BRAIN SIZE AND EXTERNAL MORPHOLOGY -- INTERNAL CHANGES -- Enlargement of Higher-Order Cortex and Thalamus -- Changes in Areal Organization, Function, and Connectivity -- Evidence for New Areas? -- Evolutionary Modifications of Sensory and Limbic Cortex -- Microstructural Changes -- MOLECULAR SPECIALIZATIONS RELEVANT TO HUMAN BRAIN EVOLUTION -- CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 9 - How Different Are Humans and ``Great Apes''? A Matrix of Comparative Anthropogeny -- THE CHALLENGE OF COMPARATIVE ANTHROPOGENY -- OUR EVOLUTIONARY HERITAGE AND PRIMATE NATURE -- Classification -- Common Phenotypic Features of Humans -- Comparative Genomics -- COMPARATIVE ANTHROPOGENY -- What Is Anthropogeny? -- A Comprehensive Comparative Approach Is Needed -- Limited Information Is Available on the Phenomes of Nonhuman Hominids -- Ethical and Practical Limitations on Further Acquisition of Information -- Body, Mind, and Society of Humans Show Major Departures From Those of ``Great Apes'' -- MATRIX OF COMPARATIVE ANTHROPOGENY -- Origins and Rationale -- Goals -- Organization Into Domains of Human Knowledge -- SELECTED EXAMPLES OF COMPARATIVE ANTHROPOGENY -- Anatomy and Biomechanics -- Behavior -- Cell Biology and Chemistry -- Cognition -- Communication -- Culture -- Dental Biology and Disease -- Development -- Ecology -- Endocrinology -- General Life History -- Genetics -- Genomics -- Immunology -- Medical Diseases -- Mental Disease -- Neuroscience -- Nutrition.
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Organ Physiology -- Pathology -- Pharmacology -- Reproductive Biology and Disease -- Skin Biology and Disease -- Social Organization -- TOPIC TIMELINES AND RELATIONSHIPS -- GENERATING NETWORKS OF RELATIONSHIPS AMONG MATRIX OF COMPARATIVE ANTHROPOGENY TOPICS -- SYNTHESIS WITH EXISTING THEORIES OF HUMAN ORIGINS -- CAVEAT: ABSENCE OF EVIDENCE IN NONHUMAN PRIMATES IS NOT EVIDENCE FOR ABSENCE -- MOVING THE GOALPOSTS -- CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS -- REFERENCES -- 10 - Human Intergroup Variation and Disease Genetics -- INTRODUCTION -- BRIEF REVIEW OF POPULATION STRUCTURE AND RECENT EVOLUTION IN HUMANS -- LOOKING FOR DISEASE GENES: CANDIDATE GENES, GWAS, WGS -- CD/CV, RV -- MENDELIAN DISEASES AROUND THE WORLD -- GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF COMPLEX DISEASES -- Cardiovascular Diseases -- Diabetes and the Thrifty Hypothesis -- Psychological Disorders and Mental Illness -- Respiratory Diseases: Asthma -- Cancer -- Group Differences in Various Forms of Cancer -- Leukemia -- Melanoma -- Breast Cancer -- TRANSMISSIBLE DISEASES, STILL THE MAIN FACTOR OF NATURAL SELECTION IN HUMANS -- Coevolution Between Humans and Pathogens: A Red Queen Story -- Selective Pressure and Agriculture -- Human Leukocyte Antigen Features -- Coevolution and the Red Queen Hypothesis -- Geographical Differences -- Infectious Diseases and History -- Different Populations, Different Diseases, Different Genes -- Malaria -- AIDS -- Human African Trypanosomiasis -- Other Transmissible Diseases -- Different Human Populations Carry Different Pathogen Strains -- Impact of Human Behavior on Infectious Disease Transmission: The Niche Construction Theory and the Baldwin Effect -- INFLAMMATORY AND AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES: THE HYGIENE HYPOTHESIS -- RESISTANCE ALLELES -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- GLOSSARY -- REFERENCES -- 11 - Natural Selection Associated With Infectious Diseases.
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INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND HUMAN EVOLUTION.
Language:
English
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