Kooperativer Bibliotheksverbund

UID:

Format: 1 Online-Ressource (xxii, 489 Seiten) : , illustrations.

Edition: Second edition

ISBN: 978-0-12-815340-6

Series Statement: History of toxicology and environmental health

Content: Toxicology in Antiquity provides an authoritative and fascinating exploration into the use of toxins and poisons in antiquity. It brings together the two previously published shorter volumes on the topic, as well as adding considerable new information. Part of the History of Toxicology and Environmental Health series, it covers key accomplishments, scientists, and events in the broad field of toxicology, including environmental health and chemical safety. This first volume sets the tone for the series and starts at the very beginning, historically speaking, with a look at toxicology in ancient times. The book explains that before scientific research methods were developed, toxicology thrived as a very practical discipline. People living in ancient civilizations readily learned to distinguish safe substances from hazardous ones, how to avoid these hazardous substances, and how to use them to inflict harm on enemies. It also describes scholars who compiled compendia of toxic agents. New chapters in this edition focus chiefly on evidence for the use of toxic agents derived from religious texts

Additional Edition: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe ISBN 978-0-12-815339-0

Language: English

Keywords: Antike ; Gift ; Aufsatzsammlung

DOI: 10.1016/C2017-0-01672-5

URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)

UID:

Format: xxii, 487 Seiten , Illustrationen , 23 cm

Edition: Second edition

ISBN: 0128153393 , 9780128153390

Series Statement: History of toxicology and environmental health series

Note: Includes bibliographical references and index

Language: English

Keywords: Toxikologie ; Umweltmedizin ; Geschichte ; Aufsatzsammlung

UID:

Format: 1 online resource (xiv, 487 pages).

Edition: Second edition.

