Kooperativer Bibliotheksverbund

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Umfang: 1 online resource (706 pages)

ISBN: 9780128219447 , 0128219440

Anmerkung: Intro -- Environmental Systems Science: Theory and Practical Applications -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1: Systems science -- Introduction -- The environmental scientific method -- The march of science -- The computational paradigm -- Public health and environmental governance -- Complexity -- Thermodynamics -- Emergence -- Quid quid recipitur -- Fuzziness -- Systems-based communications -- References -- Further reading -- Chapter 2: Dynamical environmental systems -- Introduction -- Scale: A key to transitional environmental science -- Relationship between spatial and temporal scales -- Scale in thermodynamics and motion -- Environmental first principles -- Natural versus engineered system dynamics -- Ecosystem dynamics -- Human dynamics -- Environmental systems dynamics -- Cycling within and between environmental systems -- A systems view of oxygen -- Sensitivity -- References -- Further reading -- Chapter 3: Transitional and translational sciences -- Introduction -- Transitioning from the past: Pollution episodes -- Meuse Valley, Belgium -- London, England -- Donora, Pennsylvania -- Lessons learned -- Recent air pollution emergencies involving hazardous substances -- Bhopal, India: The trigger for better industrial planning -- Nuclear accidents -- World Trade Center, New York: Intentional episode -- The rational approach: The key to translational science -- Translating science to address environmental risk -- Systems metrics -- Transport and fate -- Evolution toward systems science and computational approaches -- Modularity and interoperability -- Model uncertainties -- References -- Further reading -- Chapter 4: Predicting risks in an increasingly complex world -- Introduction -- Systems-based risk assessment -- Microbes -- Complex mixtures -- Exposure probability -- Dosimetry and exposure calculations. , Biological models to support estimates of emerging risks -- Exposure estimation -- Secondary data -- Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl substances: Secondary data meta-analysis -- Conclusions -- References -- Further reading -- Chapter 5: Environmental system dynamics -- Introduction -- Pollutant formation processes: Chemodynamics -- Synthesis or combination -- Decomposition -- Single replacement -- Double replacement (also metathesis or double displacement) -- Complete combustion -- Biogeochemodynamics -- Spheres and cycles -- Carbon equilibrium and cycling -- The carbon cycle and greenhouse effect -- Global warming potential -- Combustion and carbon -- Nutrient cycling -- The nitrogen cycle -- The sulfur cycle -- Interactions between sulfur and nitrogen -- Acid deposition -- Metal and metalloid cycles -- Metals and heat -- Mercury biogeochemistry -- Biogeochemistry of other heavy metals -- Metalloid cycling -- Decision-making supported by biogeochemical knowledge -- References -- Further reading -- Chapter 6: Endogenous dynamics in humans -- Introduction -- Inhalation exposure route -- Ingestion exposure route -- Dermal exposure route -- Mixtures -- Dose-response relationships -- Uncertainty and factors of safety -- Error estimation -- Exposure estimation -- Direct cancer risk calculations -- Risk-based treatment targets -- References -- Further reading -- Chapter 7: Science-based decision-making -- Introduction -- Decision frameworks -- Legislative framework for environmental decisions -- Pollutant release-related decisions -- Environmental quality-related decisions -- Data-based decision-making -- Data and information selection -- Data application and interpretation -- Dose modeling -- Systems thinking -- Risk contingencies -- References -- Further reading -- Chapter 8: Decision support tools -- Introduction -- Feasibility tools. , Multicriteria decision analysis -- Bayesian analysis -- Bayesian networks -- Root cause analysis -- Adverse outcome pathway analysis -- Informatics and big data tools -- Environmental impact assessment methodologies -- Life cycle methodologies -- Evaluating cause and effect -- Strength of association -- Consistency -- Specificity -- Temporality -- Gradient -- Scientific plausibility -- Coherence -- Experimentation -- Analogy -- Analysis of complex pollution problems -- Step 1-Scenario