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Format: 1 online resource (462 pages).

Edition: 1st ed.

ISBN: 9780128112984 , 0128112980 , 9780128112977 , 0128112972

Series Statement: Molecular Nutrition Series

Content: The Molecular Nutrition of Fats presents the nutritional and molecular aspects of fats by assessing their dietary components, their structural and metabolic effects on the cell, and their role in health and disease. Subject areas include molecular mechanisms, membranes, polymorphisms, SNPs, genomic wide analysis, genotypes, gene expression, genetic modifications and other aspects. The book is divided into three sections, providing information on the general and introductory aspects, the molecular biology of the cell, and the genetic machinery and its function. Topics discussed include lipid-related molecules, dietary lipids and lipid metabolism, high fat diets, choline, cholesterol, membranes, trans-and saturated fatty acids, and lipid rafts. Other sections provide comprehensive discussions on G protein-coupled receptors, micro RNA, transcriptomics, transcriptional factors, cholesterol, triacylglycerols, beta-oxidation, cholesteryl ester transfer, beta-oxidation, lysosomes, lipid droplets, insulin mTOR signaling and ligands, and more. Summarizes molecular nutrition in health as related to fats. Discusses the impact of fats on cancer, heart disease, dementia, and respiratory and intestinal disease. Includes preclinical, clinical and population studies. Covers the genome, the whole body and whole communitiesIncludes key facts, a mini dictionary of terms and summary points.