ISBN: 0-12-815340-7

Series Statement: History of toxicology and environmental health

Note: Front Cover -- Toxicology in Antiquity -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Foreword -- References -- Preface to the Series and Volumes 1 and 2 -- Preface -- 1 The Prehistory of Poison Arrows -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 What do Historical and Ethnographic Documents Tell Us? -- 1.3 What is the Current State of Research? -- 1.4 Conclusions -- References -- Further Reading -- 2 Beetle and Plant Arrow Poisons of the San People of Southern Africa -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Materials and Methods -- 2.3 Results -- 2.3.1 History and Development -- 2.3.2 The San Bow and Arrow Hunting Kit -- 2.3.3 San Arrow Poisons -- 2.3.4 Plant-Based Poisons -- 2.3.5 Minor Plant-Based Poisons -- 2.3.6 San Animal-Based Arrow Poisons -- 2.3.7 Arthropod-Based Poisons -- 2.3.7.1 Minor Animal-Based Poisons -- 2.4 Discussion -- 2.5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Further Reading -- 3 Toxicology in Ancient Egypt -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Snakes as Described in the Brooklyn Papyrus -- 3.2.1 Snake Identification -- 3.2.2 Symptoms of Snakebite -- 3.2.3 Prognosis -- 3.2.4 Treatment -- 3.3 Scorpions -- 3.4 Tetanus -- 3.5 Plant and Mineral Toxins -- References -- 4 The Death of Cleopatra: Suicide by Snakebite or Poisoned by Her Enemies? -- 4.1 Cleopatra's Ancestry and Historical Background of the Era -- 4.2 Cleopatra's Reign. Her Downfall and Her Death -- 4.3 Epilogue -- References -- 5 Kohl Use in Antiquity: Effects on the Eye -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Protective Effect Against UV Radiation -- 5.3 Antimicrobial Action and Biomedical Importance -- References -- 6 Nicander, Thêriaka, and Alexipharmaka: Venoms, Poisons, and Literature -- 6.1 The Thêriaka -- 6.2 The Alexipharmaka -- 6.3 The Nicandrean Question -- 6.4 Ancient Toxicology -- 6.5 Venoms, Poisons, and Art -- Reference -- 7 The Case Against Socrates and His Execution. , 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Historical Literature -- 7.3 Hemlock in Ancient Scientific Literature -- 7.4 Modern Pharmacological Analysis -- 7.5 Toward a Renewed Interpretation -- 7.6 Conclusion -- References -- 8 Murder, Execution, and Suicide in Ancient Greece and Rome -- Further Reading -- 9 The Oracle at Delphi: The Pythia and the Pneuma, Intoxicating Gas Finds, and Hypotheses -- References -- Further Reading -- 10 Alexander the Great: A Questionable Death -- 10.1 Alexander's Last Days -- 10.2 Modern Theories of Natural Causes -- 10.3 Modern Theories of Poisoning -- 10.4 The Styx River Poison Plot -- References -- 11 Mithridates of Pontus and His Universal Antidote -- 11.1 Influences -- 11.2 Pharmacological and Toxic Riches -- 11.3 Avoiding Assassination by Poison -- 11.4 The Secret Antidote -- 11.5 Mithridatium's Legacy -- References -- 12 Theriaca Magna: The Glorious Cure-All Remedy -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Theriac in Antiquity -- 12.3 Theriac in the Medieval Period -- 12.4 Theriac in the Renaissance -- 12.5 Conclusion -- References -- 13 The Gates to Hell in Antiquity and their Relation to Geogenic CO2 Emissions -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Why Enter the Realm of the Shadows? -- 13.2.1 The Souls of the Mortals -- 13.2.2 Incubation and Cure -- 13.2.3 Necromancy -- 13.2.4 The Gate for Chthonic Gods and Ghosts of the Darkness -- 13.3 The Geologic Background -- 13.3.1 Geogenic Gas Emission: Volcanoes, Faults, and Seismicity -- 13.3.2 Reduced Carbon Gases -- 13.3.3 Hot Water, Steam, and Geysers -- 13.3.4 Caves -- 13.4 The Physicochemical Properties of CO2 -- 13.4.1 Carbon Dioxide is Difficult to Recognize -- 13.4.2 Carbon Dioxide Forms Gas Lakes -- 13.4.3 Carbon Dioxide Displaces Atmospheric Oxygen -- 13.4.4 Carbon Dioxide Forms an Acid -- 13.5 The Biological, Medical, and Physiological Background -- 13.6 The Known Sites of the Ancient Gates to Hell. , 13.6.1 Italy (Magna Graecia) -- 13.6.1.1 The Phlegrean Fields (Campi Flegrei) -- 13.6.1.1.1 Lago Averno -- 13.6.1.1.2 Solfatara and Pisciarelli -- 13.6.1.2 Bullicame -- 13.6.1.3 Mefite D'Ansanto -- 13.6.1.4 Naftia -- 13.6.1.5 Lago di Pergusa -- 13.6.1.6 Mount Etna and Stromboli -- 13.6.2 Greece -- 13.6.2.1 Eleusis: The Elysian Grotto -- 13.6.2.2 The Nekromanteion of Acheron-Ephyra -- 13.6.2.3 Cape Tanairon -- 13.6.2.4 Ermioni -- 13.6.2.5 Lake Lerna or the Alcyonian Lake -- 13.6.3 Turkey: Asia Minor -- 13.6.3.1 Hierapolis -- 13.6.3.1.1 The Plutonium in Hierapolis -- 13.6.3.1.2 The Temple of Apollo in Hierapolis -- 13.6.3.2 Nysa and Acharaka -- 13.6.4 Some Modern Gates to Hell -- 13.7 Gates of Hell-Magna Graecia-Asia Minor-Greece (Hellas)-A Synopsis -- 13.8 The Historical Relevance -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Further