Kooperativer Bibliotheksverbund

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Format: 1 online resource (xxii, 262 pages) : , digital, PDF file(s).

ISBN: 1-316-65559-8 , 1-316-38848-4

Content: This unique book on intelligence analysis covers several vital but often overlooked topics. It teaches the evidential and inferential issues involved in 'connecting the dots' to draw defensible and persuasive conclusions from masses of evidence: from observations we make, or questions we ask, we generate alternative hypotheses; we make use of our hypotheses to generate new lines of inquiry and evidence; and we test the hypotheses on the basis of the evidence we are discovering. To facilitate the learning of these issues and enable the performance of complex analyses, the book introduces an intelligent analytical tool, called Disciple-CD. Readers will practice with Disciple-CD and learn how to formulate hypotheses; develop arguments that reduce complex hypotheses to simpler ones; collect evidence to evaluate the simplest hypotheses; assess the relevance, believability, and inferential force of evidence; and finally judge the probability of the hypotheses.

Note: Title from publisher's bibliographic system (viewed on 08 Aug 2016). , Cover -- Half-title -- Title page -- Copyright information -- Table of contents -- Preface -- Book Purpose -- Book Contents -- How to Use the Book -- Acknowledgments -- About the Authors -- 1 Intelligence Analysis: ''Connecting the Dots'' -- 1.1 How Easy Is It to Connect the Dots? -- 1.1.1 How Many Kinds of Dots Are There? -- 1.1.2 Which Evidential Dots Can Be Believed? -- 1.1.3 Which Evidential Dots Should Be Considered? -- 1.1.4 Which Evidential Dots Should We Try to Connect? -- 1.1.5 How to Connect Evidential Dots to Hypotheses? -- 1.1.6 What Do Our Dot Connections Mean? -- 1.1.7 Whose Evidential Dots Should Be Connected? -- 1.2 Imaginative Reasoning in Intelligence Analysis -- 1.2.1 Imaginative Reasoning -- 1.2.2 What Ingredients of Analysis Are to Be Generated by Imaginative Thought? -- 1.2.3 Generating Main Hypotheses to Be Defended by Evidence and Argument -- 1.2.4 Generating the Evidential Grounds for Arguments -- 1.2.5 Generating Arguments Linking Evidence and Hypotheses -- 1.3 Intelligence Analysis as Discovery of Evidence, Hypotheses, and Arguments -- 1.3.1 Intelligence Analysis in the Framework of the Scientific Method -- 1.3.2 Evidence in Search of Hypotheses -- 1.3.3 Hypotheses in Search of Evidence -- 1.3.4 Evidentiary Testing of Hypotheses -- 1.3.5 Completing the Analysis -- 1.4 Review Questions -- 2 Marshaling Thoughts and Evidence for Imaginative Analysis -- 2.1 Sherlock Holmes and Investigation or Discovery -- 2.2 Mycroft Holmes and Evidence Marshaling -- 2.3 Marshaling ''Magnets'' or Attractors -- 2.4 Types of Marshaling Magnets -- 2.4.1 Believability Magnet -- 2.4.2 Chronology Magnet -- 2.4.3 Question Magnet -- 2.4.4 Hypothesis Magnet -- 2.4.5 Argument Magnet -- 2.4.6 Eliminative Magnet -- 2.4.7 Scenario Magnet -- 2.5 Use of the Marshaling Magnets -- 2.6 Review Questions. , 3 Disciple-CD: A Cognitive Assistant for Connecting the Dots -- 3.1 System Overview -- 3.2 Obtaining Disciple-CD -- 3.3 Hands On: Working with Knowledge Bases -- 3.3.1 Overview -- 3.3.2 Basic Operations -- 3.4 Knowledge Base Guidelines -- Guideline 3.1. Work with only one knowledge base loaded in memory. -- Guideline 3.2. Create a knowledge base and save successive versions. -- 3.5 Hands On: Browsing an Argumentation -- 3.5.1 Overview -- 3.5.2 Practice -- 3.5.3 Basic Operations -- 4 Evidence -- 4.1 What Is Evidence? -- 4.2 The Credentials of All Evidence -- 4.2.1 Relevance -- 4.2.2 Believability or Credibility -- 4.2.3 Force or Weight of Evidence -- 4.3 Assessing the Relevance, Believability, and Inferential Force of Evidence -- 4.4 Basic Operations with Disciple-CD -- 4.4.1 Hands On: Define and Evaluate Evidence -- 4.4.1.1 Overview -- 4.4.1.2 Practice -- 4.4.1.3 Basic Operations -- 4.5 Advanced Operations with Disciple-CD -- 4.5.1 Hands On: From Information to Evidence -- 4.5.1.1 Overview -- 4.5.1.2 Practice -- 4.5.1.3 Advanced Operations -- 4.6 Review Questions -- 5 Divide and Conquer: A Necessary Approach to Complex Analysis -- 5.1 Holistic Approach to Analysis -- 5.2 Divide and Conquer -- 5.3 Assessing Complex Hypotheses through Analysis and Synthesis -- 5.4 Inquiry-Driven Analysis and Synthesis -- 5.5 Types of Reductions and Corresponding Syntheses -- 5.5.1 Necessary and Sufficient Conditions -- 5.5.2 Sufficient Conditions and Scenarios -- 5.5.3 Indicators -- 5.6 Problems with Argument Construction -- 5.7 Basic Operations with Disciple-CD -- 5.7.1 Hands On: Was the Cesium Canister Stolen? -- 5.7.1.1 Hypothesis in Search of Evidence: Illustration -- 5.7.1.2 Hands-On Overview -- 5.7.1.3 Practice -- 5.7.1.4 Basic Operations -- 5.7.2 Hands On: Development and Evaluation of an Argument -- 5.7.2.1 Overview -- 5.7.2.2 Practice. , 5.7.2.3 Basic Operations -- 5.7.3 Hands On: Analysis Based on Previously Learned Patterns and Synthesis Functions -- 5.7.3.1 Overview -- 5.7.3.2 Practice -- 5.7.3.3 Basic Operations -- 5.8 Advanced Operations with Disciple-CD -- 5.8.1 Hands On: Abstraction of Analysis -- 5.8.1.1 Overview -- 5.8.1.2 Practice -- 5.8.1.3 Advanced Operations -- 5.8.2 Hands On: Hypothesis Analysis and Evidence Search -- 5.8.2.1 Overview -- 5.8.2.2 Practice -- 5.8.2.3 Advanced Operation -- 5.8.3 Hands On: Justifications of Assumptions -- 5.8.3.1 Overview -- 5.8.3.2 Practice -- 5.8.3.3 Advanced Operation -- 5.8.4 Hands On: Top-down and Bottom-up Argument Development -- 5.8.4.1 Overview -- 5.8.4.2 Practice -- 5.8.4.3 Advanced Operations -- 5.9 Analysis Guidelines -- Guideline 5.1. Define analysis trees in natural language using simple questions -- Guideline 5.2. Identify the specific instances, the generic instances, and the constants -- Guideline 5.3. Learn and reuse reduction patterns -- Guideline 5.4. Define short hypothesis names for the abstract reasoning tree -- 5.10 Review Questions -- 6 Assessing the Believability of Evidence -- 6.1 Believability: The Foundation of All Arguments from Evidence -- 6.2 Classification of Evidence Based on Believability -- 6.3 Tangible Evidence -- 6.3.1 Real Tangible Evidence: Authenticity -- 6.3.2 Demonstrative Tangible Evidence: Authenticity, Accuracy, and Reliability -- 6.3.3 Examples of Tangible Evidence -- 6.4 Testimonial Evidence -- 6.4.1 Competence -- 6.4.1.1 Access -- 6.4.1.2 Understandability -- 6.4.2 Credibility -- 6.4.2.1 Veracity or Truthfulness -- 6.4.2.2 Objectivity -- 6.4.2.3 Observational Sensitivity -- 6.4.3 Types of Testimonial Evidence -- 6.4.4 Examples of Testimonial Evidence -- 6.5 Missing Evidence -- 6.5.1 Uncertainties Associated with Missing Evidence -- 6.5.2 Example of Missing Evidence -- 6.6 Authoritative Records. , 6.7 Mixed Evidence -- 6.7.1 Analysis of Mixed Evidence -- 6.7.2 Examples of Mixed Evidence -- 6.8 Deep Believability Analysis -- 6.9 Advanced Operations with Disciple-CD -- 6.9.1 Hands On: Believability Analysis -- 6.9.1.1 Overview -- 6.9.1.2 Practice -- 6.9.1.3 Advanced Operation -- 6.10 Review Questions -- 7 Chains of Custody -- 7.1 What Is a Chain of Custody? -- 7.2 A Case Involving Chains of Custody -- 7.3 A Chain of Custody for Testimonial Evidence -- 7.4 A Chain of Custody for Demonstrative Tangible Evidence -- 7.4.1 Chain of Custody for a Photo Given Directly to the Analyst -- 7.4.2 Chain of Custody for a Written Description of a Photo Given to the Analyst -- 7.5 Analyzing a Chain of Custody -- 7.6 Drill-Down Analysis of Chains of Custody -- 7.7 Review Questions -- 8 Recurrent Substance-Blind Combinations of Evidence -- 8.1 Harmonious Evidence -- 8.1.1 Basic Forms of Harmonious Evidence -- 8.1.2 Patterns of Evidential Harmony -- 8.2 Dissonant Evidence -- 8.2.1 Basic Forms of Dissonant Evidence -- 8.2.2 Patterns of Evidential Dissonance -- 8.3 Redundant Evidence -- 8.3.1 Basic Forms of Redundant Evidence -- 8.3.2 Patterns of Evidential Redundance -- 8.4 Why Considering Evidence Combinations Is Important -- 8.5 Basic Operations with Disciple-CD -- 8.5.1 Hands On: Who Has Stolen the Cesium Canister? -- 8.5.1.1 Overview -- 8.5.1.2 Practice -- 8.6 Review Questions -- 9 Major Sources of Uncertainty in Masses of Evidence -- 9.1 Incompleteness -- 9.1.1 What Is Incompleteness of Evidence? -- 9.1.2 Examples of Incompleteness -- 9.2 Inconclusiveness -- 9.2.1 What Is Inconclusiveness of Evidence? -- 9.2.2 Examples of Inconclusiveness -- 9.3 Ambiguity -- 9.3.1 What Is Ambiguity of Evidence? -- 9.3.2 Examples of Ambiguity -- 9.4 Dissonance -- 9.4.1 What Is the Dissonance of Evidence? -- 9.4.2 Examples of Dissonance -- 9.5 Imperfect Believability. , 9.5.1 What Is Imperfect Believability of Evidence? -- 9.5.2 Examples of Imperfect Believability -- 9.6 Basic Operations with Disciple-CD -- 9.6.1 Hands On: Does a Terrorist Organization Have the Cesium Canister? -- 9.6.1.1 Overview -- 9.6.1.2 Extracting Evidence from Information -- 9.6.1.3 Practice -- 9.7 Review Questions -- 10 Assessing and Reporting Uncertainty: Some Alternative Methods -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 General Classes of Probability and Uncertainty -- 10.3 Enumerative Probabilities: Obtained by Counting -- 10.4 Nonenumerative Probabilities: Nothing to Count -- 10.5 Epistemic Probability (1): The Subjective Bayesian View -- 10.5.1 Likelihood Ratios -- 10.5.1.1 Analysis Using Likelihood Ratios -- 10.5.1.2 Examples -- 10.5.2 Bayesian Networks -- 10.5.2.1 Constructing the Argument Structure -- 10.5.2.2 Forming the Key List -- 10.5.2.3 Identifying the Likelihoods and Prior Probabilities -- 10.5.2.4 Using the Bayesian Network -- 10.5.2.5 Utility and Feasibility of Bayesian Network Analyses -- 10.6 Epistemic Probability (2): Belief Functions -- 10.6.1 Belief Functions and Evidential Support -- 10.6.2 Examples of Assigning Evidential Support -- 10.6.3 Dempster's Rule for Combining Partial Beliefs -- 10.7 Baconian Probability and the Importance of Evidential Completeness -- 10.7.1 Variative and Eliminative Inferences -- 10.7.2 Importance of Evidential Completeness -- 10.7.3 Baconian Probability of Boolean Expressions -- 10.8 Imprecision and Fuzzy Probability -- 10.8.1 Fuzzy Force of Evidence -- 10.8.2 Fuzzy Probability of Boolean Expressions -- 10.8.3 On Verbal Assessments of Probabilities -- 10.9 A Summary of Uncertainty Methods and What They Best Capture -- 10.10 Basic Operations with Disciple-CD -- 10.10.1 Hands On: Will a Bomb Be Set Off in Washington, D.C.? -- 10.10.1.1 Overview -- 10.10.1.2 Practice -- 10.11 Review Questions. , 11 Analytic Bias.

Additional Edition: ISBN 1-107-12260-0

Language: English

Subjects: Psychology

URL: Volltext  (URL des Erstveröffentlichers)

URL: Volltext  (lizenzpflichtig)

URL: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781316388488

URL: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781316388488

UID:

Format: 1 online resource (362 pages)

Edition: 1st ed.

