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Umfang: 1 online resource (xxii, 385 pages) : , illustrations

ISBN: 9780128137376 , 0128137371 , 9780128137369 , 0128137363

Anmerkung: Front Cover -- Marine Pollution -- Marine Pollution: Sources, Fate and Effects of Pollutants in Coastal Ecosystems -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Foreword -- References -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations and Symbols -- I: Pollutants in Marine Ecosystems -- 1 - Basic Concepts -- 1.1 POLLUTION, AN ANTHROPOGENIC PROCESS -- 1.2 CLASSIFICATIONS OF POLLUTANTS ACCORDING TO ORIGIN AND PERSISTENCE -- 1.3 IS AN ECOSYSTEM POLLUTED? A FIRST SCIENTIFIC ANSWER: BACKGROUND CONCENTRATION AND ENRICHMENT FACTOR -- 1.4 POLLUTION IMPLIES A DELETERIOUS EFFECT: TOXICITY TESTS AND ECOTOXICOLOGICAL BIOASSAYS -- 1.5 ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY CRITERIA AND STANDARDS -- 1.6 PATHWAYS AND DISTRIBUTION OF POLLUTANTS IN COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS -- KEY IDEAS -- Endnotes -- Suggested Further Reading -- 2 - Nonpersistent Organic Pollution -- 2.1 THE CARBON CYCLE AND THE BALANCE OF OXYGEN IN AQUATIC ENVIRONMENTS -- HYPOXIA -- 2.2 NATURAL AND ANTHROPOGENIC SOURCES OF ORGANIC MATTER IN THE WATER -- 2.3 ESTIMATES OF ORGANIC MATTER IN EFFLUENTS AND RECEIVING WATERS: BIOLOGICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (BOD), CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (COD) ... -- 2.4 ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF HYPOXIA AND ANOXIA -- KEY IDEAS -- Endnotes -- Suggested Further Reading -- 3 - Nonpersistent Inorganic Pollution -- 3.1 NATURAL AND ANTHROPOGENIC SOURCES OF NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS IN THE WATER -- 3.2 EUTROPHICATION AND HYPEREUTROPHICATION -- 3.3 PREVENTION AND ABATEMENT OF HYPEREUTROPHICATION -- 3.4 DOMESTIC DETERGENTS -- KEY IDEAS -- Endnotes -- Suggested Further Reading -- 4 - Microbial Pollution -- 4.1 PATHOGENIC MICROORGANISMS PRESENT IN MARINE WATERS -- 4.2 MICROBIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF NATURAL WATERS -- BATHING WATER REGULATIONS -- 4.3 MICROBIAL SAFETY OF SHELLFISH AND OTHER FOOD OF MARINE ORIGIN -- KEY IDEAS -- Endnotes -- Suggested Further Reading -- 5 - Liquid Wastes: From Self-purification to Waste Water Treatment. , 5.1 URBAN SEWAGE AND SELF-PURIFICATION OF NATURAL WATERS -- 5.2 CONVENTIONAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT: REMOVAL OF PARTICLES AND ORGANIC MATTER -- 5.3 REMOVAL OF INORGANIC NUTRIENTS -- 5.4 DISINFECTION OF WASTEWATERS -- KEY IDEAS -- Endnotes -- SUGGESTED FURTHER READING -- 6 - Plastics and Other Solid Wastes -- 6.1 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT -- 6.2 PLASTICS: CHARACTERISTICS AND TYPES -- 6.3 MARINE LITTER: DISTRIBUTION AND EFFECTS -- 6.4 MICROPLASTICS IN MARINE ECOSYSTEMS -- KEY IDEAS -- Endnotes -- Suggested Further Reading -- 7 - Hydrocarbons and Oil Spills -- 7.1 SOURCES OF OIL IN THE SEA -- 7.2 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF OIL -- HYDROCARBONS -- 7.3 POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS -- 7.4 WEATHERING OF OIL IN THE SEA -- 7.5 OIL SPILLS: LESSONS LEARNED -- 7.5.1 