Reading -- 14 Lead Poisoning and the Downfall of Rome: Reality or Myth? -- 14.1 The Lead Industry in Ancient Rome -- 14.1.1 Lead Production -- 14.1.2 Uses of Lead -- 14.2 The Effect of Lead on Humans -- 14.2.1 Metabolic Effect -- 14.3 Clinical Picture of Lead Toxicity (Retief and Cilliers, 2000) -- 14.4 Archeological Determination of Lead Toxicity -- 14.5 Occurrence of Lead Toxicity -- 14.5.1 Sources of Toxicity -- 14.5.2 Proof of Lead Poisoning -- 14.5.2.1 Clinical Picture -- 14.5.2.2 Archeological Findings (Grandjean, 1978 -- Retief and Cilliers, 2000) -- 14.6 Discussion -- References -- Further Reading -- 15 Poisons, Poisoners, and Poisoning in Ancient Rome -- 15.1 Sources -- 15.2 Poisons -- 15.3 Poisons Used -- 15.4 Incidents of Poisoning During the Roman Republic -- 15.5 Poisoners and Incidents of Poisoning During the Empire -- 15.5.1 Augustus (27 BCE-14 CE) -- 15.5.2 Tiberius (14-37 CE) -- 15.5.3 Gaius (Caligula) (37-41 CE) -- 15.5.4 Claudius (41-54 CE) -- 15.5.5 Nero (54-68 CE) -- 15.5.6 The Flavian Dynasty (69-96 CE). , 15.5.7 Hadrian (117-138 CE) -- 15.5.8 Commodus (180-192 CE) -- 15.5.9 Caracalla (211-217 CE) -- 15.6 Conclusion -- References -- 16 Chemical and Biological Warfare in Antiquity -- 16.1 The Concept of Toxic Weaponry in Greco-Roman and Indian Mythology -- 16.2 Poisons From Plants in Historical Warfare -- 16.3 Snake Venom Arrows -- 16.4 Plague and Contagion -- 16.5 Poisoning Water Sources and Food Supplies -- 16.6 Venomous Insects, Snakes, and Scorpions -- 16.7 Aerosol and Incendiary Weapons -- 16.8 Practical Issues and Ethical Qualms -- References -- 17 Asclepius and the Snake as Toxicological Symbols in Ancient Greece and Rome -- References -- 18 Anthropogenic Air Pollution in Ancient Times -- 18.1 Pollution of the Environment in Ancient Times -- 18.2 Lead in Ancient Times -- 18.2.1 Lead Mining and Exploitation -- 18.2.2 The Utilization of Lead -- 18.2.3 Illnesses Caused by Lead -- 18.2.4 Lead Pollution of Ancient Tooth Samples in the United Kingdom -- 18.2.5 Lead Pollution on Regional and Hemispheric Scales -- 18.3 Copper in Ancient Times -- 18.3.1 Copper Mining and Exploitation -- 18.3.2 Copper Pollution on Regional and Hemispheric Scales -- 18.4 Environmental Awareness in Ancient Israel -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 19 Poisoning in Ancient Rome: Images and Rules -- 19.1 Veneficium and Legal Terminology -- 19.2 Perpetrators, Trials, Stereotypes -- 19.3 Training for the Courts -- 19.4 Jurists and the Interpretation of Laws -- Further Reading -- 20 "Gleaming and Deadly White": Toxic Cosmetics in the Roman World -- 20.1 A Fair Complexion -- 20.2 Rouge -- 20.3 Eye Make-Up -- 20.4 Hair Removers -- References -- Further Reading -- 21 Cherchez la Femme: Three Infamous Poisoners of Ancient Rome -- 21.1 Stereotypes -- 21.2 Sources -- 21.3 Incidents of Poisoning in Which the Three Infamous Women Were Involved: Locusta -- 21.3.1 The Murder of Claudius. , 21.3.2 The Poisoning of Britannicus -- 21.4 Martina -- 21.5 Canidia -- 21.6 Identification of Poisons -- 21.7 A Forensic Investigation -- 21.8 Conclusion -- References -- Further Reading -- 22 Did Hannibal Really Poison Himself? -- References -- 23 Drugs, Suppositories, and Cult Worship in Antiquity -- 23.1 Introduction -- 23.2 Drugs and Cults -- 23.3 Bacchants and Viper Venom -- 23.4 Ancient Vaginal Suppositories -- 23.5 Drugs and Sexuality -- 23.6 Aphrodisiac Suppositories and Magic -- 23.7 Conclusion -- References -- 24 Entheogens in Ancient Times: Wine and the Rituals of Dionysus -- References -- 25 Entheogens (Psychedelic Drugs) and the Ancient Mystery Religions -- 25.1 Pharmacological Roots of Religion -- 25.2 Hermeneutics and a Definition of Terms -- 25.3 Toxicology -- 25.4 Sources, Chemistry, and Effects -- 25.4.1 Amanita muscaria: "Poison" Apple of the Inner Eye -- 25.4.2 Ergot Alkaloids: A Grail Quest -- 25.4.3 Psilocybin and Psilocin (Mushrooms) and DMT, 5Meo DMT: Spirit Molecules -- 25.4.4 Tropane Alkaloids -- References -- Further Reading -- 26 Ancient Mystery Initiation: Toxic Priestesses and Vaginal Communion -- 26.1 Introduction -- 26.2 Toxic Priestesses and their Mystery Rites -- 26.3 Colleges of Echidnae -- 26.4 Communal Ios-Rite -- 26.5 The Science Behind the Ritual -- 26.6 A Combination of Poisons and Antidotes -- 26.7 Identifying Drugs Used in the Ios-Rite -- 26.8 Medea the First Toxic Priestess -- 26.9 Toxic Plants and Animals Used in Medea's Ios-Rite -- 26.10 Medea's Antidote as Medicine -- 26.11 Christian Ios Rites -- 26.12 Toxicological Questions -- 26.13 Conclusion -- References -- 27 Harmful Botanicals -- 27.1 Classical Toxicology -- 27.2 Sources and Data -- 27.3 Analysis -- 27.3.1 Aim and Scope of Toxicology -- 27.3.2 Structure and Purpose of Information -- 27.3.3 Creation of the System -- 27.3.4 Application of the System. , 27.3.5 Therapeutic Principle.