ISBN: 9789240060760

Series Statement: WHO Food Additives Series

Note: Cover -- Title page -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- SAFETY EVALUATIONS OF SPECIFIC CONTAMINANTS IN FOOD -- Cadmium: dietary exposure assessment -- 1. Explanation -- 2. Food consumption and dietary exposure assessment -- 2.1 Concentrations in food used in the dietary exposure estimates -- 2.2 Food consumption data used in the dietary exposure estimates -- 2.3 National estimates of chronic dietary exposure from the literature -- (a) Australia -- (b) Bangladesh -- (c) Benin -- (d) Brazil -- (e) Cameroon -- (f) Canada -- (g) Chile -- (h) China -- (i) Denmark -- (j) Europe -- (k) France -- (l) French Polynesia -- (m) Germany -- (n) Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), China -- (o) Iran, Islamic Republic of -- (p) Ireland -- (q) Italy -- (r) Japan -- (s) Korea, Republic of -- (t) Mali -- (u) Netherlands (Kingdom of the) -- (v) New Zealand -- (w) Nigeria -- (x) Poland -- (y) Serbia -- (z) Spain -- (aa) Sri Lanka -- (bb) Sweden -- (cc) Thailand -- (dd) United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland -- (ee) United States of America -- (ff) Viet Nam -- (gg) Summary -- 2.4 International estimates of chronic dietary exposure -- 2.4.1 Temporal trends in dietary cadmium exposure -- 2.4.2 Impact of cocoa product source on dietary cadmium exposure -- 2.4.3 Impact of proposed maximum limits for cadmium on cocoa product rejection rates and dietary cadmium exposure -- 3. Evaluation -- 4. References -- 5. Appendix -- Ergot alkaloids -- 1. Explanation -- 2. Biological data -- 2.1 Biochemical aspects -- 2.1.1 Absorption, distribution and excretion -- 2.1.2 Biotransformation -- 2.1.3 Effects on enzymes and other biochemical parameters -- 2.1.4 Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling -- 2.1.5 Transfer from feed to food -- 2.2 Toxicological studies -- 2.2.1 Acute toxicity -- 2.2.2 Short-term studies of toxicity. , 2.2.3 Long-term studies of toxicity and carcinogenicity -- 2.2.4 Genotoxicity -- 2.2.5 Reproductive and developmental toxicity -- 2.2.6 Special studies -- 2.3 Observations in domestic animals/veterinary toxicology -- 2.4 Observations in humans -- 2.4.1 Biomarkers of exposure -- 2.4.2 Biomarkers of effect -- 2.4.3 Clinical observations -- 2.4.4 Epidemiological studies -- 3. Analytical methods -- 3.1 Chemistry -- 3.2 Description of analytical methods -- 3.2.1 Introduction -- 3.2.2 Screening tests -- 3.2.3 Quantitative methods -- 4. Sampling protocols -- 5. Effects of processing -- 5.1 Sorting, cleaning and milling -- 5.2 Thermal and chemical food processing -- 5.3 Fermentation -- 6. Prevention and control -- 6.1 Preharvest control -- 6.2 Postharvest control -- 6.3 Decontamination -- 7. Levels and patterns of contamination in food commodities -- 7.1 Surveillance data -- 7.1.1 African Region -- 7.1.2 Region of the Americas -- 7.1.3 Eastern Mediterranean and South-East Asia regions -- 7.1.4 European Region -- 7.1.5 Western Pacific Region -- 7.2 Conclusions -- 8. Food consumption and dietary exposure estimates -- 8.1 Concentrations in food used in the dietary exposure estimates -- 8.2 Food consumption data used in the dietary exposure estimates -- 8.3 Assessments of dietary exposure -- 8.3.1 National or regional estimates of chronic dietary exposure from the published literature -- 8.3.2 National or regional estimates of chronic dietary exposure derived by the Committee -- 8.3.3 International estimates of chronic dietary exposure derived by the Committee -- 8.3.4 Dietary chronic exposures summary -- 8.4 Assessments of acute dietary exposure -- 8.4.1 National estimates of acute dietary exposure from the published literature -- 8.4.2 National estimates of acute dietary exposure derived by the Committee -- 8.5 Summary of global dietary exposure estimates. , 9. Dose-response analysis and estimation of toxicity/ carcinogenic risk -- 9.1 Identification of key data for risk assessment -- 9.1.1 Pivotal data from biochemical and toxicological studies -- 9.1.2 Pivotal data from human clinical/epidemiological studies -- 9.2 General modelling considerations -- 9.2.1 Selection of data -- 9.2.2 Measure of exposure -- 9.2.3 Measure of response -- 9.2.4 Selection of mathematical model -- 9.3 BMD analysis -- 10. Comments -- 10.1 Biochemical aspects -- 10.2 Toxicological studies -- 10.3 Observations in domestic animals/veterinary toxicology -- 10.4 Observations in humans -- 10.4.1 Biomarkers -- 10.4.2 Clinical observations -- 10.4.3 Epidemiology -- 10.5 Analytical methods -- 10.6 Sampling protocols -- 10.7 Effects of processing -- 10.8 Prevention and control -- 10.9 Levels and patterns of contamination in food commodities -- 10.10 Food consumption and dietary exposure estimates -- 10.10.1 Transfer from feed to food -- 10.11 Dose-response analysis -- 10.11.1 Dose-response data in humans -- 10.11.2 Dose-response data in animals -- 11. Evaluation -- 11.1 Recommendations -- 12. References -- Previous cargoes - solvents and reactants -- A. ASSESSMENT OF SUBSTANCES PROPOSED AS PREVIOUS CARGOES -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Background -- 2.1 Global production and consumption of fats and oils -- 2.2 Regulations affecting fats and oils -- 2.3 Global transport of fats and oils -- 2.4 The interrelationship of national, regional and trade interests -- 2.5 Development of the Codex Code of Practice for Storage and Transport of Edible Fats and Oils in Bulk -- 3. Development of criteria -- 4. Basis of evaluation -- 4.1 Chemistry/reactivity -- 4.2 Methods of analysis -- 4.3 Dietary exposure assessment for previous cargo chemical substances -- 4.3.1 Exposure estimates in the 2006 criteria document. , 4.3.2 Exposure estimates based on up-to-date consumption data for adults -- 4.3.3 Exposure estimates for infants and young children -- 4.3.4 Exposure from other dietary sources -- 4.3.5 Conclusion -- 4.4 Approach to toxicological evaluation -- 5. Recommendations -- B. EVALUATION OF SOLVENTS AND REACTANTS -- I. Acetic anhydride -- 1. Explanation -- 2. Chemical and technical considerations -- 2.1 Manufacture and uses of acetic anhydride -- 2.1.1 Acetic acid process (ketene process) -- 2.1.2 Acetaldehyde oxidation process -- 2.1.3 Carbonylation of methyl acetate process -- 2.2 Impurities and secondary contaminants -- 2.3 Reactivity and reactions with fats and oils -- 2.4 Methods of analysis -- 3. Biological data -- 3.1 Biochemical aspects -- 3.2 Toxicity in experimental animals -- 3.2.1 Acute toxicity -- 3.2.2 Short-term and long-term studies of toxicity and carcinogenicity -- 3.2.3 Reproductive and developmental toxicity -- 3.2.4 Genotoxicity -- 3.2.5 Allergenicity -- 3.2.6 Impurities -- 3.3 Observations in humans -- 4. Occurrence and exposure -- 5. Comments -- 5.1 Chemical and technical considerations -- 5.2 Biochemical aspects -- 5.3 Toxicological studies -- 5.4 Allergenicity -- 5.5 Impurities -- 5.6 Assessment of dietary exposure -- 6. Evaluation -- II. sec-Butyl acetate -- 1. Explanation -- 2. Chemical and technical considerations -- 2.1 Manufacture and uses of sec-butyl acetate -- 2.2 Impurities and secondary contaminants -- 2.3 Reactivity and reactions with fats and oils -- 2.4 Methods of analysis -- 3. Biological data -- 3.1 Biochemical aspects -- 3.2 Toxicological studies -- 3.2.1 Acute toxicity -- 3.2.2 Short-term and long-term studies of toxicity and carcinogenicity -- 3.2.3 Reproductive and developmental toxicity -- 3.2.4 Genotoxicity -- 3.2.5 Allergenicity -- 3.2.6 Impurities -- 3.3 Observations in humans -- 4. Occurrence and exposure. , 5. Comments -- 5.1 Chemical and technical considerations -- 5.2 Biochemical aspects -- 5.3 Toxicological studies -- 5.4 Allergenicity -- 5.5 Impurities -- 5.6 Assessment of dietary exposure -- 6. Evaluation -- III. Tert-butyl acetate -- 1. Explanation -- 2. Chemical and technical considerations -- 2.1 Manufacture and uses of tert-butyl acetate -- 2.2 Impurities and secondary contaminants -- 2.3 Reactivity and reactions with fats and oils -- 2.4 Methods of analysis -- 3. Biological data -- 3.1 Biochemical aspects -- 3.2 Toxicological studies -- 3.2.1 Acute toxicity -- 3.2.2 Short-term and long-term studies of toxicity and carcinogenicity -- 3.2.3 Reproductive and developmental toxicity -- 3.2.4 Genotoxicity -- 3.2.5 Allergenicity -- 3.3 Observations in humans -- 4. Occurrence and exposure -- 5. Comments -- 5.1 Chemical and technical considerations -- 5.2 Biochemical aspects -- 5.3 Toxicological studies -- 5.4 Allergenicity -- 5.5 Impurities -- 5.6 Assessment of dietary exposure -- 6. Evaluation -- IV. n-Pentane -- 1. Explanation -- 2. Chemical and technical considerations -- 2.1 Manufacture and uses of n-pentane -- 2.2 Impurities and secondary contaminants -- 2.3 Reactivity and reactions with fats and oils -- 2.4 Methods of analysis -- 3. Biological data -- 3.1 Biochemical aspects -- 3.2 Toxicological studies -- 3.2.1 Acute toxicity -- 3.2.2 Short-term and long-term studies of toxicity and carcinogenicity -- 3.2.3 Reproductive and developmental toxicity -- 3.2.4 Genotoxicity -- 3.2.5 Allergenicity -- 3.2.6 Impurities -- 3.3 Observations in humans -- 4. Occurrence and exposure -- 5. Comments -- 5.1 Chemical and technical considerations -- 5.2 Biochemical aspects -- 5.3 Toxicological studies -- 5.4 Allergenicity -- 5.5 Impurities -- 5.6 Assessment of dietary exposure -- 6. Evaluation -- V. Cyclohexane -- 1. Explanation. , 2. Chemical and technical considerations.

Additional Edition: Print version: Safety Evaluation of Certain Contaminants in Food Geneva : World Health Organization,c2023

Language: English

Keywords: Electronic books. ; Electronic books.

URL: Click here to view book

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UID:

Format: 1 online resource (xiv, 188 pages) : , illustrations

Edition: 1st ed.

ISBN: 3-446-43345-7

Content: Provides in-depth coverage of tooling, processing, and secondary operations that can improve manufacturing efficiencies. Detailed and easy to understand diagrams display specific conditions and how they can be improved upon. Innovative ideas and solutions are shared and discussed.