Note: Front Cover -- The Molecular Nutrition of Fats -- The Molecular Nutrition of Fats -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- 1 - General and Introductory Aspects -- 1 - Classes, Nomenclature, and Functions of Lipids and Lipid-Related Molecules and the Dietary Lipids -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. CLASSIFICATION -- 2.1 Simple Lipids -- 2.1.1 Triacylglycerol -- 2.1.2 Waxes -- 2.2 Conjugated Lipids -- 2.2.1 Phospholipids -- 2.2.2 Glycolipids -- 2.3 Derived Lipids -- 2.3.1 Fatty Acids -- 2.3.2 Steroids -- 2.3.3 Isoprenoids/Terpenoids -- 2.3.4 Eicosanoids -- 2.4 The Invaluable Acetyl CoA -- 3. NOMENCLATURE -- 4. FUNCTIONS OF LIPIDS -- 5. DIETARY LIPIDS -- 5.1 Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Acids -- 5.2 Trans Fatty Acids in Diets -- 5.3 The Digestion of Dietary Lipids -- 5.4 Absorption, Transport and the Lipoprotein Molecule -- 5.5 Some Diseases and Conditions Associated With Lipids -- 5.5.1 Cancer -- 5.5.2 Diabetes Mellitus -- 5.5.3 Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Diseases -- 6. CONCLUSION -- SUMMARY POINTS -- KEY FACTS OF TRANS FATTY ACIDS -- LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 2 - Lipid Metabolism: An Overview -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. FATTY ACID OXIDATION -- 2.1 Activation of Fatty Acids -- 2.2 Translocation -- 2.3 The Reactions of β-Oxidation -- 3. OXIDATION OF VERY LONG-CHAIN FATTY ACIDS -- 4. OXIDATION OF ODD-CHAIN FATTY ACIDS -- 5. OXIDATION OF UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS -- 6. ENERGETICS OF FATTY ACID OXIDATION -- 7. KETOGENESIS AND ITS IMPORTANCE -- 8. FATTY ACID SYNTHESIS -- 8.1 Fatty Acid Elongation -- 8.2 Fatty Acid Desaturation -- 8.3 Essential Fatty Acid Synthesis -- 9. REGULATION OF FATTY ACID OXIDATION AND SYNTHESIS -- 10. TRIACYLGLYCEROL BIOSYNTHESIS -- 11. BIOSYNTHESIS OF MEMBRANE PHOSPHOLIPIDS -- 11.1 Glycerophospholipids -- 11.1.1 Synthesis of Phosphatidylserine, Phosphatidylglycerol, Cardiolipin, and Phosphatidylinositol. , 11.1.2 Synthesis of Phosphatidylethanolamine -- 11.1.3 Synthesis of Phosphatidylcholine or Lecithin -- 11.2 Sphingolipids -- 11.2.1 Synthesis of Ceramide -- 11.2.2 The Synthesis of Sphingomyelin -- 11.3 Glycolipids -- 11.3.1 The Biosynthesis of Cerebrosides -- 11.3.2 The Biosynthesis of Globosides and Gangliosides -- 11.4 Breakdown of Phospholipids and Glycolipids -- 11.5 Defects in the Metabolism of Sphingolipids and Glycolipids -- 12. SYNTHESIS OF EICOSANOIDS -- 13. CHOLESTEROL BIOSYNTHESIS -- 14. CONCLUSION -- SUMMARY POINTS -- KEY FACTS OF FATTY ACID OXIDATION -- LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 3 - Absorption of Dietary Fat and Its Metabolism in Enterocytes -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. LONG-CHAIN FATTY ACID AND 2-MONOACYLGLYCEROL UPTAKE AND TRANSPORT IN ENTEROCYTES -- 3. INTESTINAL TAG SYNTHESIS -- 3.1 The MAG Pathway -- 3.2 The G3P Pathway -- 4. CM SYNTHESIS AND SECRETION -- 5. CLD SYNTHESIS AND MOBILIZATION -- 5.1 CLD Synthesis and Growth -- 5.2 CLD Mobilization -- 5.3 Cytoplasmic Lipolysis -- 5.4 Lipophagy -- 5.5 Fate of TAG Mobilized From CLDs -- 6. DIETARY FAT ABSORPTION DURING DEVELOPMENT -- 7. CLINICAL CONDITIONS OF ALTERED DIETARY FAT ABSORPTION -- 7.1 Disorders of Defective CM Metabolism -- 7.1.1 Hypochylomicronemia -- 7.1.2 Hyperchylomicronemia -- 7.2 Disorders of Defective CLD Metabolism -- 7.3 Short Bowel Syndrome -- 7.4 Cystic Fibrosis -- 7.5 Obesity -- 7.6 Bariatric Surgery -- 7.7 Other Factors -- 8. CONCLUSION -- SUMMARY POINTS -- KEY FACTS -- DEFINITION OF WORDS AND TERMS -- ABBREVIATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 4 - Dietary Lipids and Enteric Infection in Rodent Models -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. DIETARY LIPIDS AND HOST IMMUNITY -- 3. DIETARY LIPIDS, THE MICROBIOME, AND INFLAMMATION -- 4. FATTY ACIDS AND PATHOGEN VIRULENCE -- 5. DIETARY LIPIDS AND ENTERIC DISEASE -- 5.1 Enterohemorrhagic & -- Enteropathogenic E. coli. , 5.2 Campylobacter jejuni -- 5.3 Vibrio cholerae -- 5.4 Listeria monocytogenes -- 5.5 Clostridium difficile -- 5.6 Salmonella -- 5.7 Rotavirus -- 6. CONCLUSION -- SUMMARY POINTS -- KEY FACTS OF ENTERIC INFECTION IN MICE -- DEFINITION OF WORDS AND TERMS -- ABBREVIATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 5 - An Overview of Cholesterol Absorption -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. CHOLESTEROL ABSORPTION AND ITS DETERMINANTS -- 2.1 NPC1L1 in Cholesterol Absorption -- 2.2 CD36 in Cholesterol Absorption -- 2.3 SR-BI in Cholesterol Absorption -- 2.4 ABCG5/G8 in Cholesterol Absorption -- 2.5 ABCA1 in Cholesterol Absorption -- 3. BIOMARKERS OF CHOLESTEROL ABSORPTION -- 4. INTRINSIC AND THERAPEUTIC FACTORS THAT DIRECTLY AFFECT CHOLESTEROL ABSORPTION -- 4.1 Circadian Rhythm -- 4.2 Genetics -- 4.2.1 Modulation of Cholesterol Absorption Responsiveness to Lipid-Lowering Therapies by Genetics -- 4.2.1.1 Ezetimibe -- 4.2.1.2 Plant Sterols -- 4.3 Metabolic Factors -- 5. CONCLUSION AND FINAL REMARKS -- DEFINITIONS