Additional Edition: ISBN 0-12-815339-3

Language: English

UID:

Format: 1 online resource (xiv, 487 pages).

Edition: Second edition.

ISBN: 0-12-815340-7

Series Statement: History of toxicology and environmental health

Note: Front Cover -- Toxicology in Antiquity -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Foreword -- References -- Preface to the Series and Volumes 1 and 2 -- Preface -- 1 The Prehistory of Poison Arrows -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 What do Historical and Ethnographic Documents Tell Us? -- 1.3 What is the Current State of Research? -- 1.4 Conclusions -- References -- Further Reading -- 2 Beetle and Plant Arrow Poisons of the San People of Southern Africa -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Materials and Methods -- 2.3 Results -- 2.3.1 History and Development -- 2.3.2 The San Bow and Arrow Hunting Kit -- 2.3.3 San Arrow Poisons -- 2.3.4 Plant-Based Poisons -- 2.3.5 Minor Plant-Based Poisons -- 2.3.6 San Animal-Based Arrow Poisons -- 2.3.7 Arthropod-Based Poisons -- 2.3.7.1 Minor Animal-Based Poisons -- 2.4 Discussion -- 2.5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Further Reading -- 3 Toxicology in Ancient Egypt -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Snakes as Described in the Brooklyn Papyrus -- 3.2.1 Snake Identification -- 3.2.2 Symptoms of Snakebite -- 3.2.3 Prognosis -- 3.2.4 Treatment -- 3.3 Scorpions -- 3.4 Tetanus -- 3.5 Plant and Mineral Toxins -- References -- 4 The Death of Cleopatra: Suicide by Snakebite or Poisoned by Her Enemies? -- 4.1 Cleopatra's Ancestry and Historical Background of the Era -- 4.2 Cleopatra's Reign. Her Downfall and Her Death -- 4.3 Epilogue -- References -- 5 Kohl Use in Antiquity: Effects on the Eye -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Protective Effect Against UV Radiation -- 5.3 Antimicrobial Action and Biomedical Importance -- References -- 6 Nicander, Thêriaka, and Alexipharmaka: Venoms, Poisons, and Literature -- 6.1 The Thêriaka -- 6.2 The Alexipharmaka -- 6.3 The Nicandrean Question -- 6.4 Ancient Toxicology -- 6.5 Venoms, Poisons, and Art -- Reference -- 7 The Case Against Socrates and His Execution. , 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Historical Literature -- 7.3 Hemlock in Ancient Scientific Literature -- 7.4 Modern Pharmacological Analysis -- 7.5 Toward a Renewed Interpretation -- 7.6 Conclusion -- References -- 8 Murder, Execution, and Suicide in Ancient Greece and Rome -- Further Reading -- 9 The Oracle at Delphi: The Pythia and the Pneuma, Intoxicating Gas Finds, and Hypotheses -- References -- Further Reading -- 10 Alexander the Great: A Questionable Death -- 10.1 Alexander's Last Days -- 10.2 Modern Theories of Natural Causes -- 10.3 Modern Theories of Poisoning -- 10.4 The Styx River Poison Plot -- References -- 11 Mithridates of Pontus and His Universal Antidote -- 11.1 Influences -- 11.2 Pharmacological and Toxic Riches -- 11.3 Avoiding Assassination by Poison -- 11.4 The Secret Antidote -- 11.5 Mithridatium's Legacy -- References -- 12 Theriaca Magna: The Glorious Cure-All Remedy -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Theriac in Antiquity -- 12.3 Theriac in the Medieval Period -- 12.4 Theriac in the Renaissance -- 12.5 Conclusion -- References -- 13 The Gates to Hell in Antiquity and their Relation to Geogenic CO2 Emissions -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Why Enter the Realm of the Shadows? -- 13.2.1 The Souls of the Mortals -- 13.2.2 Incubation and Cure -- 13.2.3 Necromancy -- 13.2.4 The Gate for Chthonic Gods and Ghosts of the Darkness -- 13.3 The Geologic Background -- 13.3.1 Geogenic Gas Emission: Volcanoes, Faults, and Seismicity -- 13.3.2 Reduced Carbon Gases -- 13.3.3 Hot Water, Steam, and Geysers -- 13.3.4 Caves -- 13.4 The Physicochemical Properties of CO2 -- 13.4.1 Carbon Dioxide is Difficult to Recognize -- 13.4.2 Carbon Dioxide Forms Gas Lakes -- 13.4.3 Carbon Dioxide Displaces Atmospheric Oxygen -- 13.4.4 Carbon Dioxide Forms an Acid -- 13.5 The Biological, Medical, and Physiological Background -- 13.6 The Known Sites of the Ancient Gates to Hell. , 13.6.1 Italy (Magna Graecia) -- 13.6.1.1 The Phlegrean Fields (Campi Flegrei) -- 13.6.1.1.1 Lago Averno -- 13.6.1.1.2 Solfatara and Pisciarelli -- 13.6.1.2 Bullicame -- 13.6.1.3 Mefite D'Ansanto -- 13.6.1.4 Naftia -- 13.6.1.5 Lago di Pergusa -- 13.6.1.6 Mount Etna and Stromboli -- 13.6.2 Greece -- 13.6.2.1 Eleusis: The Elysian Grotto -- 13.6.2.2 The Nekromanteion of Acheron-Ephyra -- 13.6.2.3 Cape Tanairon -- 13.6.2.4 Ermioni -- 13.6.2.5 Lake Lerna or the Alcyonian Lake -- 13.6.3 Turkey: Asia Minor -- 13.6.3.1 Hierapolis -- 13.6.3.1.1 The Plutonium in Hierapolis -- 13.6.3.1.2 The Temple of Apollo in Hierapolis -- 13.6.3.2 Nysa and Acharaka -- 13.6.4 Some Modern Gates to Hell -- 13.7 Gates of Hell-Magna Graecia-Asia Minor-Greece (Hellas)-A Synopsis -- 13.8 The Historical