Note: Intro -- Acknowledgment -- Preface -- Contents -- 1 Introduction to Thermoset Elastomer Chemistry -- 1.1 Chemistry Overview -- 1.2 Polymerization -- 1.3 Thermoplastic Polymers -- 1.4 Thermoset Polymers -- 1.5 Organic and Silicone Elastomers -- 1.6 Cure Rates -- 1.7 Conclusion -- References -- 2 Compounding, Mixing and Equipment -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Compounding -- 2.3 Mixing -- 2.3.1 TSE Compound Batch Release Tests -- 2.4 Silicone -- 2.5 Conclusion -- References -- 3 Materials -- 3.1 Natural Rubber (NR) -- 3.2 Synthetic Polyisoprene (IR) [2] -- 3.3 Styrene-Butadiene (SBR) [3] -- 3.4 Polybutadiene (BR) [4] -- 3.5 Butyl (IIR) [5] -- 3.6 Ethylene-Propylene-Diene (EPDM) -- 3.7 Nitrile (NBR) [7] -- 3.8 Polyacrylic (ACM) -- 3.9 Ethylene Acrylic (AEM) -- 3.10 Silicone (MQ, VMQ, and PMQ) -- 3.11 Fluoroelastomer (FKM) [14] -- 3.12 Polyurethane (AU and EU) [15] -- 3.13 Epichlorohydrin (CO and ECO) -- 3.14 Conclusion -- References -- 4 Product Design -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Material -- 4.2.1 ASTM Classification System for Elastomeric Materials -- 4.3 Design -- 4.3.1 Tolerances -- 4.3.2 Material Shrinkage -- 4.4 Conclusion -- References -- 5 Material Testing for TSE -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Physical and Chemical Properties Tests -- 5.2.1 Tensile Testing -- 5.2.2 Compression Set -- 5.2.3 Durometer -- 5.3 Heat Aging -- 5.3.1 Accelerated Aging -- 5.4 Rubber Property - Vulcanization Using Oscillating Disk Cure -- 5.5 Fluid Resistance -- 5.6 State-of-Cure -- 5.7 Conclusion -- 6 Polymer Flow -- 6.1 Viscosity -- 6.2 Elasticity [5] -- 6.3 Plasticity [6] -- 6.4 Rheology -- 6.4.1 Thermoplastic Fluid Properties -- 6.4.2 TSE Fluid Properties -- 6.5 Shear Thinning -- 6.6 Rotational Viscometers -- 6.7 Oscillating Rheometers -- 6.8 Conclusion -- References -- 7 Molding Methods and Related Topics -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Choosing a Process -- 7.3 Book Mold. , 7.4 Bolt-In -- 7.5 Shuttling -- 7.5.1 Double Shuttle -- 7.5.2 Single Plate Shuttle -- 7.6 Rotary Molding -- 7.7 Core Bar -- 7.8 Mold Construction -- 7.8.1 Cavitation -- 7.9 Article Removal/Ejection -- 7.10 Mold Cavity Finish -- 7.11 Heaters -- 7.11.1 Heater Calculation [4] -- 7.11.2 Running -- 7.11.3 Conclusion -- 7.12 Heat Transfer -- 7.13 Insulation -- 7.14 Vacuum -- 7.15 Release Aids -- 7.15.1 Mold Lubes -- 7.15.2 Mold Plating -- 7.16 Mold Cleaning -- 7.16.1 Plastic Media Blast -- 7.16.2 Ultrasonic Cleaners -- 7.16.3 Ice Blast -- 7.17 Conclusion -- References -- 8 Compression Molding -- 8.1 Compression Presses -- 8.2 Preps -- 8.3 Operator Influence and Automation -- 8.4 Material Flow -- 8.4.1 Trapped Air -- 8.4.2 Molecular Orientation -- 8.5 Mold Construction -- 8.5.1 Disk Springs -- 8.5.2 Relative Cost -- 8.6 Pressure -- 8.7 Backrind -- 8.8 Mold Cleaning -- 8.9 Article Removal/Ejection -- 8.10 Compression Mold and Die-Cut -- 8.11 Dual Acting Spring Mechanism Compression Molding -- 8.11.1 Prep Compensating Mechanism -- 8.11.2 Secondary Trim -- 8.12 Conclusion -- References -- 9 Transfer Molding -- 9.1 Self-Contained Pot -- 9.2 Bottomless Pot Transfer -- 9.3 Transfer Press -- 9.4 Flashless Transfer Molding -- 9.4.1 Split-Top Inserts -- 9.4.2 Vents -- 9.4.3 Trapped Air -- 9.4.4 Sprues/Gates -- 9.4.5 Knit Lines -- 9.4.6 Ring Gates -- 9.4.7 Mold Construction -- 9.4.8 Transfer Pressure -- 9.5 Mold Cleaning -- 9.6 Wasteless Transfer -- 9.6.1 Equalizing Platen -- 9.7 Conclusion -- References -- 10 Injection Molding -- 10.1 Injection Unit -- 10.1.1 First In - First Out (FIFO) -- 10.1.2 Plunger Unit -- 10.1.3 Injection Controls -- 10.1.4 Injection Location -- 10.1.5 Material Feed - Stripped -- 10.1.6 Material Feed - Stuffer -- 10.2 Materials -- 10.3 Automation -- 10.4 Mold Construction -- 10.5 Molding Defects -- 10.5.1 Scorch -- 10.5.2 Cured Stock. , 10.5.3 Adhesive Wash -- 10.6 Injection Transfer -- 10.7 Injection Compression -- 10.8 Cold Runner Injection -- 10.9 Valve-Gated Cold Runner -- 10.10 Injection Pressure Considerations -- 10.10.1 Pressure Compensator -- 10.11 Conclusion -- References -- 11 Liquid Silicone Rubber -- 11.1 The System -- 11.2 The Static Mixer -- 11.3 Injection Unit -- 11.4 Molds -- 11.5 Materials -- 11.6 Special Applications -- 11.6.1 Medical -- 11.6.2 Food Contact -- 11.7 Color Or Other Additives -- 11.8 Material Change -- 11.9 Similarity to Plastic Injection Molding -- 11.10 Two-Shot Molding -- 11.11 Conclusion -- References -- 12 Secondary Operations and Additional Methods -- 12.1 Post Curing -- 12.2 Material Filtering -- 12.3 Flash -- 12.3.1 Cryogenic Deflash -- 12.4 Coatings -- 12.4.1 Parylene Coating -- 12.4.2 Plasma Treatment -- 12.4.3 Chlorination -- 12.4.4 Oils -- 12.5 Adhesion -- 12.5.1 Dipping -- 12.5.2 Tumble Baskets -- 12.5.3 Chain-On-Edge -- 12.5.4 Rotary Table -- 12.5.5 Other Application Methods -- 12.5.6 Self-Bonding Methods -- 12.5.7 Substrate Preparation -- 12.6 Conclusion -- References -- 13 TSE Molding Processing -- 13.1 Prototype -- 13.1.1 Prototype Plan -- 13.2 Production -- 13.2.1 Cure Time/Temperature -- 13.2.2 Sampling Phase -- 13.2.3 Qualification Phase -- 13.2.4 Measurement Qualification -- 13.2.5 Continuous Improvement Phase -- 13.3 Troubleshooting -- 13.4 Conclusion -- References -- 14 Manufacturing Process Planning -- Appendix 1: TSE Common Terms and Definitions -- Subject Index.

Additional Edition: ISBN 3-446-41964-0

Language: English

UID:

Format: 1 Online-Ressource (310 Seiten)

Edition: 5th ed

ISBN: 9783648169520

Series Statement: Haufe Fachbuch

Note: Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources , Intro -- Inhaltsverzeichnis -- Hinweis zum Urheberrecht -- Impressum -- Vorwort -- 1 Was ist Marketing? -- 1.1 Hauptziel des Marketings: Überleben sichern -- 1.2 Was ist ein Markt, was ist ein Kunde? -- 1.3 Wettbewerb in gesättigten Märkten -- 1.4 Aufgaben und Besonderheiten des Marketings -- 1.5 Wieso ist Marketing für kleine und mittelständische Unternehmen wichtig? -- 1.6 Welche Rolle spielt das Internet für das Marketing? -- 2 Was will ich mit Marketing erreichen? -- 2.1 Optimale Problemlösungen für den Kunden -- 2.2 Schritte zum erfolgreichen Marketing -- 2.2.1 Wie Sie Ihr Unternehmen profilieren -- 2.2.2 Den Markt dynamisch bearbeiten -- 2.3 Nachfrage befriedigen ist gut, Nachfrage produzieren ist besser -- 3 Wie unterscheiden sich Märkte? -- 3.1 So erforschen Sie den Markt -- 3.1.1 Welche Wege der Informationserhebung sollten Sie gehen? -- 3.1.2 Welche Instrumente können Sie für die Marktforschung nutzen? -- 3.2 Die Marketingsituation -- 3.2.1 Schritt 1: Grenzen Sie Ihren Markt ab -- 3.2.2 Schritt 2: Klären Sie die vorhandenen Marktverhältnisse -- 3.2.3 Schritt 3: Ermitteln Sie den Bedarf -- 3.2.4 Schritt 4: Klären Sie die Wettbewerbssituation -- 3.2.5 Schritt 5: Klären Sie die Distributionssituation -- 3.2.6 Schritt 6: Klären Sie die Produktmerkmale -- 3.2.7 Schritt 7: Klären Sie Ihre Unternehmenssituation -- 3.2.8 Schritt 8: Klären Sie die Rahmenbedingungen -- 3.2.9 Welche Analyseinstrumente gibt es? -- 4 Die Marketingkonzeption -- 4.1 Welches sind Ihre Marketingziele? -- 4.2 Treffen Sie Ihre Markt- und Produktwahl -- 4.2.1 So segmentieren Sie den Markt -- 4.2.2 Diversifikation - Erweiterung um zusätzliche Produkte oder Leistungen -- 4.3 Wie Sie Ihre Marktstrategie umsetzen -- 4.3.1 Was sind Strategien? -- 4.3.2 Strategien der Marktbearbeitung -- 4.3.3 Wettbewerbsstrategien -- 4.3.4 Distributionsstrategien , 5 Auf die richtige Mischung kommt es an: der Marketingmix -- 5.1 Marketingmix - was ist das? -- 5.2 Die Produkt- und Leistungspolitik -- 5.2.1 Produkte gestalten zum Nutzen des Kunden -- 5.2.2 Geben Sie Ihren Produkten ein prägnantes Äußeres -- 5.2.3 Wie Sie Ihr Sortiment gestalten -- 5.2.4 Produktentscheidungen sind strategische Entscheidungen -- 5.2.5 Produktpolitik und Wettbewerb -- 5.3 Die Preispolitik - Zu welchem Preis kann ich verkaufen? -- 5.3.1 Wie Sie Ihre Preise festlegen -- 5.3.2 Schritt 1: Welchen preispolitischen Spielraum haben Sie? -- 5.3.3 Schritt 2: Legen Sie Ihre preispolitischen Ziele fest -- 5.3.4 Schritt 3: Entscheiden Sie sich für Ihre preispolitische Strategie -- 5.3.5 Schritt 4: Preispolitische Maßnahmen festlegen -- 5.3.6 Schritt 5: Preiskontrollen durchführen -- 5.4 Die Kommunikationspolitik -- 5.5 Zentrale Rolle im Marketing: die Werbung -- 5.5.1 Die Informationsfunktion der Werbung -- 5.5.2 Die Motivationsfunktion der Werbung -- 5.5.3 Erscheinungsformen der Werbung -- 5.5.4 Werbeplanung und Werbedurchführung -- 5.5.5 Product-Placement - Ihr Produkt im Film -- 5.5.6 Sponsoring - Leistung und Gegenleistung -- 5.5.7 Individuelle Kontaktaufnahme: das Direktmarketing -- 5.5.8 Verkaufsförderung - den Absatz Ihrer Produkte steigern -- 5.6 In acht Schritten zum perfekten Werbeplan -- 5.6.1 Schritt 1: Analyse -- 5.6.2 Schritt 2: Ziele der Werbemaßnahme -- 5.6.3 Schritt 3: Bestimmung des Werbebudgets -- 5.6.4 Schritt 4: Hauptzielgruppen bestimmen -- 5.6.5 Schritt 5: Festlegen der Werbebotschaft -- 5.6.6 Schritt 6: Maßnahmen, Werbeträger, Werbemittel -- 5.6.7 Schritt 7: Umsetzung -- 5.6.8 Schritt 8: Werbeerfolgskontrolle -- 5.7 Die Distributionspolitik -- 5.7.1 Welchen Absatzweg wollen Sie wählen? -- 5.7.2 Sieben Schritte zum Aufbau eines Außendienstes -- 5.7.3 Das Internet - ein Vertriebskanal mit »unbegrenzten« Möglichkeiten , 5.7.4 Die Distributionslogistik -- 6 Customer Relationship Management -- 6.1 Die wirtschaftliche Bedeutung der Kundenbindung -- 6.1.1 Loyale Kunden -- 6.1.2 Kundenabwanderung -- 6.2 Kunde ist nicht gleich Kunde -- 6.2.1 Die ABC-Analyse -- 6.2.2 Kundendeckungsbeitrag und Kundenkapitalwert -- 6.3 Kundenlebenszyklus -- 6.4 Kundenkategorien -- 6.5 Das Kundenportfolio -- 6.6 Customer Relationship Management - ein Fazit -- 7 Online-Marketing -- 7.1 Website-Gestaltung -- 7.1.1 Homepage - Startseite -- 7.1.2 Suchfunktion -- 7.1.3 Trefferliste -- 7.1.4 Produktdetailseite -- 7.1.5 Warenkorbzwischenseite -- 7.1.6 Warenkorb -- 7.1.7 Anmeldung -- 7.2 Online-Werbung -- 7.2.1 Werbeformen am Beispiel von T-Online.de -- 7.2.2 Abrechnungsmodelle und Kennzahlen -- 7.2.3 Partnerprogramme - Affiliate Marketing -- 7.3 Newsletter-Marketing -- 7.4 Usability-Testing -- 7.4.1 Expertengutachten -- 7.4.2 Usability-Test -- 7.4.3 Eyetracking -- 7.4.4 Card Sorting -- 7.5 Suchmaschinenoptimierung und -werbung -- 7.5.1 Suchmaschinenoptimierung -- 7.5.2 Suchmaschinenwerbung -- 8 Social-Media-Marketing -- 8.1 Situationsanalyse -- 8.2 Ziele -- 8.3 Zielgruppen -- 8.4 Auswahl der geeigneten Social-Media-Plattform(en) -- 8.4.1 Facebook -- 8.4.2 Instagram -- 8.4.3 Twitter -- 8.4.4 YouTube -- 8.4.5 XING und LinkedIn -- 8.4.6 Blogs -- 8.5 Content mit Mehrwert -- 8.6 Crossmediales Social-Media-Marketing -- 8.7 Erfolgskennzahlen bzw. Key Performance Indicators (KPI) -- 8.8 Social-Media-Monitoring -- 9 Mobile Marketing -- 9.1 Mobile Websites und Apps -- 9.2 App-Entwicklung -- 9.2.1 Zusammenarbeit mit einer App-Agentur -- 9.2.2 Ideenfindung und -auswahl -- 9.2.3 Ihre Nutzer -- 9.2.4 Ihre Wettbewerber -- 9.2.5 App-Konzept -- 9.2.6 Usability-Test -- 9.2.7 App im App-Store veröffentlichen -- 9.3 App-Vermarktung -- 9.3.1 On-Page-Optimierung -- 9.3.2 Online- und Social-Media-Marketing , 9.3.3 Klassisches Marketing -- 10 Nachhaltiges Marketing -- 10.1 Problemstellung - Warum Nachhaltigkeit? -- 10.1.1 Ökologische Megatrends -- 10.1.2 Die Verantwortung der Wirtschaft -- 10.2 Die Verantwortung der Verwender -- 10.3 Der Begriff »Nachhaltigkeit« -- 10.3.1 Das 3-Säulen-Konzept -- 10.3.2 Starke und schwache Nachhaltigkeit -- 10.3.3 Intra- und intergenerative Nachhaltigkeit -- 10.3.4 Herausforderungen für Unternehmen -- 10.4 Ansätze zur Umsetzung von Nachhaltigkeit -- 10.5 Nachhaltiges Marketing -- 10.5.1 Gegenstand des nachhaltigen Marketings -- 10.5.2 Wesentliche Unterschiede zwischen Nachhaltigkeitsmarketing und konventionellem Marketing -- 10.5.3 Marketingstrategien im Nachhaltigkeitsmarketing -- 10.6 Varianten zur Erschließung des Massenmarktes -- 10.6.1 Eintritt in den Massenmarkt durch Kleinanbieter -- 10.6.2 Eintritt in den ökologischen Massenmarkt durch große konventionelle Unternehmen -- 10.6.3 Verbindung der Kostenführerschafts- und der Differenzierungsstrategie -- 10.7 Zielgruppenbestimmung im nachhaltigen Marketing -- 10.7.1 Die Bestimmung der Kundensegmente im nachhaltigen Marketing -- 10.7.2 Schlussfolgerungen für das Nachhaltigkeitsmarketing -- 10.8 Die Rolle der Konsumenten im Nachhaltigkeitsmarketing -- 10.8.1 Die Mehrpreisbereitschaft der Verbraucher -- 10.8.2 Die Rolle der Transaktions- und Opportunitätskosten -- 10.9 Das unternehmerische Nachhaltigkeitskonzept als Grundvoraussetzung für ein Nachhaltigkeitsmarketing -- 10.10 Aufgaben eines nachhaltigen Marketings -- 10.10.1 Nachhaltigkeit in der Produkt- und Leistungspolitik -- 10.10.2 Nachhaltigkeit in der Preispolitik -- 10.10.3 Nachhaltigkeit in der Kommunikationspolitik -- 10.10.4 Nachhaltigkeit in der Distribution -- 10.10.5 Vier Checklisten für ökologisches Handeln im Unternehmen -- Stichwortverzeichnis -- Die Autoren -- Digitale Extras

Additional Edition: Erscheint auch als Druck-Ausgabe Geyer, Helmut Crashkurs Marketing Freiburg : Haufe Lexware Verlag,c2023 ISBN 9783648169513

Language: German

Subjects: Economics

Keywords: Marketing ; Electronic books. ; Electronic books.