OF WORDS AND TERMS -- KEY FACTS IN CHOLESTEROL ABSORPTION -- SUMMARY POINTS -- REFERENCES -- 6 - Role of Cholesterol in Maintaining Asymmetric Distribution of Phosphatidylserine in Plasma Membranes -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 1.1 Functions of Cholesterol and Phosphatidylserine -- 1.2 Regulatory Mechanisms of Asymmetric PS Distribution -- 2. ERYTHROCYTES -- 2.1 Physiological Significance -- 2.2 Regulation of Asymmetric Distribution of PS: A Novel Function of Cholesterol -- 3. PLATELETS -- 4. APOPTOTIC CELLS -- 5. DEFICIENCY OF ATP11C: AN INNATE INSURANCE FOR FLIPPING ACTIVITY -- 6. AN APPROPRIATE CHOICE OF SCRAMBLASE FROM THREE CANDIDATES -- 7. FINAL REMARKS -- SUMMARY POINTS -- KEY FACTS OF ASYMMETRIC PHOSPHATIDYLSERINE DISTRIBUTION AND ITS REGULATION -- DEFINITIONS OF WORDS AND TERMS -- REFERENCES -- 7 - Subcellular Organelles: Lipid Droplets and the Multifunctional Roles -- 1. INTRODUCTION. , 2. STRUCTURE FEATURES -- 3. FORMATION AND EXPANSION OF LIPID DROPLETS -- 3.1 Overview -- 3.2 Neutral Lipid Synthesis and Phospholipid Remodeling -- 3.3 Protein Assembly -- 3.4 Lens Formation and Droplet Budding -- 3.5 Droplet Expansion and Phospholipid Synthesis -- 4. DROPLET DEGRADATION -- 5. BIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS -- SUMMARY POINTS -- MINI DICTIONARY OF WORDS AND TERMS -- REFERENCES -- 8 - Lipid Pathway in Liver Cells and Its Modulation by Dietary Extracts -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 1.1 Lipid Pathways in the Liver -- 1.1.1 De Novo Lipogenesis -- 1.1.2 Hepatic Uptake of Fatty Acids from the Adipose Tissue and Dietary Fatty Acids -- 1.1.3 Fatty Acid Oxidation -- 1.1.4 Cholesterol Metabolism -- 1.2 Abnormal Lipid Metabolism in the Liver -- 1.2.1 Excessive Fatty Acid Delivery Into the Liver -- 1.2.2 Excessive De Novo Lipogenesis in the Liver -- 1.2.3 Dysregulated Fatty Acid Oxidation -- 1.2.4 Impaired Lipoprotein Secretion and Export of Lipids -- 2. REGULATORY FACTORS FOR LIVER LIPID METABOLISM -- 2.1 Regulatory Enzymes -- 2.1.1 Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase 1 -- 2.1.2 Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase -- 2.1.3 Fatty Acid Synthase -- 2.2 Transcription Factors -- 2.2.1 Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor α -- 2.2.2 Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ -- 2.2.3 Sterol Regulatory-Element Binding Protein1c -- 2.2.4 Carbohydrate Response Element-Binding Protein -- 3. MODULATION OF LIVER LIPID PATHWAYS BY DIETARY EXTRACTS -- 3.1 Resveratrol -- 3.2 Berry Extract Polyphenol -- 3.3 Green Tea Extracts (Catechin) -- 3.4 Curcumin -- 3.5 Quercetin -- 3.6 β-glucan -- 4. MECHANISMS OF LIVER LIPID PATHWAY MODULATION BY DIETARY EXTRACTS -- 4.1 Resveratrol -- 4.2 Green Tea Extracts -- SUMMARY POINTS -- KEY FACTS OF LIPID PATHWAYS -- LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 9 - C-Reactive Protein and Fatty Acids: Public Health Concerns and Implications. , 1. INTRODUCTION -- 1.1 Molecular Pathways Linking Dietary Fatty Acids and Inflammation -- 1.2 Fatty Acids and CRP Levels -- 1.3 Saturated Fatty Acid and CRP Levels -- 1.4 Monounsaturated Fatty Acids and CRP Levels -- 1.5 Trans fatty Acids and CRP Levels -- 1.6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and CRP Levels -- 1.6.1 Omega-3 Family -- 1.6.2 Omega-6 Family -- 2. CONCLUSION -- SUMMARY POINTS -- MINI DICTIONARY OF TERMS -- LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 10 - Glycemic Index Meal Feeding and Lipid Profiling -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. ACUTE EFFECTS OF GLYCEMIC INDEX ON BLOOD LIPIDS -- 3. EFFECTS OF CHRONIC CONSUMPTION OF FOODS DIFFERING IN GLYCEMIC INDEX ON BLOOD LIPIDS -- 3.1 Effects of Chronic Consumption of Foods Differing in Glycemic Index on HDL Levels -- 3.2 Effects of Chronic Consumption of Foods Differing in Glycemic Index on LDL Levels -- 3.3 Effects of Chronic Consumption of Foods Differing in Glycemic Index on TC Levels -- 3.4 Effects of Chronic Consumption of Foods Differing in Glycemic Index on TG Levels -- 4. MECHANISMS BY WHICH THE GLYCEMIC INDEX OF FOODS IMPACTS BLOOD LIPIDS -- 4.1 Attenuated Hormone Responses by Low-GI Diets -- 4.2 Increased Fat Utilization -- 4.3 Decreased Inflammation by Low-GI Diets -- 4.4 Upregulation of Lipid-Related Genes by Low-GI Diets -- 4.4.1 The TG-Lowering Effect of PPARs -- 4.4.2 The HDL-Raising Effect of PPARs -- 5. SUMMARY -- SUMMARY POINTS -- KEY FACTS ABOUT GLYCEMIC INDEX -- DEFINITIONS OF WORDS AND TERMS -- LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 11 - Fatty Acids, Gut Bacteria, and Immune Cell Function -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. ROLE OF FATTY ACIDS ON INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE -- 2.1 Physiological Interaction Between Fatty Acids and the Immune System -- 3. IMPACT OF DIETARY FATTY ACIDS ON IMMUNE FUNCTION -- 3.1 Medium-Chain Fatty Acids -- 3.2 Long-Chain Fatty Acids -- 3.2.1 Unsaturated Long-Chain Fatty Acids. , 3.3 Saturated Fatty Acids.

Language: English