Relevance -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Further Reading -- 14 Lead Poisoning and the Downfall of Rome: Reality or Myth? -- 14.1 The Lead Industry in Ancient Rome -- 14.1.1 Lead Production -- 14.1.2 Uses of Lead -- 14.2 The Effect of Lead on Humans -- 14.2.1 Metabolic Effect -- 14.3 Clinical Picture of Lead Toxicity (Retief and Cilliers, 2000) -- 14.4 Archeological Determination of Lead Toxicity -- 14.5 Occurrence of Lead Toxicity -- 14.5.1 Sources of Toxicity -- 14.5.2 Proof of Lead Poisoning -- 14.5.2.1 Clinical Picture -- 14.5.2.2 Archeological Findings (Grandjean, 1978 -- Retief and Cilliers, 2000) -- 14.6 Discussion -- References -- Further Reading -- 15 Poisons, Poisoners, and Poisoning in Ancient Rome -- 15.1 Sources -- 15.2 Poisons -- 15.3 Poisons Used -- 15.4 Incidents of Poisoning During the Roman Republic -- 15.5 Poisoners and Incidents of Poisoning During the Empire -- 15.5.1 Augustus (27 BCE-14 CE) -- 15.5.2 Tiberius (14-37 CE) -- 15.5.3 Gaius (Caligula) (37-41 CE) -- 15.5.4 Claudius (41-54 CE) -- 15.5.5 Nero (54-68 CE) -- 15.5.6 The Flavian Dynasty (69-96 CE). , 15.5.7 Hadrian (117-138 CE) -- 15.5.8 Commodus (180-192 CE) -- 15.5.9 Caracalla (211-217 CE) -- 15.6 Conclusion -- References -- 16 Chemical and Biological Warfare in Antiquity -- 16.1 The Concept of Toxic Weaponry in Greco-Roman and Indian Mythology -- 16.2 Poisons From Plants in Historical Warfare -- 16.3 Snake Venom Arrows -- 16.4 Plague and Contagion -- 16.5 Poisoning Water Sources and Food Supplies -- 16.6 Venomous Insects, Snakes, and Scorpions -- 16.7 Aerosol and Incendiary Weapons -- 16.8 Practical Issues and Ethical Qualms -- References -- 17 Asclepius and the Snake as Toxicological Symbols in Ancient Greece and Rome -- References -- 18 Anthropogenic Air Pollution in Ancient Times -- 18.1 Pollution of the Environment in Ancient Times -- 18.2 Lead in Ancient Times -- 18.2.1 Lead Mining and Exploitation -- 18.2.2 The Utilization of Lead -- 18.2.3 Illnesses Caused by Lead -- 18.2.4 Lead Pollution of Ancient Tooth Samples in the United Kingdom -- 18.2.5 Lead Pollution on Regional and Hemispheric Scales -- 18.3 Copper in Ancient Times -- 18.3.1 Copper Mining and Exploitation -- 18.3.2 Copper Pollution on Regional and Hemispheric Scales -- 18.4 Environmental Awareness in Ancient Israel -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 19 Poisoning in Ancient Rome: Images and Rules -- 19.1 Veneficium and Legal Terminology -- 19.2 Perpetrators, Trials, Stereotypes -- 19.3 Training for the Courts -- 19.4 Jurists and the Interpretation of Laws -- Further Reading -- 20 "Gleaming and Deadly White": Toxic Cosmetics in the Roman World -- 20.1 A Fair Complexion -- 20.2 Rouge -- 20.3 Eye Make-Up -- 20.4 Hair Removers -- References -- Further Reading -- 21 Cherchez la Femme: Three Infamous Poisoners of Ancient Rome -- 21.1 Stereotypes -- 21.2 Sources -- 21.3 Incidents of Poisoning in Which the Three Infamous Women Were Involved: Locusta -- 21.3.1 The Murder of Claudius. , 21.3.2 The Poisoning of Britannicus -- 21.4 Martina -- 21.5 Canidia -- 21.6 Identification of Poisons -- 21.7 A Forensic Investigation -- 21.8 Conclusion -- References -- Further Reading -- 22 Did Hannibal Really Poison Himself? -- References -- 23 Drugs, Suppositories, and Cult Worship in Antiquity -- 23.1 Introduction -- 23.2 Drugs and Cults -- 23.3 Bacchants and Viper Venom -- 23.4 Ancient Vaginal Suppositories -- 23.5 Drugs and Sexuality -- 23.6 Aphrodisiac Suppositories and Magic -- 23.7 Conclusion -- References -- 24 Entheogens in Ancient Times: Wine and the Rituals of Dionysus -- References -- 25 Entheogens (Psychedelic Drugs) and the Ancient Mystery Religions -- 25.1 Pharmacological Roots of Religion -- 25.2 Hermeneutics and a Definition of Terms -- 25.3 Toxicology -- 25.4 Sources, Chemistry, and Effects -- 25.4.1 Amanita muscaria: "Poison" Apple of the Inner Eye -- 25.4.2 Ergot Alkaloids: A Grail Quest -- 25.4.3 Psilocybin and Psilocin (Mushrooms) and DMT, 5Meo DMT: Spirit Molecules -- 25.4.4 Tropane Alkaloids -- References -- Further Reading -- 26 Ancient Mystery Initiation: Toxic Priestesses and Vaginal Communion -- 26.1 Introduction -- 26.2 Toxic Priestesses and their Mystery Rites -- 26.3 Colleges of Echidnae -- 26.4 Communal Ios-Rite -- 26.5 The Science Behind the Ritual -- 26.6 A Combination of Poisons and Antidotes -- 26.7 Identifying Drugs Used in the Ios-Rite -- 26.8 Medea the First Toxic Priestess -- 26.9 Toxic Plants and Animals Used in Medea's Ios-Rite -- 26.10 Medea's Antidote as Medicine -- 26.11 Christian Ios Rites -- 26.12 Toxicological Questions -- 26.13 Conclusion -- References -- 27 Harmful Botanicals -- 27.1 Classical Toxicology -- 27.2 Sources and Data -- 27.3 Analysis -- 27.3.1 Aim and Scope of Toxicology -- 27.3.2 Structure and Purpose of Information -- 27.3.3 Creation of the System -- 27.3.4 Application of the System. , 27.3.5 Therapeutic Principle.

