UID:
almahu_9948233960102882
Format:
1 online resource (xiii, 338 pages) :
,
digital, PDF file(s).
ISBN:
9780511663161 (ebook)
Content:
This volume provides a useful survey of the theory, practice and techniques of calorimetry as applied to the study of energy metabolism in humans and animals. Calorimetry is used to estimate nutritional requirements of man and farm livestock and to evaluate different foods. It is also a powerful tool used in research into fundamental nutritional and physiological life-processes and to evaluate stresses imposed by abnormal or severe environments. It is currently being applied in various branches of medical research and can be used as a diagnostic tool in hospitals for investigation of metabolic disorders. The volume encompasses both direct calorimetry, which measures heat loss directly, and indirect calorimetry, where heat loss is inferred by measurement of some of the chemical by-products of metabolism. In addition, guidance is provided to the instrumentation, technical problems and precautions necessary to obtain accurate calorimetric measurements. The volume will be essential for those scientists who practise or study calorimetry as part of their research: food scientists, clinical and non-clinical nutririonists, physiologists, veterinarians and agriculturalists.
Note:
Title from publisher's bibliographic system (viewed on 05 Oct 2015).
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List of principal symbols and abbreviations used -- Preface -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Historical -- 3 Calorific equivalents -- 3.1 Bomb calorimetry -- 3.1.1. Adiabatic bomb calorimetry -- 3.1.2. Ballistic bomb calorimetry -- 3.2 The oxidation of foodstuffs and excreta -- 3.2.1. Carbohydrate -- 3.2.2. Fat -- 3.2.3. Protein -- 3.2.4. Incomplete oxidation -- 3.2.5. A shorter approach -- 3.3 Review of published values -- 3.3.1. Calorific factors -- 3.3.2. Tables and equations for respiratory exchange measurements -- 3.3.3. Calculation from carbon-nitrogen balance -- 3.3.4. Metabolic water -- 3.4 Summary and recommendations -- 4 Indirect calorimeters -- 4.1. Confinement systems -- 4.1.1. The Rowett Research Institute confinement respiration chambers -- a. Chambers and ventilation -- b. Pressure control -- c. Gas sampling, analysis and calculation -- 4.1.2. Pressure control by volume adjustment -- 4.1.3. Design theory -- 4.2 Closed-circuit -- 4.2.1. Small animal respirometers -- a. Constant pressure systems -- b. Constant volume systems -- 4.2.2. Large animal respiration chambers -- 4.2.3. Human respiration chambers -- a. The Atwater and Benedict respiration chamber -- 4.2.4. Spirometers -- a. Types of spirometer -- b. The use of a spirometer -- c. Spirometers as oxygen reservoirs -- d. Spirometers for large animals -- e. Calibration and errors -- 4.3 Total collection systems -- 4.3.1. Rigid collecting chambers -- 4.3.2. Bag systems -- a. The Douglas bag -- b. Other types of bag -- 4.4 Open-circuit systems -- 4.4.1. Portable systems (sample collection) -- a. The Kofranyi-Michaelis (K-M) or Max Planck respirometer -- b. The integrating motor pneumotachograph (IMP) -- c. The Miser -- d. The Oxylog -- e. Tracheal cannulation techniques -- 4.4.2. Ventilated flow-through systems -- a. Open-circuit chambers -- b. Ventilated hoods -- c. Masks and mouthpieces -- d. Ventilation and air-conditioning -- e. Gas mixing -- f. Measurement of flowrate -- g. Methods of gas analysis -- h. A portable flow-through system -- the metabolic rate monitor -- 4.5 Calculation methods -- 4.5.1. Steady-state conditions -- a. Oxygen consumption from oxygen analysis and carbon dioxide absorption -- b. Oxygen consumption when all respiratory gases are analysed -- c. Carbon dioxide and methane production -- d. Respiratory quotient -- e. Metabolic rate -- 4.5.2. Dynamic conditions -- 4.5.3. Practical aspects -- 4.6 Other indirect systems -- 4.6.1. Labelled carbon -- 4.6.2. Doubly labelled water -- 4.6.3. Measurements that correlate with heat production -- 4.7 Summary -- 5 Direct calorimeters -- 5.1.1. The psychrometric chart -- 5.2 Types of direct calorimeters -- 5.2.1. Isothermal calorimeters -- 5.2.2. Heat-sink calorimeters -- 5.2.3. Convection calorimeters -- 5.2.4. Differential calorimeters -- 5.3 Gradient-layer calorimeters -- 5.3.1. The Hannah Research Institute large animal calorimeter -- a. The animal chamber -- b. Ventilation -- c. Air sampling -- d. Water cooling system -- e. Instrumentation -- f. Initial calibration -- g. Routine calibration and operation -- h. Performance -- 