description -- Step 2-Deductive arguments -- Step 3-Problem-solving analysis -- Step 3a-Application of Hill's criteria -- Step 3b-Force fields -- Step 3c-Net goodness analysis -- Step 3d-Line drawing -- Step 3e-Flow charting -- Step 3f-Event trees -- Step 4-Synthesis -- Tools to map exposure metrics onto toxicity values -- Ecosystem metrics -- Environmental fate simulation -- Tools to support ethical practice -- References -- Further reading -- Chapter 9: Sampling and analysis to support environmental systems science -- Introduction -- Direct and indirect sampling -- Quality assurance -- Measurement precision -- Measurement accuracy -- Sample location and sample size -- Sampling environmental pollutant emissions and releases -- Selection of a monitoring site -- Environmental sampling approaches -- Ambient pollutant sampling -- Passive sampling -- Active sampling -- Remote sensing -- Gas- and vapor-phase measurement methods -- Extractive sampling -- Continuous sampling and analysis -- Open-path technologies for gas-phase air pollutants -- Mobile measurement technologies -- Methods for specific pollutants -- Sampling for criteria air pollutants -- Sulfur dioxide sampling -- Nonmethane volatile organic compounds -- Measuring gas and particulate phases together -- Analysis and measurement of acidic deposition -- Measuring hazardous air pollutants -- Laboratory analysis. , Extraction -- Sample analysis -- Background measurements -- Democratizing environmental measurements -- References -- Further reading -- Chapter 10: Environmental systems science models -- Introduction -- Model development -- Models to extend measurements -- Box models -- Model frames -- Meteorological modeling -- Gaussian models -- Stability -- Eulerian models -- Model levels -- Model uncertainty -- Models to link exposure and dose -- Recent modeling advances -- References -- Further reading -- Chapter 11: Economics and feasibility assessments -- Introduction -- Feasibility of a project -- Economic efficiency -- Proportional emission predictions -- Pollution control cost estimates -- Engineering economics -- Cash flow -- Discounting -- Comparing alternatives -- Social costs -- Types of cost estimates -- Proposal review -- Net present value (NPV) -- Internal rate of return (IRR) -- Benefit-cost ratio (BCR) -- Replacement cost analysis -- RCA techniques -- Life-cycle comparisons -- References -- Further reading -- Chapter 12: Systems engineering and reliability analysis -- Introduction -- Item availability -- System reliability -- Classifying failure -- Margins of safety -- Miscalculations -- Inadequate situational awareness -- Critical path failure -- Negligence -- Inaccurate prediction of contingencies -- Professional continuity -- References -- Further reading -- Chapter 13: Environmental systems-based land-use planning -- Introduction -- Physical, chemical, and biological characteristics -- The land ethic -- Spatially explicit land-use planning -- Competing values: Affordable housing versus conservation -- Addressing land pollution -- Land-based stress to water bodies: Biochemical oxygen demand -- Land transport of pollutants -- Total maximum daily loading -- Habitat loss and destruction -- Preventing and enhancing land habitats -- Waste sites. , Regional planning -- Best practices -- References -- Further reading -- Chapter 14: The Future -- Introduction -- Systems thinking -- Precautionary principle -- Data-driven decision-making and scientific workflows -- Greater dependence on secondary data -- Resilience -- Precision science -- Ontology bridging and blending -- References -- Further reading -- Appendix 1 -- Cancer potency factors -- Extrapolation methods -- Human equivalent dose -- Route-to-route extrapolation -- Application of slope factors and unit risks -- Cancer slope factors -- Unit risks -- Drinking water unit risks -- Inhalation unit risks -- Dermal risks -- References -- Further reading -- Appendix 2 -- Key equations -- Environmental chemistry -- Environmental physics -- Partitioning -- Meteorology -- Biogeochemistry -- Environmental engineering -- Geometry -- Statistics -- Pollution risk -- Dispersion modeling -- Reliabibility -- Engineering and environmental economics -- Life cycle analysis and sustainability -- Appendix 3 -- Abbreviations and symbols -- Index.

Weitere Ausg.: ISBN 9780128219539

Weitere Ausg.: ISBN 012821953X

Sprache: Englisch