Additional Edition: ISBN 0-12-815339-3

Language: English

UID:

Format: 1 Online-Ressource (xxii, 489 Seiten) : , illustrations.

Edition: Second edition

ISBN: 978-0-12-815340-6

Series Statement: History of toxicology and environmental health

Content: Toxicology in Antiquity provides an authoritative and fascinating exploration into the use of toxins and poisons in antiquity. It brings together the two previously published shorter volumes on the topic, as well as adding considerable new information. Part of the History of Toxicology and Environmental Health series, it covers key accomplishments, scientists, and events in the broad field of toxicology, including environmental health and chemical safety. This first volume sets the tone for the series and starts at the very beginning, historically speaking, with a look at toxicology in ancient times. The book explains that before scientific research methods were developed, toxicology thrived as a very practical discipline. People living in ancient civilizations readily learned to distinguish safe substances from hazardous ones, how to avoid these hazardous substances, and how to use them to inflict harm on enemies. It also describes scholars who compiled compendia of toxic agents. New chapters in this edition focus chiefly on evidence for the use of toxic agents derived from religious texts

Additional Edition: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe ISBN 978-0-12-815339-0

Language: English

Keywords: Antike ; Gift ; Aufsatzsammlung

DOI: 10.1016/C2017-0-01672-5

URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)

UID:

Format: 1 Online-Ressource (xxii, 489 Seiten) : , illustrations.

Edition: Second edition

ISBN: 978-0-12-815340-6

Series Statement: History of toxicology and environmental health

Content: Toxicology in Antiquity provides an authoritative and fascinating exploration into the use of toxins and poisons in antiquity. It brings together the two previously published shorter volumes on the topic, as well as adding considerable new information. Part of the History of Toxicology and Environmental Health series, it covers key accomplishments, scientists, and events in the broad field of toxicology, including environmental health and chemical safety. This first volume sets the tone for the series and starts at the very beginning, historically speaking, with a look at toxicology in ancient times. The book explains that before scientific research methods were developed, toxicology thrived as a very practical discipline. People living in ancient civilizations readily learned to distinguish safe substances from hazardous ones, how to avoid these hazardous substances, and how to use them to inflict harm on enemies. It also describes scholars who compiled compendia of toxic agents. New chapters in this edition focus chiefly on evidence for the use of toxic agents derived from religious texts

Additional Edition: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe ISBN 978-0-12-815339-0

Language: English

Keywords: Antike ; Gift ; Aufsatzsammlung

DOI: 10.1016/C2017-0-01672-5

URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)

UID:

Format: 1 online resource (xiv, 487 pages).

Edition: Second edition.