Mortalities of Seabirds and Mammals -- 7.5.2 Mortalities on Benthic Organisms -- 7.5.3 Unbalances in Community Structure -- KEY IDEAS -- Endnotes -- Suggested Further Reading -- 8 - Persistent Organic Xenobiotics -- 8.1 ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDES, POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS AND DIOXINS -- 8.2 POLYBROMINATED COMPOUNDS -- 8.3 HOUSEHOLD CHEMICALS: PLASTIC ADDITIVES, CLEANERS, PHARMACEUTICALS AND PERSONAL CARE PRODUCTS -- KEY IDEAS -- Endnotes -- Suggested Further Reading -- 9 - Trace Metals and Organometallic Compounds -- 9.1 METALS OF MOST ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERN -- 9.2 ESSENTIAL VERSUS XENOBIOTIC TRACE ELEMENTS -- 9.3 SOURCES AND DISTRIBUTION OF TRACE METALS IN THE SEA -- 9.4 COPPER AND ZINC -- 9.5 LEAD -- 9.6 CADMIUM -- 9.7 MERCURY AND METHYLMERCURY -- 9.8 TRIBUTYLTIN (TBT) -- KEY IDEAS -- Endnotes -- Suggested Further Reading -- II: Marine Ecotoxicology -- 10 - Distribution of Pollutants in the Marine Environment -- 10.1 MODELING THE DISTRIBUTION OF POLLUTANTS IN MARINE ECOSYSTEMS -- 10.2 PARTITION EQUILIBRIUM OR FUGACITY MODELS -- 10.3 ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION VERSUS PERSISTENCE -- 10.3.1 Photodegradation. , 10.3.2 Hydrolysis -- 10.3.3 Redox Reactions -- 10.3.4 Biological Degradation -- 10.4 CHEMICAL SPECIATION AND BIOAVAILABILITY -- KEY IDEAS -- Endnotes -- Suggested Further Reading -- 11 - Bioaccumulation -- 11.1 UPTAKE AND FATE OF TOXIC POLLUTANTS IN THE ORGANISMS: TOXICOKINETICS -- 11.2 MODELING BIOACCUMULATION AND CALCULATING BIOCONCENTRATION FACTORS, I. KINETIC MODELS -- 11.3 MODELING BIOACCUMULATION AND CALCULATING BIOCONCENTRATION FACTORS, II. PARTITION EQUILIBRIUM MODELS -- 11.4 TROPHIC TRANSFER OF POLLUTANTS -- BIOMAGNIFICATION -- KEY IDEAS -- Endnotes -- Suggested Further Reading -- 12 - Biotransformation -- 12.1 METABOLIC TRANSFORMATION AND ELIMINATION OF POLLUTANTS -- 12.2 PHASES OF THE ENZYMATIC BIOTRANSFORMATION -- 12.3 PHASE I: CYTOCHROME P450 DEPENDENT OXIDATIONS -- 12.4 PHASE II: CONJUGATION WITH GLUTATHIONE OR GLUCURONIC ACID -- 12.5 OXIDATIVE STRESS METABOLISM -- 12.6 METALLOTHIONEINS AND STRESS PROTEINS -- KEY IDEAS -- Endnotes -- Suggested Further Reading -- 13 - Theory and Practice of Toxicology: Toxicity Testing -- 13.1 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF TOXICOLOGY -- 13.2 TESTING AQUATIC TOXICITY -- CONCENTRATION:RESPONSE CURVES, MEDIAN EFFECTIVE CONCENTRATION AND TOXICITY THRESHOLD -- 13.3 LOG-NORMAL DISTRIBUTION OF INDIVIDUAL SUSCEPTIBILITY -- PROBIT ANALYSIS AND OTHER CONCENTRATION: RESPONSE MODELS -- 13.4 BIOTIC AND ABIOTIC FACTORS AFFECTING TOXICITY -- 13.4.1 Size -- 13.4.2 Sex -- 13.4.3 Life Stage -- 13.4.4 Temperature -- 13.4.5 Salinity and pH -- 13.4.6 Organic Matter -- 13.4.7 Interactions With Other Chemicals: Mixture Toxicity -- KEY IDEAS -- Endnotes -- Suggested Further Reading -- 14 - Sublethal Toxicity at the Level of Organism -- 14.1 ENERGY COSTS OF DETOXIFICATION AND REPAIR -- 14.2 EFFECTS ON PHYSIOLOGICAL ENERGETICS, GROWTH, AND DEVELOPMENT -- 14.3 EFFECTS ON REPRODUCTION -- ENDOCRINE DISRUPTION. , 14.4 BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS WITH IMPLICATIONS ON BIOLOGICAL