URL: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/th-brandenburg/detail.action?docID=7244609

URL: Click here to view book

UID:

Format: 1 online resource (370 pages)

ISBN: 0-323-98317-0

Content: "Sustainable Manufacturing Processes provides best practice advice on sustainable manufacturing methods, with examples from industry as well as important supporting theory. In the current manufacturing industry, processes and materials are developed with close reference to sustainability issues, with an outward look to optimum production efficiency and reduced environmental impact. Important topics such as the use of renewable energy, reduction of material waste and recycling, reduction in energy and water consumption, and reduction in emissions are all discussed, along with broad coverage of deformation and joining technologies, computational techniques, and computer-aided engineering. In addition, a wide range of traditional and innovative manufacturing technologies are covered, including friction stir welding, incremental forming, abrasive water jet machining, laser beam machining, sustainable foundry, porous material fabrication by powder metallurgy, laser and additive manufacturing, and thermoelectric and thermomagnetic energy harvesting."-- Page 4 of cover.

Note: Front Cover -- SUSTAINABLE MANUFACTURING PROCESSES -- SUSTAINABLE MANUFACTURING PROCESSES -- Dedication -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- About the editors -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgment -- 1 - Introduction to sustainable manufacturing processes -- 1.1 Definition and importance -- 1.2 Manufacturing processes and sustainability implementation -- 1.2.1 Sustainable reusage of spent foundry sand -- 1.2.2 Sustainable fabrication of automotive components by metal forming route -- 1.2.3 Fusion and solid-state welding and sustainability -- 1.2.4 Sustainable machining -- 1.2.5 Sustainability of additive manufacturing -- 1.3 Sustainability assessment -- 1.4 Computer-aided analyses and sustainable manufacturing -- 1.5 Industry 4.0 and sustainable manufacturing -- 1.6 Education for sustainability development -- 1.7 Summary -- References -- 2 - Sustainability in foundry and metal casting industry -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 What are foundry and metal casting processes? -- 2.3 Environmental issues in foundry and metal casting -- 2.4 Sustainability indicators for the foundry and metal casting industry -- 2.5 Concepts, technologies, management practices, and systems for sustainability assessment in the foundry and metal casting -- 2.5.1 Sustainability concepts -- 2.5.2 Sustainable technologies -- 2.5.3 Sustainable management practices -- 2.5.4 Sustainability assessment tools -- 2.6 IoT and Industry 4.0 in the foundry and metal casting -- 2.7 Summary -- 2.8 Disclosure -- References -- 3 - Sustainable manufacturing: material forming and joining -- 3.1 Need for sustainable material forming -- 3.2 Extrusion and forging -- 3.3 Rolling and wire drawing -- 3.4 Sheet stamping -- 3.5 Flexible tooling -- 3.6 Green lubrication -- 3.7 Laser-based manufacturing -- 3.8 Need for sustainable joining processes. , 3.9 Sustainable fusion and solid-state welding processes -- 3.9.1 Fusion welding -- 3.9.2 Solid-state welding -- 3.10 Mechanical joining -- 3.11 Adhesive bonding -- 3.12 Hybrid joining -- 3.13 Inclusive manufacturing -- 3.14 Summary -- References -- 4 - Sustainable manufacturing strategies in machining -- 4.1 Need for sustainable machining -- 4.2 Sustainable characteristics in machining -- 4.3 Sustainable machining techniques -- 4.3.1 Dry machining -- 4.3.2 Minimum quantity lubrication machining -- 4.3.3 Cryogenic machining -- 4.3.4 Surface texturing of tools -- 4.4 Role of sustainable machining techniques in conventional machining processes -- 4.4.1 Cryogenic cooling -- 4.4.1.1 Cryogenic turning operation -- 4.4.1.2 Cryogenic drilling operation -- 4.4.1.3 Cryogenic milling operation -- 4.4.1.4 Cryogenic grinding, boring, and broaching operations -- 4.4.2 MQL machining -- 4.4.2.1 MQL turning operation -- 4.4.2.2 MQL drilling operation -- 4.4.2.3 MQL milling operation -- 4.4.2.4 MQL grinding operation -- 4.4.3 Machining with surface textured tools -- 4.4.3.1 Texture tools in turning operation -- 4.4.3.2 Texture tools in drilling operation -- 4.4.3.3 Texture tools in milling and grinding operations -- 4.5 Sustainable nonconventional machining processes -- 4.6 Summary of recent developments, challenges, and future prospects -- References -- Further reading -- 5 - Materials development for sustainable manufacturing -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Need for development of materials -- 5.3 Classification of materials development -- 5.4 Microstructural modification of traditional materials -- 5.4.1 Severe plastic deformation -- 5.4.2 Equal channel angular extrusion -- 5.4.3 High-pressure torsion -- 5.4.4 Accumulative roll bonding -- 5.4.5 Special rolling techniques -- 5.4.6 Cryorolling -- 5.4.7 Asymmetric rolling. , 5.5 Optimization of material processing conditions -- 5.6 Material workability and microstructural control during deformation processes -- 5.7 Material processing maps -- 5.8 Role of activation energy -- 5.9 Role of stability -- 5.10 Increasing productivity of aluminum extrusion industry case study -- 5.11 Effects of prior processing history on workpiece behavior case study -- 5.12 Processing windows for different forms of Al-2024 materials case study -- 5.13 Stainless steel forging microstructure and property control case study -- 5.14 Summary -- References -- 6 - Sustainable product development process -- 6.1 Innovation and product development -- 6.2 Product innovation strategy -- 6.3 Product life cycle -- 6.4 Product development process -- 6.5 Stage gate processes -- 6.6 NPD organization -- 6.7 Decision making process -- 6.8 Program release and launch -- 6.9 Proactive feedback mechanism and lessons learnt -- 6.10 Design processes, tools, and design for sustainability -- 6.11 Sustainability in remanufacturing -- 6.12 End of life design -- 6.13 Future outlook and direction -- References -- 7 - A case study on sustainable manufacture of Ti-6Al-4V ultralightweight structurally porous metallic materials by ... -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.1.1 Modeling of SPM by the finite element method -- 7.2 ANTARES interface -- 7.2.1 Material behavior modeling -- 7.2.2 Microstructure comparisons -- 7.2.3 Rolled specimens -- 7.3 Dynamic material model processing map -- 7.3.1 DMM processing map -- 7.4 Summary -- Further reading -- 8 - Waste energy harvesting in sustainable manufacturing -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.1.1 Energy harvesting technologies -- 8.1.2 Waste energy harvesting in sustainable manufacturing -- 8.2 Piezoelectric technology in sustainable manufacturing -- 8.2.1 Piezoelectric effects -- 8.2.2 Piezoelectric energy harvesting. , 8.2.3 Piezoelectric technology in sustainable manufacturing -- 8.3 Thermoelectric technology in sustainable manufacturing -- 8.3.1 Thermoelectric effects -- 8.3.2 Thermoelectric energy harvesting -- 8.3.3 Thermal energy harvesting in sustainable manufacturing -- 8.4 Other energy harvesting technologies in sustainable manufacturing -- 8.4.1 Pyroelectric technology in sustainable manufacturing -- 8.4.2 Electromagnetic energy harvesting -- 8.4.3 Electrostatic energy harvesting -- 8.4.4 Thermomagnetic energy harvesting -- 8.4.5 Triboelectric energy harvesting -- 8.4.6 Sensors and IIoT in sustainable manufacturing -- 8.5 Conclusion -- References -- 9 - Sustainability performance evaluation in manufacturing: theoretical and practical perspectives -- 9.1 Literature and state of art -- 9.2 Methodology -- 9.3 Case study -- 9.3.1 Determination of the suitable linguistic scale for evaluating the performance rating and weights of the assessment model -- 9.3.2 Approximation of the expert's data of rating and weights -- 9.3.3 Evaluation of the performance rating for criteria and enabler -- 9.3.4 Determination of the overall grey performance index -- 9.3.5 Determination of GPII -- 9.3.6 Estimation of grey possibility degree and attribute ranking -- 9.4 Results -- 9.5 Summary and recommendations -- References -- 10 - Additive manufacturing including laser-based manufacturing -- 10.1 Introduction and basic principles -- 10.1.1 What is additive manufacturing? -- 10.1.2 The generic AM process -- 10.1.3 Advantages and challenges of AM -- 10.1.4 AM technologies -- 10.2 Vat photopolymerization process (SLA) -- 10.3 Powder bed fusion process (PBF) -- 10.4 Extrusion-based process (FDM or FFF) -- 10.5 Jetting-based process (material jetting (MJ) and binder jetting (BJ)) -- 10.6 Sheet lamination process (SL) -- 10.7 Directed energy deposition process (DED). , 10.8 Hybrid manufacturing -- 10.9 Post-treatment processes -- 10.9.1 Support material removal -- 10.9.2 Surface finishing -- 10.9.3 Property enhancements -- 10.9.4 Machining -- 10.10 Sustainability issues in AM -- 10.10.1 Sustainability assessment of AM components -- 10.10.2 Energy demand and environment impact of AM -- 10.10.3 Recycling/reusing of AM components -- 10.10.4 Reusing metal powder leftovers -- 10.10.5 Recycling plastic waste -- 10.11 Summary and future outlook -- References -- 11 - Computer integrated sustainable manufacturing -- 11.1 Introduction to computer integrated manufacturing -- 11.2 CAD/CAM/CAE in sustainable manufacturing -- 11.2.1 Computer-aided design -- 11.3 CAE in sustainable manufacturing -- 11.3.1 Introduction -- 11.3.2 Finite element method -- 11.3.2.1 Introduction to FEM -- 11.3.2.2 Case study -- 11.3.2.2.1 Tool and die design -- 11.3.2.2.2 Results and validation -- 11.3.2.2.3 Validations of results -- 11.3.2.2.4 Conclusions -- 11.3.3 Computational fluid dynamics -- 11.3.4 Multibody dynamics -- 11.3.5 Multiphysics and multidiscipline CAE analysis -- 11.3.6 Summary -- References -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- Z -- Back Cover.

Additional Edition: Print version: Narayanan, R. Ganesh Sustainable Manufacturing Processes San Diego : Elsevier Science & Technology,c2022 ISBN 9780323999908

Language: English

UID:

Format: 1 online resource (702 pages)

ISBN: 0-323-99854-2

Content: The Handbook of Natural Polymers: Sources, Synthesis, and Characterization is a comprehensive resource covering extraction and processing methods for polymers from natural sources, with an emphasis on the latest advances. The book begins by introducing the current state-of-the-art, challenges, and opportunities in natural polymers. This is followed by detailed coverage of extraction, synthesis, and characterization methods, organized by polymer type. Along with broad chapters discussing approaches to polysaccharide-based polymers, dedicated chapters offer in-depth information on nanocellulose, chitin and chitosan, gluten, alginate, natural rubber, gelatin, pectin, lignin, keratin, gutta percha, shellac, silk, wood, casein, albumin, collagen, hemicellulose, polyhydroxyalkanoates, zein, soya protein, and gum. The final chapters explore other key themes, including filler interactions and properties in natural polymer-based composites, biocompatibility and cytotoxicity, biodegradability, life cycle, and recycling. Throughout the book, information is supported by data, and guidance is offered regarding potential scale-up and industry factors. As part of a 3-volume handbook offering comprehensive coverage of natural polymers, this book will be of interest to all those looking to gain a broad knowledge of natural polymers, including academic researchers, scientists, advanced students, engineers, and R&D professionals from a range of disciplines and industries.