5.3.2. Gradient layers -- a. Basic sensitivity -- b. Spacing of measuring points -- c. Speed of response -- d. Resistance-thermometer layers -- e. Thermocouple layers -- f. Construction -- 5.3.3. Animal chambers -- a. Air leaks -- b. Heat leaks -- c. Illumination -- d. Animal-restraining structures -- 5.3.4. Ventilation -- a. Ventilation rate -- b. Platemeters -- c. Thermopiles -- d. Fans, heaters, ducting, etc. -- 5.3.5. Temperature control -- 5.4 Heat-sink calorimeters -- 5.4.1. The Dunn calorimeter -- a. The structure and ventilation -- b. Water circulation -- c. Estimation of heat losses -- d. Calibration -- 5.4.2. Other heat-sink calorimeters -- 5.4.3. Suit calorimeters -- 5.5 Convection calorimeters -- 5.6 Differential calorimeters -- 5.7 Evaporative heat loss -- 5.8 Other energy exchanges -- 5.9 Body heat storage -- 5.9.1. Mean skin temperature -- 5.9.2. Mean body temperature -- 6 Instrumentation -- 6.1 Instruments for basic measurements -- 6.1.1. Voltage -- 6.1.2. Temperature -- 6.1.3. Humidity -- a. Wet-and dry-bulb psychrometers -- b. Dewcells -- c. Peltier cooled mirrors -- 6.1.4. Pressure -- 6.2 Equipment for gas analysis -- 6.2.1. Chemical analysis -- a. Haldane analysis -- b. Scholander gas analyser -- 6.2.2. Physical analysers -- a. Oxygen electrodes or polarographic cells -- b. Paramagnetic oxygen analysers -- c. Infra-red gas analysers -- d. Mass spectrometers -- e. Thermal conductivity -- f. Fuel cells -- g. Gas chromatography -- 6.3 Instruments for the measurement of volume and flow -- 6.3.1. Measurement of volume -- a. Wet gasmeters -- b. Dry gasmeters -- c. Wright respirometer -- 6.3.2. Volume flowrate -- a. Turbine flowmeters -- b. Pneumotachograph -- c. Orifice flowmeters -- 6.3.3. Mass flowrate -- a. Critical flowmeters -- b. Thermal flowmeters -- 6.3.4. Variable-area flowmeters -- 6.4 Recorders and data loggers -- 6.5 Other instrumentation -- 6.5.1. Food supply -- 6.5.2. Collection of excreta -- 6.5.3. Safety aspects -- 7 Calibrations and standards -- 7.1 Standardisation of basic measurements -- 7.2 Calibration of gas analysers -- 7.2.1. Introduction -- 7.2.2. Sample conditioning -- 7.2.3. Calibration requirements -- 7.2.4. Standard gases -- a. Zero gas -- b. Dry fresh air -- 7.2.5. Calibration-gas mixtures -- a. Static methods -- b. Dynamic methods -- c. Checking the composition of calibration mixtures -- 7.2.6. Linearity checks of oxygen analysers -- a. By means of gas mixtures -- b. By variation of pressure in the analytical cell -- 7.2.7. Calibration of pressure-sensitive oxygen analysers by the variable-pressure method -- 7.2.8. Calibration of carbon dioxide and methane analysers -- a. Linearity checks -- b. Routine calibration -- 7.3 Calibration of flowmeters -- 7.3.1. Soap-bubble flowmeters -- 7.3.2. Wet gasmeters -- 7.3.3. Critical-orifice flowmeters -- 7.3.4. Spirometers and gasometers -- 7.3.5. Gravimetric calibration -- 7.3.6. Dilution method -- 7.3.7. Calibration of flowmeters that measure pulsatile flow -- 7.4 Whole system checks -- 7.4.1. Recovery of heat -- 7.4.2. Recovery of carbondioxide -- 7.4.3. Recovery of oxygen -- a. Nitrogen injection -- b. Steel-wool burners -- 7.4.4. Combined methods -- a. Alcohol burners -- b. Agreement between direct and indirect calorimetry -- 7.4.5. Calibration: the golden rules -- 7.5 Some additional problems encountered -- 8 Some complete open-circuit systems -- 8.1 Using a simple voltage recorder -- 8.2 Switched-range recorder and twin-channel oxygen analyser -- 8.3 Systems using divided reservoirs -- 8.4 The Leeds indirect flow-through calorimeters -- 8.4.1. The semi-automated human calorimeter -- 8.4.2. The semi-automated, multichamber small animal calorimeter -- 8.4.3. The computer-controlled multichamber small animal calorimeter -- Appendices -- Al Calculation of calorific factors from elemental composition -- A2 Solution of equations for heat production, and carbohydrate and fat metabolised -- A3 Report of the Brouwer Committee (1965) -- A4 Analysis of heatflow through gradient layers -- 1. The basic insulating layer -- 2. The metal foil covering the insulating layer -- 3. Reduced temperature gradient due to lateral heatflow in the thermocouple tape -- 4. Direct heatflow through the metal bridges -- 5. Heatflow at the edges of platemeters -- A5 Some physical properties of materials used in constructing calorimeters -- References -- Index
Additional Edition:
Print version: ISBN 9780521309059
Language:
English
URL:
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511663161
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