ISBN: 0-12-815340-7

Series Statement: History of toxicology and environmental health

Note: Front Cover -- Toxicology in Antiquity -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Foreword -- References -- Preface to the Series and Volumes 1 and 2 -- Preface -- 1 The Prehistory of Poison Arrows -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 What do Historical and Ethnographic Documents Tell Us? -- 1.3 What is the Current State of Research? -- 1.4 Conclusions -- References -- Further Reading -- 2 Beetle and Plant Arrow Poisons of the San People of Southern Africa -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Materials and Methods -- 2.3 Results -- 2.3.1 History and Development -- 2.3.2 The San Bow and Arrow Hunting Kit -- 2.3.3 San Arrow Poisons -- 2.3.4 Plant-Based Poisons -- 2.3.5 Minor Plant-Based Poisons -- 2.3.6 San Animal-Based Arrow Poisons -- 2.3.7 Arthropod-Based Poisons -- 2.3.7.1 Minor Animal-Based Poisons -- 2.4 Discussion -- 2.5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Further Reading -- 3 Toxicology in Ancient Egypt -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Snakes as Described in the Brooklyn Papyrus -- 3.2.1 Snake Identification -- 3.2.2 Symptoms of Snakebite -- 3.2.3 Prognosis -- 3.2.4 Treatment -- 3.3 Scorpions -- 3.4 Tetanus -- 3.5 Plant and Mineral Toxins -- References -- 4 The Death of Cleopatra: Suicide by Snakebite or Poisoned by Her Enemies? -- 4.1 Cleopatra's Ancestry and Historical Background of the Era -- 4.2 Cleopatra's Reign. Her Downfall and Her Death -- 4.3 Epilogue -- References -- 5 Kohl Use in Antiquity: Effects on the Eye -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Protective Effect Against UV Radiation -- 5.3 Antimicrobial Action and Biomedical Importance -- References -- 6 Nicander, Thêriaka, and Alexipharmaka: Venoms, Poisons, and Literature -- 6.1 The Thêriaka -- 6.2 The Alexipharmaka -- 6.3 The Nicandrean Question -- 6.4 Ancient Toxicology -- 6.5 Venoms, Poisons, and Art -- Reference -- 7 The Case Against Socrates and His Execution. , 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Historical Literature -- 7.3 Hemlock in Ancient Scientific Literature -- 7.4 Modern Pharmacological Analysis -- 7.5 Toward a Renewed Interpretation -- 7.6 Conclusion -- References -- 8 Murder, Execution, and Suicide in Ancient Greece and Rome -- Further Reading -- 9 The Oracle at Delphi: The Pythia and the Pneuma, Intoxicating Gas Finds, and Hypotheses -- References -- Further Reading -- 10 Alexander the Great: A Questionable Death -- 10.1 Alexander's Last Days -- 10.2 Modern Theories of Natural Causes -- 10.3 Modern Theories of Poisoning -- 10.4 The Styx River Poison Plot -- References -- 11 Mithridates of Pontus and His Universal Antidote -- 11.1 Influences -- 11.2 Pharmacological and Toxic Riches -- 11.3 Avoiding Assassination by Poison -- 11.4 The Secret Antidote -- 11.5 Mithridatium's Legacy -- References -- 12 Theriaca Magna: The Glorious Cure-All Remedy -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Theriac in Antiquity -- 12.3 Theriac in the Medieval Period -- 12.4 Theriac in the Renaissance -- 12.5 Conclusion -- References -- 13 The Gates to Hell in Antiquity and their Relation to Geogenic CO2 Emissions -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Why Enter the Realm of the Shadows? -- 13.2.1 The Souls of the Mortals -- 13.2.2 Incubation and Cure -- 13.2.3 Necromancy -- 13.2.4 The Gate for Chthonic Gods and Ghosts of the Darkness -- 13.3 The Geologic Background -- 13.3.1 Geogenic Gas Emission: Volcanoes, Faults, and Seismicity -- 13.3.2 Reduced Carbon Gases -- 13.3.3 Hot Water, Steam, and Geysers -- 13.3.4 Caves -- 13.4 The Physicochemical Properties of CO2 -- 13.4.1 Carbon Dioxide is Difficult to Recognize -- 13.4.2 Carbon Dioxide Forms Gas Lakes -- 13.4.3 Carbon Dioxide Displaces Atmospheric Oxygen -- 13.4.4 Carbon Dioxide Forms an Acid -- 13.5 The Biological, Medical, and Physiological Background -- 13.6 The Known Sites of the Ancient Gates to Hell. , 13.6.1 Italy (Magna Graecia) -- 13.6.1.1 The Phlegrean Fields (Campi Flegrei) -- 13.6.1.1.1 Lago Averno -- 13.6.1.1.2 Solfatara and Pisciarelli -- 13.6.1.2 Bullicame -- 13.6.1.3 Mefite D'Ansanto -- 13.6.1.4 Naftia -- 13.6.1.5 Lago di Pergusa -- 13.6.1.6 Mount Etna and Stromboli -- 13.6.2 Greece -- 13.6.2.1 Eleusis: The Elysian Grotto -- 13.6.2.2 The Nekromanteion of Acheron-Ephyra -- 13.6.2.3 Cape Tanairon -- 13.6.2.4 Ermioni -- 13.6.2.5 Lake Lerna or the Alcyonian Lake -- 13.6.3 Turkey: Asia Minor -- 13.6.3.1 Hierapolis -- 13.6.3.1.1 The Plutonium in Hierapolis -- 13.6.3.1.2 The Temple of Apollo in Hierapolis -- 13.6.3.2 Nysa and Acharaka -- 13.6.4 Some Modern Gates to Hell -- 13.7 Gates of Hell-Magna Graecia-Asia Minor-Greece (Hellas)-A Synopsis -- 13.8 The Historical Relevance -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Further Reading -- 14 Lead