Note: Front Cover -- HANDBOOK OF NATURAL POLYMERS -- HANDBOOK OF NATURAL POLYMERS -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- 1 - The state of the art of biopolymers-new challenges, opportunities, and future prospects -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Classifications of natural polymers -- 1.2.1 Starch -- 1.2.2 Nanocellulose -- 1.2.3 Chitin and chitosan -- 1.2.4 Alginate -- 1.2.5 Natural rubber -- 1.2.6 Gluten -- 1.2.7 Pectin -- 1.2.8 Keratin, silk, wool -- 1.2.9 Shellac -- 1.2.10 Casein -- 1.2.11 Zein -- 1.2.12 Collagen -- 1.2.13 Hemicellulose -- 1.2.14 Lignin -- 1.2.15 Soya protein -- 1.2.16 Gum -- 1.2.17 Polyhydroxyalkanoates -- 1.3 Summary and future outlook -- References -- 2 - Extraction and classification of starch from different sources: Structure, properties, and characterization -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Sources of starch and its content -- 2.2.1 Seeds and fruits -- 2.2.1.1 Cereal grains -- 2.2.1.2 Fruits -- 2.2.1.3 Fruit seeds -- 2.2.2 Roots, tubers, and rhizomes -- 2.2.3 Stems and trunks -- 2.3 Extraction and isolation of starch -- 2.3.1 Disintegration -- 2.3.2 Separation and purification -- 2.3.3 General extraction and isolation methods of starch from roots, trunks, and grains -- 2.4 Structure of starch -- 2.4.1 Morphology of starch granules -- 2.4.2 Molecular structures -- 2.4.3 Crystallinity -- 2.5 Functional properties of starch and their methods of analyses -- 2.5.1 Swelling and solubilization -- 2.5.2 Gelatinization -- 2.5.3 Retrogradation -- 2.5.4 Rheology, pasting property, and gelation -- 2.6 Conclusions -- References -- 3 - Starch as a promising replacement for synthetic polymers -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Starch modifications and thermoplastic starch -- 3.2.1 Physical modification -- 3.2.2 Chemical modification -- 3.2.3 Enzymatic modification -- 3.2.4 Dual modification -- 3.3 Thermoplastic starch. , 3.4 Applications of starch as a bioplastic and to food -- 3.5 Starch biodegradability -- 3.6 Conclusion and future outlook -- References -- 4 - Recent studies on starch-based materials: Blends, composites, and nanocomposites -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Starch -- 4.3 Starch-based blends -- 4.3.1 Blends with biodegradable polyesters -- 4.3.2 Blends with agropolymers -- 4.4 Starch-based composites and nanocomposite -- 4.4.1 Clays and nanoclays fillers -- 4.4.2 Cellulose and derivatives filler -- 4.4.3 Metallic and metal oxide fillers -- 4.5 Processing -- 4.5.1 Casting -- 4.5.2 Extrusion -- 4.5.3 Injection molding -- 4.5.4 Compression molding -- 4.6 Conclusion -- References -- 5 - Recent perception into the extraction of nanocellulose: cross talk between natural resources and progressive ap ... -- Abbreviations -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Cellulosic biomass -- 5.2.1 Biomass components -- 5.2.2 Cellulose fiber and structure -- 5.3 Nanocellulose -- 5.3.1 Types of nanocellulose -- 5.4 Preparative techniques in nanocellulose production -- 5.4.1 High-pressure homogenization -- 5.4.2 High-intensity ultrasonication -- 5.4.3 Microfluidization -- 5.4.4 Cryocrushing -- 5.5 Extraction of nanocellulose -- 5.5.1 Pretreatment of biomass -- 5.5.1.1 Solvent extraction/eutectic solvents treatment -- 5.5.1.2 Bleaching process -- 5.5.1.3 Prealkalization and alkaline treatment -- 5.5.1.4 Enzymatic pretreatment -- 5.5.1.5 Ionic liquids treatment -- 5.5.1.6 Oxidation method -- 5.5.1.7 Steam explosion method -- 5.5.1.8 Mechanical treatment -- 5.5.2 Isolation of nanocellulose -- 5.6 Characterization of nanocellulose -- 5.6.1 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy -- 5.6.2 X-ray diffraction -- 5.6.3 Transmission electron microscopy -- 5.7 Applications of nanocellulose -- 5.7.1 Application in the biomedical field -- 5.7.1.1 Drug delivery systems. , 5.7.1.2 Role of nanocellulose in tissue engineering -- 5.7.1.3 Wound repair -- 5.7.1.4 Biosensing -- 5.7.2 Impact of nanocellulose on environmental remedy -- 5.7.3 Application in the packaging sector -- 5.7.4 Engineering and electronic applications -- 5.7.5 Biodegradability of polymers based on nanocellulose -- 5.8 Concluding remarks and future outlook -- References -- 6 - Extraction of chitin, preparation of chitosan and their structural characterization -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Structural characterization of chitin and chitosan -- 6.2.1 Determination of degree of acetylation -- 6.2.1.1 Potentiometric titration -- 6.2.1.2 Conductimetric titration -- 6.2.1.3 Spectroscopic techniques -- 6.2.1.3.1 Solid-state NMR spectroscopy -- 6.2.1.3.2 Liquid 1H NMR spectroscopy -- 6.2.1.3.3 Infrared spectroscopy -- 6.2.1.3.4 UV-visible spectroscopy [42] -- 6.2.1.3.5 X-ray diffraction -- 6.2.1.3.6 Deacetylation pattern -- 6.3 Solution properties of chitosan, determination of molar mass -- 6.4 Extraction of chitin -- 6.5 Deacetylation of chitin: preparation of chitosan -- 6.6 Role of process and structure of original chitin -- 6.7 Role of the source -- 6.8 Preparation of chitins and chitosans with controlled physicochemical properties -- 6.9 Conclusion -- References -- 7 - Chitin and chitosan-based polymer blends, interpenetrating polymer networks, and gels -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Modification of chitosan -- 7.2.1 Chemical modification of chitosan through chitosan derivatives -- 7.2.1.1 Carboxylation -- 7.2.1.2 Etherification -- 7.2.1.3 Esterification -- 7.2.2 Physical modification of chitosan through blending with other biopolymers -- 7.2.2.1 Chitosan blending with natural polymers -- 7.2.2.1.1 Chitosan-polysaccharide blended materials -- 7.2.2.1.2 Chitosan-protein blended materials -- 7.2.2.2 Chitosan blending with synthetic polymers. , 7.3 Applications of chitosan-based polymer blends -- 7.4 Conclusions and future perspectives -- References -- 8 - Antibacterial efficacy of natural compounds chitin and chitosan: a mechanistic disclosure -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Historical perspective -- 8.3 Chitin -- 8.3.1 Chitin sources -- 8.3.2 Chemical structure of chitin -- 8.4 Chitosan -- 8.4.1 Sources of chitosan -- 8.4.2 Chitosan structure -- 8.4.3 Chitin's and chitosan's biological characteristics -- 8.5 Antibacterial effect of chitin -- 8.6 Mechanism of action of chitosan against pathogenic microbes -- 8.6.1 Cell wall disruption -- 8.6.2 Chitosan-microbial DNA interactions -- 8.6.3 Chitosan chelation of nutrients -- 8.6.4 Bacteriostatic efficacy of chitosan -- 8.6.4.1 Efficacy of chitosan with Gram-positive bacteria -- 8.6.4.2 Interaction of chitosan with Gram-negative bacteria -- 8.6.4.3 Chitosan's role in wound healing -- 8.7 Factors affecting the antibacterial activity of chitosan -- 8.7.1 Chitosan molecular weight -- 8.7.2 The pH effects -- 8.7.3 Chitosan concentration -- 8.7.4 Chitosan-derived compounds -- 8.7.5 Cell growth phase -- 8.7.6 Temperature -- 8.7.7 Hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties -- 8.7.8 Microorganisms -- 8.7.8.1 Classification of bacteria -- 8.8 Applications of chitosan -- 8.8.1 Food processing applications -- 8.8.1.1 Preservation of food packaging -- 8.8.1.2 Role of chitosan in food additives -- 8.8.2 Medicine and health -- 8.8.2.1 Drug transporters -- 8.8.2.2 Wound dressings -- 8.8.2.3 Tissue engineering -- 8.9 Conclusions and future perspectives -- References -- 9 - Anisotropic nanoscale green materials: prior and current status of nanocellulose and nanochitin systems -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Cellulose and nanocellulose -- 9.2.1 Cellulose origin and chemistry -- 9.2.2 Nanocellulose classifications -- 9.3 Chitin and nanochitin. , 9.3.1 Chitin origin and chemistry -- 9.3.2 Chitin allomorphs -- 9.4 Utility of biobased nanomaterials -- 9.4.1 Nanocellulose in aqueous suspension -- 9.4.1.1 Flow behavior of fibrous nanocellulose -- 9.4.1.2 Flow behavior of crystalline nanocellulose -- 9.4.1.3 Lyotropic behavior of crystalline nanocellulose -- 9.4.1.4 Solid-state behavior of nanocellulose -- 9.4.1.4.1 Fibrous nanocellulose films and nanocomposites -- 9.4.1.4.2 Crystalline nanocellulose films and nanocomposites -- 9.4.2 Nanochitin in aqueous suspension -- 9.4.2.1 Phase and flow behavior of nanochitin suspensions -- 9.4.2.2 Rheological behavior of nanochitin in polymer dispersions -- 9.4.2.3 Solid-state behavior of nanochitin -- 9.4.2.3.1 Nanochitin-based materials and properties -- 9.4.2.3.2 Nanochitin-based polymer nanocomposites -- 9.5 Conclusions and future prospects -- References -- 10 - Grafted natural polymers: synthesis and structure-property relationships -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Natural polymers/polysaccharides -- 10.3 Structure-property relationship of grafted natural polymer -- 10.3.1 Xanthan gum -- 10.3.2 Alginate -- 10.3.3 Cellulose -- 10.3.4 Starch -- 10.3.5 Dextran -- 10.3.6 Carrageenans -- 10.3.7 Chitin and chitosan -- 10.4 Goals of grafting of natural polymer -- 10.4.1 Solubility -- 10.4.2 Hydrophobicity -- 10.4.3 Charge density modification -- 10.5 Concept of grafting -- 10.6 Types of grafting -- 10.7 Techniques of synthesis of grafted natural polymers -- 10.7.1 Methods of radiation-induced grafting -- 10.8 Controlling factors of grafting -- 10.8.1 Type of polymer -- 10.8.2 Effect of initiator -- 10.8.3 Effect of monomer -- 10.8.4 Type of radiation (dose, dose rate) -- 10.8.5 Effects of solvent -- 10.8.6 Effect of temperature -- 10.9 Reported grafted natural polysaccharides -- 10.10 Characterization of the grafted natural polymeric materials. , 10.10.1 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.

Additional Edition: Print version: Sreekala, M. S. Handbook of Natural Polymers, Volume 1 San Diego : Elsevier,c2023 ISBN 9780323998536

Language: English

UID:

Format: 1 online resource (458 pages)

