Umfang:
Online Ressource
Ausgabe:
Online-Ausg.
ISBN:
0444533648
,
9780444533647
,
0080957099
,
9780080957098
Serie:
Developments in earth surface processes 0928-2025 12
Inhalt:
Understanding the Importance of Alpine Treeline Ecotones in Mountain Ecosystems / D.B. Fagre -- Pattern-Process Relations in the Alpine and Subalpine Environments: A Remote Sensing and GIScience Perspective / S.J. Walsh, D.G. Brown, Ch. A. Geddes, D.J. Weiss, S. McKnight, E.S. Hammer, and J.P. Tuttlea -- Ecotone Dynamics: Invasibility of Alpine Tundra by Tree Species from the Subalpine Forest / G.P. Malanson, D.G. Brown, D.R. Butler, D.M. Cairns, D.B. Fagre, and S.J. Walsh -- Geomorphic Patterns and Processes at Alpine Treeline / D.R. Butler, G.P. Malanson, L.M. Resler, S.J. Walsh, F.D. Wilkerson, G.L. Schmid, and C.F. Sawyer -- Environmental Controls on Turf-Banked Terraces / D.J. Weiss, S.J. Walsh, S.A. McKnight, and E.S. Hammer -- Soils and Pedogenesis at Alpine Treeline / G.L. Schmid, D.R. Butler, G.P. Malanson, and L.M. Resler -- Canopy Structure in the Krummholz and Patch Forest Zones / E.S. Hammer, and S.J. Walsh -- A Markov Analysis of Tree Islands at Alpine Treeline / L.M. Resler, and M.A. Fonstad -- Modeling Feedback Effects on Linear Patterns of Subalpine Forest Advancement / M.F. Bekker, and G.P. Malansonb -- The Future of Treeline / D.R. Butler, G.P. Malanson, and S.J. Walsh
Inhalt:
The alpine treeline ecotone (ATE) is an area of transition high on mountains where closed canopy forests from lower elevations give way to the open alpine tundra and rocky expanses above. Alpine tundra is an island biome and its ecotone with forest is subject to change, and like oceanic islands, alpine tundra is subject to invasion or the upward advance of treeline. The invasion of tundra by trees will have consequences for the tundra biome as invasion does for other island flora and fauna. To examine the invasibility of tundra we take a plant's-eye-view, wherein the local conditions become extremely important. Among these local conditions, we find geomorphology to be exceptionally important. We concentrate on aspects of microtopography (and microgeomorphology) and microclimate because these are the factors that matter: from the plant's-eye-view, but we pay attention to multiple scales. The objective of this book is to examine the controls on change at alpine treeline. All the papers are focused on work done in Glacier National Park, Montana, USA. Although any one place is limiting, we are able to examine the alpine treeline here in some detail - and an advantage is that the treeline ecotone in Glacier National Park is quite variable in itself due to the underlying variability in geomorphology at multiple scales
Anmerkung:
Includes bibliographical references and index. - Description based on print version record
,
Front Cover; The Changing Alpine Treeline: The Example of Glacier National Park, MT, USA; Copyright Page; Table of Contents; Editorial Foreword; Preface; Acknowledgments; List of Acronyms; List of Contributors; Chapter 1. Introduction: Understanding the Importance of Alpine Treeline Ecotones in Mountain Ecosystems; 1. Introduction; 2. Importance of High-Elevation Mountain Research; 3. Recent Changes to the Alpine Areas of Glacier National Park; 4. Factors Affecting the Alpine Treeline Ecotone
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Chapter 2. Pattern-Process Relations in the Alpine and Subalpine Environments: A Remote Sensing and GIScience Perspective1. Introduction; 2. Study Area; 2.1. General setting; 2.2. Geographic areas of research emphasis; 3. Background and Context; 3.1. Remote sensing approaches; 3.2. Field approaches; 3.3. GIS representation; 4. Data and Methods; 4.1. Medium-grained remote sensing; 4.2. High-resolution DEM creation; 5. Selected Applications; 5.1. Pixel versus object classification of vegetation; 5.2. Linear mixture modeling; 5.3. Pattern metrics; 6. Conclusions
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Chapter 3. Ecotone Dynamics: Invasibility of Alpine Tundra by Tree Species from the Subalpine Forest1. Introduction; 1.1. Plant's eye view; 2. Seeds to Seedlings in Open Tundra; 2.1. Dispersal; 2.2. Protected sites; 2.3. Annual weather; 3. Seedlings; 3.1. Coarse scale climate; 3.2. Endogenous climate modification; 3.3. Microclimate; 3.4. Soil; 4. Tree or Krummholz Form; 5. Facilitation or Inhibition?; 5.1. Pattern and process; 6. Conclusion; Chapter 4. Geomorphic Patterns and Processes at Alpine Treeline; 1. Introduction; 2. Coarse-Scale Processes
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2.1. Snow avalanches as treeline disturbance agents2.2. Debris flows as treeline disturbance agents; 3. Medium-Scale Processes; 3.1. Turf-banked terraces; 3.2. Eolian processes at treeline; 4. Fine-Scale Processes and Landforms; 4.1. Turf exfoliation; 4.2. Boulders; 4.3. Needle-ice pans; 4.4. Frost heaving and churning; 5. Additional Comments on the Possible Role of Animals at Treeline; 6. Conclusions; Chapter 5. Environmental Controls on Turf-Banked Terraces; 1. Introduction; 2. Background; 3. Study Site; 4. Methods; 5. Results; 6. Discussion; 7. Conclusions
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Chapter 6. Soils and Pedogenesis at Alpine Treeline1. Introduction; 1.1. Background; 2. Field Data Collection; 2.1. Soil pit data at Lee Ridge and White Calf Mountain; 2.2. Soil penetrability and compression on Turf-banked terrace treads and risers; 3. Results; 3.1. Soil pit data from tree fingers and adjacent tundra; 3.2. Effective soil depth and soil compaction data; 4. Discussion and Conclusions; Chapter 7. Canopy Structure in the Krummholz and Patch Forest Zones; 1. Introduction; 2. Background and Context; 2.1. Alpine treeline; 2.2. Leaf area index; 3. Study Area; 3.1. Lee Ridge
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3.2. Apikuni Cirque
Weitere Ausg.:
ISBN 0444533648
Weitere Ausg.:
ISBN 9780444533647
Sprache:
Englisch
Schlagwort(e):
Electronic books
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