Poisoning and the Downfall of Rome: Reality or Myth? -- 14.1 The Lead Industry in Ancient Rome -- 14.1.1 Lead Production -- 14.1.2 Uses of Lead -- 14.2 The Effect of Lead on Humans -- 14.2.1 Metabolic Effect -- 14.3 Clinical Picture of Lead Toxicity (Retief and Cilliers, 2000) -- 14.4 Archeological Determination of Lead Toxicity -- 14.5 Occurrence of Lead Toxicity -- 14.5.1 Sources of Toxicity -- 14.5.2 Proof of Lead Poisoning -- 14.5.2.1 Clinical Picture -- 14.5.2.2 Archeological Findings (Grandjean, 1978 -- Retief and Cilliers, 2000) -- 14.6 Discussion -- References -- Further Reading -- 15 Poisons, Poisoners, and Poisoning in Ancient Rome -- 15.1 Sources -- 15.2 Poisons -- 15.3 Poisons Used -- 15.4 Incidents of Poisoning During the Roman Republic -- 15.5 Poisoners and Incidents of Poisoning During the Empire -- 15.5.1 Augustus (27 BCE-14 CE) -- 15.5.2 Tiberius (14-37 CE) -- 15.5.3 Gaius (Caligula) (37-41 CE) -- 15.5.4 Claudius (41-54 CE) -- 15.5.5 Nero (54-68 CE) -- 15.5.6 The Flavian Dynasty (69-96 CE). , 15.5.7 Hadrian (117-138 CE) -- 15.5.8 Commodus (180-192 CE) -- 15.5.9 Caracalla (211-217 CE) -- 15.6 Conclusion -- References -- 16 Chemical and Biological Warfare in Antiquity -- 16.1 The Concept of Toxic Weaponry in Greco-Roman and Indian Mythology -- 16.2 Poisons From Plants in Historical Warfare -- 16.3 Snake Venom Arrows -- 16.4 Plague and Contagion -- 16.5 Poisoning Water Sources and Food Supplies -- 16.6 Venomous Insects, Snakes, and Scorpions -- 16.7 Aerosol and Incendiary Weapons -- 16.8 Practical Issues and Ethical Qualms -- References -- 17 Asclepius and the Snake as Toxicological Symbols in Ancient Greece and Rome -- References -- 18 Anthropogenic Air Pollution in Ancient Times -- 18.1 Pollution of the Environment in Ancient Times -- 18.2 Lead in Ancient Times -- 18.2.1 Lead Mining and Exploitation -- 18.2.2 The Utilization of Lead -- 18.2.3 Illnesses Caused by Lead -- 18.2.4 Lead Pollution of Ancient Tooth Samples in the United Kingdom -- 18.2.5 Lead Pollution on Regional and Hemispheric Scales -- 18.3 Copper in Ancient Times -- 18.3.1 Copper Mining and Exploitation -- 18.3.2 Copper Pollution on Regional and Hemispheric Scales -- 18.4 Environmental Awareness in Ancient Israel -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 19 Poisoning in Ancient Rome: Images and Rules -- 19.1 Veneficium and Legal Terminology -- 19.2 Perpetrators, Trials, Stereotypes -- 19.3 Training for the Courts -- 19.4 Jurists and the Interpretation of Laws -- Further Reading -- 20 "Gleaming and Deadly White": Toxic Cosmetics in the Roman World -- 20.1 A Fair Complexion -- 20.2 Rouge -- 20.3 Eye Make-Up -- 20.4 Hair Removers -- References -- Further Reading -- 21 Cherchez la Femme: Three Infamous Poisoners of Ancient Rome -- 21.1 Stereotypes -- 21.2 Sources -- 21.3 Incidents of Poisoning in Which the Three Infamous Women Were Involved: Locusta -- 21.3.1 The Murder of Claudius. , 21.3.2 The Poisoning of Britannicus -- 21.4 Martina -- 21.5 Canidia -- 21.6 Identification of Poisons -- 21.7 A Forensic Investigation -- 21.8 Conclusion -- References -- Further Reading -- 22 Did Hannibal Really Poison Himself? -- References -- 23 Drugs, Suppositories, and Cult Worship in Antiquity -- 23.1 Introduction -- 23.2 Drugs and Cults -- 23.3 Bacchants and Viper Venom -- 23.4 Ancient Vaginal Suppositories -- 23.5 Drugs and Sexuality -- 23.6 Aphrodisiac Suppositories and Magic -- 23.7 Conclusion -- References -- 24 Entheogens in Ancient Times: Wine and the Rituals of Dionysus -- References -- 25 Entheogens (Psychedelic Drugs) and the Ancient Mystery Religions -- 25.1 Pharmacological Roots of Religion -- 25.2 Hermeneutics and a Definition of Terms -- 25.3 Toxicology -- 25.4 Sources, Chemistry, and Effects -- 25.4.1 Amanita muscaria: "Poison" Apple of the Inner Eye -- 25.4.2 Ergot Alkaloids: A Grail Quest -- 25.4.3 Psilocybin and Psilocin (Mushrooms) and DMT, 5Meo DMT: Spirit Molecules -- 25.4.4 Tropane Alkaloids -- References -- Further Reading -- 26 Ancient Mystery Initiation: Toxic Priestesses and Vaginal Communion -- 26.1 Introduction -- 26.2 Toxic Priestesses and their Mystery Rites -- 26.3 Colleges of Echidnae -- 26.4 Communal Ios-Rite -- 26.5 The Science Behind the Ritual -- 26.6 A Combination of Poisons and Antidotes -- 26.7 Identifying Drugs Used in the Ios-Rite -- 26.8 Medea the First Toxic Priestess -- 26.9 Toxic Plants and Animals Used in Medea's Ios-Rite -- 26.10 Medea's Antidote as Medicine -- 26.11 Christian Ios Rites -- 26.12 Toxicological Questions -- 26.13 Conclusion -- References -- 27 Harmful Botanicals -- 27.1 Classical Toxicology -- 27.2 Sources and Data -- 27.3 Analysis -- 27.3.1 Aim and Scope of Toxicology -- 27.3.2 Structure and Purpose of Information -- 27.3.3 Creation of the System -- 27.3.4 Application of the System. , 27.3.5 Therapeutic Principle.

Additional Edition: ISBN 0-12-815339-3

Language: English