ISBN: 0-323-91926-X

Series Statement: Advances in Pollution Research

Note: Front Cover -- Microbial Consortium and Biotransformation for Pollution Decontamination -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- List of contributors -- About the editors -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- About the book -- 1 Threats and consequences of untreated wastewater on freshwater environments -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 What is sewage? -- 1.3 Contaminant sources of emerging concerns -- 1.3.1 Wastewater -- 1.3.2 Sewage sludge -- 1.3.3 Urban solid waste -- 1.4 Fate of contaminants -- 1.5 Ecological risk and health assessment of emerging contaminant in untreated water -- 1.6 Untreated wastewater as a cause of antibiotic resistance -- 1.7 Impact of wastewater on cities -- 1.8 Impact of wastewater on industry -- 1.9 Impact of wastewater on agriculture -- 1.10 Impact of wastewater on natural bodies of water -- 1.11 Impact of untreated wastewater on microbial diversity -- 1.12 Impact of wastewater in aquatic environments -- 1.13 Biologic hazards in aquatic environments -- 1.14 Major threats -- 1.15 Why should wastewater be treated? -- 1.16 Challenges and opportunities -- 1.17 Conclusion -- References -- 2 Unraveling a correlation between environmental contaminants and human health -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Environmental toxicology and related human health risks -- 2.2.1 Air pollution -- 2.2.2 Hazard effect on health -- 2.2.3 Nonpoint source pollution -- 2.2.4 Chemical pollution from the environment -- 2.3 The environmental impact of chemical fertilizers and excessive fertilizers on water quality -- 2.3.1 Oxygen consumption -- 2.3.2 Weed growth and algae bloom -- 2.4 Method to reveal the relationship between human body, environment, and emotion data -- 2.5 Conclusion -- References -- 3 Effect of wastewater from industries on freshwater ecosystem: threats and remedies -- 3.1 Introduction. , 3.2 Saline wastewater: its impact and treatment -- 3.2.1 Effect of salinity on freshwater ecosystem -- 3.3 Food-processing industry wastewater -- 3.4 Leather industry wastewater -- 3.5 Effluents from petroleum industry -- 3.6 Plastic industries and micro- and nanoplastic in freshwater ecosystem -- 3.6.1 Effect of microplastic on freshwater ecosystem -- 3.7 Effect of different wastewater from industries on freshwater organisms -- 3.8 Remedies to reduce industrial effluents -- 3.9 Conclusion -- References -- 4 Credibility on biosensors for monitoring contamination in aquatic environs -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Major sources of water pollution -- 4.3 Biosensors -- 4.3.1 Biosensors for the detection of heavy metals -- 4.3.1.1 Enzyme-based biosensors -- 4.3.1.2 Protein-based biosensor -- 4.3.1.3 Antibody-based biosensor -- 4.3.1.4 Deoxyribonucleic acid-based biosensor -- 4.3.1.5 Naturally occurring whole-cell biosensor -- 4.3.1.6 Genetic engineering-based biosensor -- 4.3.2 Biosensors for the detection of microorganisms -- 4.3.2.1 Optical biosensors -- 4.3.2.2 Electrochemical biosensor -- 4.3.3 Biosensors for the detection of organic pollutants -- 4.3.3.1 Organic pollutants -- 4.3.3.2 Optical biosensors -- 4.3.3.3 Electrochemical biosensors -- 4.3.3.4 Thermal biosensors -- 4.4 General limitations, challenges, and future prospects of biosensors in wastewater monitoring -- 4.5 Conclusion -- References -- 5 Microbial systems, current trends, and future prospective: a systemic analysis -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Microbiology for soil health, environmental protection, and sustainable agriculture -- 5.3 Future prospects of environmental microorganisms -- 5.4 Microbial pesticides -- 5.5 Microorganisms' impending visions -- 5.6 Interconnections between plants and soil microorganisms -- 5.7 Plant acquisition of nutrients: direct uptake from the soil. , 5.7.1 Mycorrhizal interactions with plants -- 5.8 Conclusion and remark -- References -- 6 Microbial consortia for pollution remediation-Success stories -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Bioremediation -- 6.3 Microbial consortia-a multispecialized biological system for bioremediation -- 6.4 Microbial consortia and degradation of pollutants -- 6.4.1 Degradation of petroleum components -- 6.4.2 Remediation of wastewater -- 6.4.3 Degradation of industrial dyes -- 6.4.4 Remediation of other organic pollutants -- 6.5 Conclusion and future perspective -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 7 Biological transformation as a technique in pollution decontamination -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Biological transformation -- 7.3 Biological transformation classes -- 7.3.1 Biotransformation -- 7.3.1.1 Biotransformation of pharmaceutical compounds -- 7.3.1.2 Biotransformation of metals and metalloids -- 7.3.1.3 Biotransformation of phenol compounds -- 7.3.1.4 Biotransformation of pesticides -- 7.3.1.5 Biotransformation of real effluents -- 7.3.2 Phytotransformation -- 7.3.2.1 Phytotransformation of fluorinated compounds -- 7.3.3 Mycotransformation -- 7.3.3.1 Mycotransformation of pesticides -- 7.3.3.2 Mycotransformation of metals -- 7.3.3.3 Mycotransformation of pharmaceutical compounds -- 7.3.3.4 Mycotransformation of phenol compounds -- 7.3.3.5 Mycotransformation of dyes -- 7.3.4 Phycotransformation -- 7.3.4.1 Phycotransformation of metals and metalloids -- 7.3.4.2 Phycotransformation of pharmaceutical compounds -- 7.3.5 Zootransformation -- 7.3.5.1 Zootransformation of fluorinated compounds -- 7.3.5.2 Zootransformation of metals and metalloids -- 7.4 Factors influencing biological transformation -- 7.5 Functional genes implicated in biological transformation -- 7.6 Enzymes involved in biological transformation -- 7.7 Nanomaterial biological transformation. , 7.8 Cometabolic biological transformation -- 7.8.1 Cometabolic biotransformation -- 7.8.2 Cometabolic phycotransformation -- 7.9 Conclusions and future perspectives -- References -- 8 Role of polyphosphate accumulating organisms in enhanced biological phosphorous removal -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Natural occurrence of polyphosphate accumulating organisms -- 8.3 Microbiology of EBPR and polyphosphate accumulating organisms -- 8.4 Biochemistry of EBPR and phosphate accumulating organism -- 8.5 EBPR with acetate as a carbon source -- 8.6 EBPR metabolism with substrates other than acetate -- 8.7 Enzymes involved in poly P metabolism -- 8.7.1 Poly P synthesis -- 8.7.2 Poly P degradation -- 8.8 EBPR configurations -- 8.8.1 Mainstream process -- 8.8.1.1 A/O or A2/O -- 8.8.1.2 University of Cape Town-modified process -- 8.8.1.3 Johannesburg configuration -- 8.8.2 Sidestream -- 8.8.2.1 PhoStrip -- 8.8.2.2 Biological-chemical phosphorous and nitrogen removal configuration -- 8.8.3 Cycling system -- 8.8.3.1 Biodenipho process -- 8.8.3.2 Oxidation ditch design -- 8.9 Parameters to consider in EBPR process -- 8.9.1 Temperature -- 8.9.1.1 Recent research on EBPR process in tropical conditions -- 8.9.2 Carbon source and wastewater composition -- 8.9.3 pH -- 8.9.4 Sludge age -- 8.9.5 Recycle of nitrates -- 8.9.6 Sludge phosphorous content -- 8.10 Criteria to monitor effective EBPR process -- 8.11 Transfer of energy pathway genes in microbial enhanced biological phosphorous removal communities -- 8.12 Novel and potential EBPR system -- 8.13 Conclusion and future perspective -- References -- 9 Genetically engineered bacteria: a novel technique for environmental decontamination -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Environmental contaminants -- 9.2.1 Heavy metal contamination -- 9.2.2 Dye-based hazardous pollutants -- 9.2.3 Radioactive compounds. , 9.2.4 Agricultural chemicals: herbicides, pesticides, and fertilizers -- 9.2.5 Petroleum and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contaminants -- 9.2.6 Polychlorinated biphenyls -- 9.3 Genetically engineered bacteria and their construction -- 9.4 Genetically engineered bacteria for a sustainable environment -- 9.4.1 Remediation of toxic heavy metals -- 9.4.2 Bioremediation of dye by engineered bacteria -- 9.4.3 Bioremediation of radionuclides -- 9.4.4 Bioremediation of agricultural chemicals: herbicides, pesticides, and fertilizers -- 9.4.5 Petroleum and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons contaminants -- 9.4.6 Bioremediation of polychlorinated biphenyls -- 9.5 Factors affecting bioremediation from genetically engineered bacteria -- 9.6 Limitations and challenges of in-field release of genetically engineered bacteria -- 9.7 Survivability and sustenance of genetically engineered bacteria -- 9.8 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- 10 An eco-friendly approach for the degradation of azo dyes and their effluents by Pleurotus florida -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 White-rot fungi -- 10.2.1 Oyster mushroom or Pleurotus florida -- 10.3 Textile dyes -- 10.3.1 Description of dyes -- 10.4 Scenario of textile dyes utilized in India -- 10.5 Explication of dyeing process in textile industries -- 10.6 Hallmarks of wastes effected by the textile industry -- 10.7 Impact of textile dyes on environment -- 10.8 Dye decolorization methods -- 10.8.1 Physical method -- 10.8.2 Chemical method -- 10.8.3 Biological method -- 10.9 Oxidative and hydrolytic enzymes of Pleurotus florida used in decolorization of azo dyes -- 10.9.1 Laccase (E.C 1.10. 3.2) -- 10.9.2 Manganese peroxidase (E.C. 1.11.1.13) -- 10.9.3 Lignin peroxidase -- 10.10 Factors influencing the dye decolorization -- 10.10.1 Influence of pH and temperature -- 10.10.2 Impact of nitrogen source. , 10.10.3 Influence of carbon source.

Additional Edition: Print version: Dar, Gowhar Hamid Microbial Consortium and Biotransformation for Pollution Decontamination San Diego : Elsevier,c2022 ISBN 9780323918930

Language: English

UID:

Format: 1 online resource (400 pages)

Edition: 1st ed.

ISBN: 0-443-13949-0

Series Statement: Micro and Nano Technologies Series

Note: Front Cover -- Renewable and Clean Energy Systems Based on Advanced Nanomaterials -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of contributors -- About the editors -- Preface -- 1 Renewable and clean energy systems based on advanced nanomaterials, basics, and developments -- References -- 2 Advanced nanomaterials for perovskite based solar cells -- 2.1 General introduction -- 2.2 Metal oxide nanoparticles -- 2.2.1 Metal oxide electron transporting layers (MO-ETLs) -- 2.2.1.1 TiO2 -- 2.2.1.2 SnO2 -- 2.2.1.3 ZnO -- 2.2.1.4 Other MOs -- 2.2.1.5 Double layer ETLs -- 2.2.2 Metal oxide electron transporting layers (MO-ETLs) -- 2.2.2.1 NiOX -- 2.2.2.2 MoOx -- 2.2.2.3 Other MOs -- 2.3 Carbon nanomaterials -- 2.4 Quantum dots -- 2.5 Other advanced nanomaterials -- 2.6 Conclusion and outlook -- Nomenclature -- References -- 3 Advanced nanomaterials for dye sensitized solar cells -- 3.1 General introduction -- 3.2 Structure of dye-sensitized solar cell -- 3.3 Nanomaterials usage in dye-sensitized solar cells -- 3.3.1 Photoanodes -- 3.3.1.1 One-dimensional nanomaterials -- 3.3.1.2 Two-dimensional nanostructures -- 3.3.1.3 Three-dimensional hierarchical nanostructures -- 3.3.1.4 Nanocomposites -- 3.3.2 Counter electrode -- 3.3.2.1 Platinum -- 3.3.2.2 Platinum alloys -- 3.3.2.3 Carbon -- 3.3.2.3.1 Carbon black -- 3.3.2.3.2 Carbon nanotubes -- 3.3.2.3.3 Graphene sheets -- 3.3.2.4 Transition metal compounds -- 3.4 Conclusion and outlook -- References -- 4 Mixed metal oxide-based nanomaterials for hydrogen storage -- 4.1 General introduction -- 4.2 Electrochemical hydrogen storage -- 4.3 Hydrogen storage mechanism -- 4.3.1 Physisorption and chemisorption -- 4.3.2 Redox process -- 4.3.3 Spillover effect -- 4.3.4 Other mechanism -- 4.4 Materials -- 4.4.1 Pristine mixed metal oxides -- 4.4.2 Composites -- 4.4.2.1 Carbonous-based nanocomposites. , 4.4.2.2 Polymer-based nanocomposites (polymer support) -- 4.4.2.3 Two-dimensional-based nanocomposites (layered support) -- 4.4.2.4 Metal-organic frameworks -- 4.5 Conclusion and outlook -- References -- 5 Graphitic carbon nitride/graphene-based nanomaterials for hydrogen storage -- 5.1 General introduction -- 5.2 Graphene-based material -- 5.2.1 Graphene-based nanomaterials for hydrogen storage -- 5.3 Graphitic carbon nitride -- 5.3.1 Graphitic carbon nitride for hydrogen storage -- 5.4 Graphene/graphitic carbon nitride for hydrogen storage -- 5.5 Conclusion and outlook -- References -- 6 Active nanomaterials for Li-ion batteries and advanced nanomaterials for supercapacitors -- 6.1 General introduction -- 6.2 Active materials: nanostructuring versus microstructuring -- 6.3 Morphology controlling -- 6.3.1 Zero-dimensional structures -- 6.3.2 One-dimensional structures -- 6.3.3 Two-dimensional structures -- 6.3.4 Three-dimensional structures -- 6.4 Advanced electrode materials -- 6.4.1 Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) -- 6.4.2 MXenes -- 6.4.3 Layered double hydroxides -- 6.5 Conclusion and outlook -- References -- 7 Basics of photovoltaic panels and an overview of the use of solar energy in the world -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Brief history of using the sun as an energy source -- 7.2.1 Billion years ago, solar energy began to radiate to the Earth -- 7.3 Introducing photovoltaic systems -- 7.3.1 Current solar energy businesses -- 7.3.2 Electricity production costs with photovoltaic technology -- 7.3.3 The advantages and disadvantages of solar energy -- 7.3.4 Comparing energy generation technologies -- 7.3.5 Top ten companies producing photovoltaic panels -- 7.4 The basics of photovoltaic panels -- 7.4.1 Introduction -- 7.4.2 Photovoltaic technologies -- 7.4.3 Monocrystalline cells -- 7.4.4 Polycrystalline cells -- 7.4.5 Thin-film cells. , 7.4.6 The components of a solar power plant -- 7.4.7 Converters -- 7.4.8 Solar photovoltaic modules -- 7.4.9 Mounting rack (framework or foundation) -- 7.4.10 Grid connection -- 7.4.11 Solar cell efficiency -- 7.4.11.1 Converter efficiency -- 7.4.12 Standards -- 7.4.13 The performance factor of photovoltaic power plants -- References -- 8 The efficiency of solar panels and power control -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Solar panel modeling -- 8.2.1 Obtaining the parameter of simple exponential models -- 8.3 Battery modeling -- 8.4 Converter modeling -- 8.5 Optimal operating point tracking algorithms -- 8.5.1 The perturbation and observation algorithm -- 8.5.2 Base voltage algorithms -- 8.5.3 Bird count algorithm -- 8.5.4 Fuzzy methods -- 8.5.5 Type-2 fuzzy systems for modeling uncertainties -- 8.6 Control design -- 8.6.1 Problem 1 -- 8.6.2 Simulation -- 8.6.3 Conclusion -- 8.7 Examples of solar energy deployment -- 8.7.1 Large solar farms -- 8.7.2 The Bhadla Solar Park in India -- 8.7.3 Pavagada solar park -- 8.7.4 Tengger desert project in the Ningxia Province of China -- 8.7.5 Longyangxia Dam Solar Park -- 8.7.6 Longyangxia Dam Solar Park -- 8.7.7 Longyangxia Dam Solar Park -- 8.7.8 Villanueva Solar -- 8.7.9 Kamuthi Solar Power Plant -- 8.7.10 Solar Star solar farm -- 8.7.11 Golmud solar park of China -- 8.7.12 Topaz solar power plant of California -- 8.7.13 Agua Caliente power plant of Arizona -- 8.7.14 Meuro power plant -- 8.7.15 Iran's photovoltaic power plants -- 8.7.16 The Ghadir solar power plant of Isfahan -- 8.7.17 Example of trough parabolic power plants -- 8.7.18 Examples of solar power towers -- 8.7.19 Small- and medium-sized solar power plants -- 8.7.20 Domestic power plants -- 8.7.21 Iran's photovoltaic power plants -- 8.7.21.1 Shiraz solar power plant -- 8.7.21.2 Tabriz solar power plant -- 8.7.21.3 Mashhad solar power plant. , 8.7.21.4 Taleghan solar power plant -- 8.8 Household power plants -- 8.8.1 Household use of solar power plants in Kashan -- 8.8.2 Reduction in greenhouse gas emissions achieved by the photovoltaic power plant in Haljerd -- 8.8.2.1 Kyoto protocol -- 8.8.2.2 Principles -- 8.8.2.3 Details -- 8.8.2.4 Financial commitments -- 8.8.2.5 Purchasing and selling greenhouse publications -- 8.8.2.6 Greenhouse gas emissions of various power plants in their lifetime -- 8.8.3 Equalization of nonemission of carbon dioxide -- 8.8.4 Equalization with the area of forestation -- 8.8.5 Equalization of carbon dioxide reduction by a 100kW photovoltaic power plant -- 8.8.6 Equalization of a 100kW photovoltaic power plant with unburned gasoline -- 8.8.7 Equalization of the 100kW photovoltaic power plant with forestation -- References -- 9 The physics of sunlight and cells -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 The sun -- 9.2.1 Properties of sunlight -- 9.2.2 The functional principles of solar cells -- 9.2.2.1 Production of charge carriers based on the absorption of photons in bond-forming materials -- 9.2.2.2 Sequential analysis of the charge carriers of the photovoltaic generator in a bond -- 9.2.2.3 Collecting the photovoltaic charge carriers in terminals -- 9.2.2.4 Loss mechanisms -- 9.2.3 The basic physics of semiconductors -- 9.2.4 Materials -- 9.2.5 Atomic structure -- 9.2.6 Doping -- 9.2.7 Doped semiconductors -- 9.2.8 The history of the photovoltaic effect -- 9.2.9 The photovoltaic effect -- 9.2.10 Recombination -- 9.2.11 Auger electron spectroscopy -- 9.2.11.1 The Auger effect and electron emission -- 9.2.11.2 Examples of applications -- 9.2.11.3 Samples -- 9.2.12 Optical absorption processes -- References -- 10 The different methods of using solar energy -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Dye-sensitized solar cells. , 10.2.1 The structure and working principle of dye-sensitized solar cells -- 10.2.2 Types of dye sensitizers -- 10.3 Organic solar cells -- 10.3.1 The working principle of organic solar cells -- 10.3.2 Advantages -- 10.3.3 Disadvantages -- 10.3.4 Concentrator photovoltaics technology -- 10.3.5 Specifications of concentrator modules -- 10.3.6 New and emerging concepts of solar cells -- 10.3.7 Solar thermal energy -- 10.3.8 Solar water heaters -- 10.3.9 Solar air conditioning -- 10.3.9.1 Solar absorption air conditioning -- 10.3.9.2 Photovoltaic air conditioning system -- 10.3.10 Absorption chillers -- 10.3.11 Desync cooling systems -- 10.3.12 Solar ovens and furnaces -- 10.3.13 Floating photovoltaic systems -- 10.4 Technical discussions -- 10.5 Feasibility in Middle East -- 10.6 The components of floating photovoltaic power plants -- 10.7 Evaluating the photovoltaic power plant installed at sea -- 10.8 Using the photovoltaic system for water treatment -- 10.9 Treatment system mechanisms -- 10.10 Different water treatment technologies -- 10.10.1 Distillation -- 10.10.2 Electrodialysis -- 10.10.3 Reverse osmosis -- 10.10.4 Advantages -- 10.10.5 Disadvantages -- 10.10.6 Challenges of water treatment using the photovoltaic system -- 10.10.7 Economic advantages -- References -- 11 Financial analysis of solar energy -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Reducing costs in manufacturing system components -- 11.2.1 Standardized design of photovoltaic systems -- 11.2.2 System volume -- 11.2.3 Solar cell efficiency -- 11.3 Reducing cost in sales and distribution of system component -- 11.4 Reducing installation and repair costs -- 11.5 Improving the efficiency of financial systems and programs -- 11.6 Improving equipment performance and correcting amplifier characteristics -- 11.6.1 Microgrids and their operating modes. , 11.6.2 Overview of control technology for multiple inverters in off-grid mode.