FITNESS -- KEY IDEAS -- Endnotes -- Suggested Further Reading -- 15 - Effects of Pollution on Populations, Communities, and Ecosystems -- 15.1 CHANGES IN THE PRESENCE AND ABUNDANCE OF A POPULATION: THE CONCEPT OF INDICATOR SPECIES -- 15.2 CHANGES IN COMMUNITY STRUCTURE -- DIVERSITY INDICES AND SPECIES: ABUNDANCE CURVES -- 15.3 EFFECTS OF POLLUTION AT ECOSYSTEM LEVEL -- KEY IDEAS -- Endnotes -- Suggested Further Reading -- III: Monitoring and Abatement of Marine Pollution -- 16 - Biological Tools for Monitoring: Biomarkers and Bioassays -- 16.1 USING NATIVE ORGANISMS: BIOMARKERS OF EXPOSURE AND EFFECTS -- 16.2 ENZYMATIC BIOMARKERS: ETHOXYRESOSUFIN-O-DEETHYLASE, GLUTATHIONE TRANSFERASES, ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE -- 16.3 LYSOSOMAL STABILITY -- 16.4 GENOTOXICITY BIOMARKERS: DNA ADDUCTS, MICRONUCLEUS, COMET ASSAY -- 16.5 IMPOSEX IN FEMALE GASTROPODS AND VITELLOGENIN IN MALE FISH -- 16.6 USING LABORATORY ORGANISMS: ECOTOXICOLOGICAL BIOASSAYS -- 16.7 LIQUID PHASE BIOASSAYS -- 16.7.1 Vibrio fischeri Bioluminiscence -- 16.7.2 Microalgae Growth Inhibition -- 16.7.3 Bivalve Embryogenesis -- 16.7.4 Sea-Urchin Embryo Test (SET) -- 16.7.5 Copepod Survival -- 16.8 SOLID PHASE BIOASSAYS -- 16.8.1 Amphipod Survival -- 16.8.2 Clam Reburial -- KEY IDEAS -- Endnotes -- Suggested Further Reading -- 17 - Marine Pollution Monitoring Programs -- 17.1 INTEGRATED ASSESSMENT OF POLLUTION STATUS -- CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL TOOLS -- 17.2 GOALS, DESIGN, AND MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS OF MARINE MONITORING PROGRAMS -- 17.3 MARINE MUSSELS, THE UNIVERSAL BIOMONITORS OF POLLUTION -- 17.4 CASE STUDIES OF NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL MONITORING PROGRAMS: US MUSSEL WATCH, FRANCE RNO/ROCCH, OSPAR CEMP -- KEY IDEAS -- Endnotes -- Suggested Further Reading -- 18 - Pollution Control: Focus on Emissions. , 18.1 IDENTIFICATION OF PRIORITY POLLUTANTS -- 18.2 THE RATIONALE OF ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT -- 18.2.1 Hazard Identification -- 18.2.2 Analysis -- 18.2.2.1 Exposure Assessment -- 18.2.2.2 Toxicity Assessment -- 18.2.3 Risk Characterization -- 18.2.4 Risk Management -- 18.3 REGULATIONS FOR SINGLE CHEMICALS: THE REACH PARADIGM -- 18.4 REGULATIONS FOR COMPLEX EFFLUENTS AND DEPURATION OF WASTE WATERS -- 18.5 REGULATIONS FOR THE PREVENTION OF OIL SPILLS -- KEY IDEAS -- Endnotes -- Suggested Further Reading -- 19 - Pollution Control: Focus on Receiving Waters -- 19.1 MANAGEMENT OF RECEIVING WATERS UNDER THE ECOSYSTEM APPROACH -- 19.2 EUROPEAN REGULATIONS FOR THE PROTECTION OF AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS: THE WATER FRAMEWORK DIRECTIVE AND THE MARINE STRATEGY FRAMEW ... -- 19.3 TOWARD SIMPLE, OBJECTIVE, AND UNIVERSAL TOOLS TO CLASSIFY ECOLOGICAL STATUS -- 19.4 TOWARD ECOLOGICALLY MEANINGFUL ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY STANDARDS -- Endnotes -- Suggested Further Reading -- Glossary -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- X -- Y -- Z -- Back Cover.

Sprache: Englisch

Fachgebiete: Geographie

URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)

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