Additional Edition: ISBN 0-443-13950-4

Language: English

UID:

Format: 1 online resource (406 pages)

ISBN: 0-12-814400-9

Note: Front Cover -- Red Wine Technology -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Prologue -- 1 Grape Maturity and Selection: Automatic Grape Selection -- 1.1 Physicochemical Characteristics of Enological Interest -- 1.2 Vineyard Approaches to Grape Selection and Harvest Date Determination -- 1.2.1 Spatial Variability in Vineyard and Precision Viticulture Tools -- 1.2.2 Grape Harvest and Selection in Vineyard -- 1.2.2.1 Manual Grape Selection in Vineyard by Visual Inspection -- 1.2.2.2 Selective Harvest of Different Parts of the Cluster -- 1.2.2.3 Selective Harvest Based on Vineyard Area -- 1.2.2.4 Time-Differential Harvest -- 1.2.2.5 Toward Automated Grape Cluster Selection and Harvest -- 1.3 Grape Selection in Winery -- 1.3.1 Sorting Tables in Winery -- 1.3.2 Size, Density, and Image Analysis Sorting Equipment -- 1.3.3 New Perspectives for the Direct Grape Quality Evaluation and Selection in Winery -- References -- 2 Acidification and pH Control in Red Wines -- 2.1 Importance of Acidic Fraction and pH Control in Red Wines -- 2.2 Main Organic Acids in Must and Wine -- 2.2.1 Tartaric Acid -- 2.2.2 Malic Acid -- 2.2.3 Citric Acid -- 2.2.4 Lactic Acid -- 2.2.5 Succinic Acid -- 2.2.6 Acetic Acid -- 2.3 Total Acidity and Wine pH -- 2.3.1 Definition of pH -- 2.3.2 Total Acidity, Titratable Acidity, and Real Acidity -- 2.3.3 Variations of Acidity During Winemaking -- 2.4 Acid-Base Equilibrium and Wine Buffer Capacity -- 2.4.1 Acid-Base Equilibrium in Wine -- 2.4.2 Buffer Capacity -- 2.5 Traditional Strategies for Chemical Acidification -- 2.5.1 Acidification by Blending with Musts or Wines From Low Maturity Grapes -- 2.5.2 Acidification by Supplementation with Organic Acids -- 2.6 Traditional Strategies for Chemical Deacidification -- 2.6.1 Deacidification by Using Processing Aids -- 2.7 New Technologies for pH Control. , 2.7.1 Acidification and Deacidification by Electromembrane Techniques -- 2.7.2 Ion Exchange Resins -- 2.8 Laboratory Techniques for Measuring pH and Acidic Fraction -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 3 Maceration and Fermentation: New Technologies to Increase Extraction -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Tank Design for Red Winemaking -- 3.3 Vessel Materials in Red Winemaking -- 3.4 Kinetics of Extraction: The Effect of Temperature -- 3.5 Mechanical Processes During Maceration -- 3.5.1 Punch Downs and Pump Overs -- 3.5.2 Rack and Return -- 3.5.3 Submerged Cap -- 3.5.4 Extended Maceration -- 3.6 New Extraction Technologies -- 3.6.1 High Hydrostatic Pressure -- 3.6.2 Pulsed Electric Fields -- 3.6.3 Ultrasounds -- 3.6.4 Irradiation -- 3.6.5 Pulsed Light -- 3.6.6 Ozone and Electrolyzed Water -- 3.7 Conclusions -- References -- 4 Use of Non-Saccharomyces Yeasts in Red Winemaking -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Yeast Ecology of Grape Berry -- 4.3 Controlled Fermentation: The Role of Saccharomyces cerevisiae -- 4.4 Non-Saccharomyces Yeasts Features in Red Wine -- 4.4.1 The Enzymatic Activities -- 4.4.2 The Influence on the Aroma Profile -- 4.4.3 The Polysaccharides Production and Color Stability -- 4.4.4 Acidification and Deacidification Activities -- 4.4.5 Reduction of Ethanol Content -- 4.4.6 Antimicrobial Activities -- References -- 5 Yeast Biotechnology for Red Winemaking -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Yeast Diversity in Red Grapes and Musts -- 5.3 Influence of Red Wine Technology on Saccharomyces Strains -- 5.3.1 Saccharomyces Strains Dominate in the Wine Ecosystem -- Saccharomyces Specific Niche -- 5.3.2 Nitrogen Competition During Winemaking -- 5.3.3 Redox and Temperature Effects in Red Winemaking -- 5.3.4 Alcohol and Polyphenol Contents in Red Winemaking -- 5.3.5 Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Red Wine Color. , 5.3.6 Cell Wall Adsorption and Cell Lysis Effects on Anthocyanins -- 5.3.6.1 Cell Wall Anthocyanins Adsorption -- 5.3.6.2 β-Glycosidase Activity -- 5.3.6.3 Polysaccharide Release -- 5.3.7 Formation of Derived Anthocyanin Compounds by Yeast Fermentation Improves Color -- 5.4 Saccharomyces Cerevisiae and Flavor Compounds -- 5.4.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae Synthesis of Flavor Compounds -- 5.4.2 Saccharomyces Enzymes Effects on Flavor -- 5.5 Practical Red Winemaking and Yeast Performance -- 5.5.1 Use of Commercial Yeasts -- 5.5.2 Saccharomyces-Lactic Acid Bacteria Interactions During Winemaking -- 5.5.3 Aging and Microbial Stability -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Further Reading -- 6 Malolactic Fermentation -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Lactic Acid Bacteria in Winemaking -- 6.2.1 Oenococcus oeni -- 6.2.2 Lactobacillus sp. -- 6.2.3 Pediococcus sp. -- 6.3 Factors Impacting LAB at Winery -- 6.3.1 Ethanol -- 6.3.2 pH -- 6.3.3 Sulfur Dioxide -- 6.3.4 Temperature -- 6.4 Technological Strategies for Managing the MLF Performance -- 6.5 Impact of MLF on Wine Organoleptic Properties -- 6.5.1 Carbonyl Compounds -- 6.5.2 Esters -- 6.5.3 Monoterpenes -- 6.6 Production of Off-Flavors by Lactic Acid Bacteria -- 6.6.1 Volatile Sulfur Compounds -- 6.7 Implications of LAB and MLF in Wine Safety -- 6.7.1 Biogenic Amines -- 6.7.2 Ethyl Carbamate -- 6.8 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 7 Yeast-Bacteria Coinoculation -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Objectives -- 7.2.1 Controlling Wine Acidity -- 7.2.2 Reducing Ethanol Yields and Volatile Acidity -- 7.2.3 Controlling Microbial Spoilage -- 7.2.4 Reducing Wine Toxins: Ochratoxin, Biogenic Amines, Ethyl Carbamate -- 7.2.5 Modification of the Organoleptic Characteristics -- 7.3 Interactions Between Wine Microorganisms -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 8 Molecular Tools to Analyze Microbial Populations in Red Wines. , 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Classical and Phenotypic Methods -- 8.3 DNA-Based Methods -- 8.3.1 Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA PCR Fingerprints (RAPD-PCR) -- 8.3.2 PCR-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism -- 8.3.3 Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism -- 8.3.4 Gradient Gel Electrophoresis -- 8.3.5 Quantitative Real-Time PCR (QPCR) and Reverse Transcription Quantitative Real-Time PCR (RT-qPCR) -- 8.3.6 Capillary Electrophoresis Single-Strand Conformation Polymorphism -- 8.3.7 Automated Ribosomal Intergenic Spacer Analysis -- 8.3.8 Next Generation Sequencing -- 8.4 Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry -- 8.5 Microbial Diversity Assessment Through Enzymes Detection -- 8.6 Culture-Dependent Versus Culture-Independent Methods -- 8.7 Conclusions -- References -- Further Reading -- 9 Barrel Aging -- Types of Wood -- 9.1 Brief Historical Introduction -- 9.2 The Main Tree Species Used in Cooperage -- 9.3 The Main Forests Providing Wood For Cooperage -- 9.4 The Concept of Wood Grain in Cooperage -- 9.5 Obtaining the Staves: Hand Splitting and Sawing -- 9.6 Drying Systems: Natural Seasoning and Artificial Drying -- 9.7 Assembly and Toasting of the Barrel -- 9.8 Types of Barrels and Barrel Parts -- 9.9 What Happens to a Wine During Barrel Aging -- 9.10 Volatile Substances Released by Oak Wood During Barrel Aging -- 9.11 Phenolic Compounds Released by Oak Wood During Barrel Aging -- 9.12 Oxygen Permeability of Oak Wood -- 9.13 Influence of Wood Grain -- 9.14 Influence of Botanical and Geographic Origin -- 9.15 Influence of Natural Seasoning and Artificial Drying -- 9.16 Influence of Toasting Level -- 9.17 Influence of the Repeated Use of Barrels -- 9.18 Barrel Aging Process -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Further Reading -- 10 Emerging Technologies for Aging Wines: Use of Chips and Micro-Oxygenation. , 10.1 Why Aging Wines in Barrels? -- 10.2 The Micro-Oxygenation Technique -- 10.3 Positive Factors of Using Micro-Oxygenation -- 10.3.1 Incidence on Yeast Development During Alcoholic Fermentation -- 10.3.2 Wine Chromatic Characteristics and Stability -- 10.3.3 Improvement of Astringency and Mouthfeel -- 10.3.4 Improvement of Wine Aroma and Reduction of Vegetal Characteristics -- 10.4 The Application of the MOX Technique -- 10.5 The Use of Oak Chips -- 10.6 When and How Use Them -- 10.7 Effect of Adding Oak Chips on Wine Characteristics -- 10.8 Comparing the Effect of Chips or MOX With Aging Wine in Barrels -- 10.9 The Combined Used of MOX+CHIPS -- 10.10 Innovations in MOX and Chips Application -- 10.10.1 Innovations in MOX -- 10.10.2 Innovations in the Treatment With Chips -- References -- Further Reading -- 11 New Trends in Aging on Lees -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Use of Non-Saccharomyces Yeasts -- 11.3 Accelerated Aging on Lees -- 11.4 Lees Aromatization -- 11.5 Conclusions -- References -- Further Reading -- 12 Evolution of Proanthocyanidins During Grape Maturation, Winemaking, and Aging Process of Red Wines -- 12.1 Proanthocyanidins: Composition, Content, and Evolution During Grape Maturation -- 12.1.1 General Composition and Content of Proanthocyanidins in Grapes -- 12.1.2 Evolution of Proanthocyanidins During Grape Maturation -- 12.2 Evolution of Proanthocyanidins During Fermentative Maceration of Red Wines -- 12.3 Changes on Proanthocyanidins During Red Wine Aging in Contact with Wood -- 12.3.1 Natural Evolution of the Proanthocyanidins During Aging -- 12.3.2 Effects of the Medium Factors on the Proanthocyanidin Evolution -- 12.3.3 Wood Influence on Wine Proanthocyanidin Evolution -- 12.4 Final Remarks -- References -- 13 Wine Color Evolution and Stability -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Anthocyanin Stability. , 13.2.1 Chemical Structure of Anthocyanins.

Additional Edition: ISBN 0-12-814399-1

Language: English

UID:

Format: 1 online resource (415 pages) : , illustrations (some color), graphs

Edition: First edition.

ISBN: 0-12-417307-1

Content: Data Science for Software Engineering: Sharing Data and Models presents guidance and procedures for reusing data and models between projects to produce results that are useful and relevant. Starting with a background section of practical lessons and warnings for beginner data scientists for software engineering, this edited volume proceeds to identify critical questions of contemporary software engineering related to data and models. Learn how to adapt data from other organizations to local problems, mine privatized data, prune spurious information, simplify complex results, how to update models for new platforms, and more. Chapters share largely applicable experimental results discussed with the blend of practitioner focused domain expertise, with commentary that highlights the methods that are most useful, and applicable to the widest range of projects. Each chapter is written by a prominent expert and offers a state-of-the-art solution to an identified problem facing data scientists in software engineering. Throughout, the editors share best practices collected from their experience training software engineering students and practitioners to master data science, and highlight the methods that are most useful, and applicable to the widest range of projects. Shares the specific experience of leading researchers and techniques developed to handle data problems in the realm of software engineering Explains how to start a project of data science for software engineering as well as how to identify and avoid likely pitfalls Provides a wide range of useful qualitative and quantitative principles ranging from very simple to cutting edge research Addresses current challenges with software engineering data such as lack of local data, access issues due to data privacy, increasing data quality via cleaning of spurious chunks in data

Note: Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph , Front Cover -- Sharing Data and Models in Software Engineering -- Copyright -- Why this book? -- Foreword -- Contents -- List of Figures -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- 1.1 Why Read This Book? -- 1.2 What Do We Mean by ``Sharing''? -- 1.2.1 Sharing Insights -- 1.2.2 Sharing Models -- 1.2.3 Sharing Data -- 1.2.4 Sharing Analysis Methods -- 1.2.5 Types of Sharing -- 1.2.6 Challenges with Sharing -- 1.2.7 How to Share -- 1.3 What? (Our Executive Summary) -- 1.3.1 An Overview -- 1.3.2 More Details -- 1.4 How to Read This Book -- 1.4.1 Data Analysis Patterns -- 1.5 But What About …? (What Is Not in This Book) -- 1.5.1 What About ``Big Data''? -- 1.5.2 What About Related Work? -- 1.5.3 Why All the Defect Prediction and Effort Estimation? -- 1.6 Who? (About the Authors) -- 1.7 Who Else? (Acknowledgments) -- Part I: Data Mining for Managers -- Chapter 2: Rules for Managers -- 2.1 The Inductive Engineering Manifesto -- 2.2 More Rules -- Chapter 3: Rule #1: Talk to the Users -- 3.1 Users Biases -- 3.2 Data Mining Biases -- 3.3 Can We Avoid Bias? -- 3.4 Managing Biases -- 3.5 Summary -- Chapter 4: Rule #2: Know the Domain -- 4.1 Cautionary Tale #1: ``Discovering'' Random Noise -- 4.2 Cautionary Tale #2: Jumping at Shadows -- 4.3 Cautionary Tale #3: It Pays to Ask -- 4.4 Summary -- Chapter 5: Rule #3: Suspect Your Data -- 5.1 Controlling Data Collection -- 5.2 Problems with Controlled Data Collection -- 5.3 Rinse (and Prune) Before Use -- 5.3.1 Row Pruning -- 5.3.2 Column Pruning -- 5.4 On the Value of Pruning -- 5.5 Summary -- Chapter 6: Rule #4: Data Science Is Cyclic -- 6.1 The Knowledge Discovery Cycle -- 6.2 Evolving Cyclic Development -- 6.2.1 Scouting -- 6.2.2 Surveying -- 6.2.3 Building -- 6.2.4 Effort -- 6.3 Summary -- Part II: Data Mining: A Technical Tutorial -- Chapter 7: Data Mining and SE -- 7.1 Some Definitions -- 7.2 Some Application Areas. , Chapter 8: Defect Prediction -- 8.1 Defect Detection Economics -- 8.2 Static Code Defect Prediction -- 8.2.1 Easy to Use -- 8.2.2 Widely Used -- 8.2.3 Useful -- Chapter 9: Effort Estimation -- 9.1 The Estimation Problem -- 9.2 How to Make Estimates -- 9.2.1 Expert-Based Estimation -- 9.2.2 Model-Based Estimation -- 9.2.3 Hybrid Methods -- Chapter 10: Data Mining (Under the Hood) -- 10.1 Data Carving -- 10.2 About the Data -- 10.3 Cohen Pruning -- 10.4 Discretization -- 10.4.1 Other Discretization Methods -- 10.5 Column Pruning -- 10.6 Row Pruning -- 10.7 Cluster Pruning -- 10.7.1 Advantages of Prototypes -- 10.7.2 Advantages of Clustering -- 10.8 Contrast Pruning -- 10.9 Goal Pruning -- 10.10 Extensions for Continuous Classes -- 10.10.1 How RTs Work -- 10.10.2 Creating Splits for Categorical Input Features -- 10.10.3 Splits on Numeric Input Features -- 10.10.4 Termination Condition and Predictions -- 10.10.5 Potential Advantages of RTs for Software Effort Estimation -- 10.10.6 Predictions for Multiple Numeric Goals -- Part III: Sharing Data -- Chapter 11: Sharing Data: Challenges and Methods -- 11.1 Houston, We Have a Problem -- 11.2 Good News, Everyone -- Chapter 12: Learning Contexts -- 12.1 Background -- 12.2 Manual Methods for Contextualization -- 12.3 Automatic Methods -- 12.4 Other Motivation to Find Contexts -- 12.4.1 Variance Reduction -- 12.4.2 Anomaly Detection -- 12.4.3 Certification Envelopes -- 12.4.4 Incremental Learning -- 12.4.5 Compression -- 12.4.6 Optimization -- 12.5 How to Find Local Regions -- 12.5.1 License -- 12.5.2 Installing CHUNK -- 12.5.3 Testing Your Installation -- 12.5.4 Applying CHUNK to Other Models -- 12.6 Inside CHUNK -- 12.6.1 Roadmap to Functions -- 12.6.2 Distance Calculations -- 12.6.2.1 Normalize -- 12.6.2.2 SquaredDifference -- 12.6.3 Dividing the Data -- 12.6.3.1 FastDiv -- 12.6.3.2 TwoDistantPoints. , 12.6.3.3 Settings -- 12.6.3.4 Chunk (main function) -- 12.6.4 Support Utilities -- 12.6.4.1 Some standard tricks -- 12.6.4.2 Tree iterators -- 12.6.4.3 Pretty printing -- 12.7 Putting It all Together -- 12.7.1 _nasa93 -- 12.8 Using CHUNK -- 12.9 Closing Remarks -- Chapter 13: Cross-Company Learning: Handling the Data Drought -- 13.1 Motivation -- 13.2 Setting the Ground for Analyses -- 13.2.1 Wait … Is This Really CC Data? -- 13.2.2 Mining the Data -- 13.2.3 Magic Trick: NN Relevancy Filtering -- 13.3 Analysis #1: Can CC Data be Useful for an Organization? -- 13.3.1 Design -- 13.3.2 Results from Analysis #1 -- 13.3.3 Checking the Analysis #1 Results -- 13.3.4 Discussion of Analysis #1 -- 13.4 Analysis #2: How to Cleanup CC Data for Local Tuning? -- 13.4.1 Design -- 13.4.2 Results -- 13.4.3 Discussions -- 13.5 Analysis #3: How Much Local Data Does an Organization Need for a Local Model? -- 13.5.1 Design -- 13.5.2 Results from Analysis #3 -- 13.5.3 Checking the Analysis #3 Results -- 13.5.4 Discussion of Analysis #3 -- 13.6 How Trustworthy Are These Results? -- 13.7 Are These Useful in Practice or Just Number Crunching? -- 13.8 What's New on Cross-Learning? -- 13.8.1 Discussion -- 13.9 What's the Takeaway? -- Chapter 14: Building Smarter Transfer Learners -- 14.1 What Is Actually the Problem? -- 14.2 What Do We Know So Far? -- 14.2.1 Transfer Learning -- 14.2.2 Transfer Learning and SE -- 14.2.3 Data Set Shift -- 14.3 An Example Technology: TEAK -- 14.4 The Details of the Experiments -- 14.4.1 Performance Comparison -- 14.4.2 Performance Measures -- 14.4.3 Retrieval Tendency -- 14.5 Results -- 14.5.1 Performance Comparison -- 14.5.2 Inspecting Selection Tendencies -- 14.6 Discussion -- 14.7 What Are the Takeaways? -- Chapter 15: Sharing Less Data (Is a Good Thing) -- 15.1 Can We Share Less Data? -- 15.2 Using Less Data -- 15.3 Why Share Less Data?. , 15.3.1 Less Data Is More Reliable -- 15.3.2 Less Data Is Faster to Discuss -- 15.3.3 Less Data Is Easier to Process -- 15.4 How to Find Less Data -- 15.4.1 Input -- 15.4.2 Comparisons to Other Learners -- 15.4.3 Reporting the Results -- 15.4.4 Discussion of Results -- 15.5 What's Next? -- Chapter 16: How to Keep Your Data Private -- 16.1 Motivation -- 16.2 What Is PPDP and Why Is It Important? -- 16.3 What Is Considered a Breach of Privacy? -- 16.4 How to Avoid Privacy Breaches? -- 16.4.1 Generalization and Suppression -- 16.4.2 Anatomization and Permutation -- 16.4.3 Perturbation -- 16.4.4 Output Perturbation -- 16.5 How Are Privacy-Preserving Algorithms Evaluated? -- 16.5.1 Privacy Metrics -- 16.5.2 Modeling the Background Knowledge of an Attacker -- 16.6 Case Study: Privacy and Cross-Company Defect Prediction -- 16.6.1 Results and Contributions -- 16.6.2 Privacy and CCDP -- 16.6.3 CLIFF -- 16.6.4 MORPH -- 16.6.5 Example of CLIFF& -- MORPH -- 16.6.6 Evaluation Metrics -- 16.6.7 Evaluating Utility via Classification -- 16.6.8 Evaluating Privatization -- 16.6.8.1 Defining privacy -- 16.6.9 Experiments -- 16.6.9.1 Data -- 16.6.10 Design -- 16.6.11 Defect Predictors -- 16.6.12 Query Generator -- 16.6.13 Benchmark Privacy Algorithms -- 16.6.14 Experimental Evaluation -- 16.6.15 Discussion -- 16.6.16 Related Work: Privacy in SE -- 16.6.17 Summary -- Chapter 17: Compensating for Missing Data -- 17.1 Background Notes on SEE and Instance Selection -- 17.1.1 Software Effort Estimation -- 17.1.2 Instance Selection in SEE -- 17.2 Data Sets and Performance Measures -- 17.2.1 Data Sets -- 17.2.2 Error Measures -- 17.3 Experimental Conditions -- 17.3.1 The Algorithms Adopted -- 17.3.2 Proposed Method: POP1 -- 17.3.3 Experiments -- 17.4 Results -- 17.4.1 Results Without Instance Selection -- 17.4.2 Results with Instance Selection -- 17.5 Summary. , Chapter 18: Active Learning: Learning More with Less -- 18.1 How Does the QUICK Algorithm Work? -- 18.1.1 Getting Rid of Similar Features: Synonym Pruning -- 18.1.2 Getting Rid of Dissimilar Instances: Outlier Pruning -- 18.2 Notes on Active Learning -- 18.3 The Application and Implementation Details of QUICK -- 18.3.1 Phase 1: Synonym Pruning -- 18.3.2 Phase 2: Outlier Removal and Estimation -- 18.3.3 Seeing QUICK in Action with a Toy Example -- 18.3.3.1 Phase 1: Synonym pruning -- 18.3.3.2 Phase 2: Outlier removal and estimation -- 18.4 How the Experiments Are Designed -- 18.5 Results -- 18.5.1 Performance -- 18.5.2 Reduction via Synonym and Outlier Pruning -- 18.5.3 Comparison of QUICK vs. CART -- 18.5.4 Detailed Look at the Statistical Analysis -- 18.5.5 Early Results on Defect Data Sets -- 18.6 Summary -- Part IV: Sharing Models -- Chapter 19: Sharing Models: Challenges and Methods -- Chapter 20: Ensembles of Learning Machines -- 20.1 When and Why Ensembles Work -- 20.1.1 Intuition -- 20.1.2 Theoretical Foundation -- 20.2 Bootstrap Aggregating (Bagging) -- 20.2.1 How Bagging Works -- 20.2.2 When and Why Bagging Works -- 20.2.3 Potential Advantages of Bagging for SEE -- 20.3 Regression Trees (RTs) for Bagging -- 20.4 Evaluation Framework -- 20.4.1 Choice of Data Sets and Preprocessing Techniques -- 20.4.1.1 PROMISE data -- 20.4.1.2 ISBSG data -- 20.4.2 Choice of Learning Machines -- 20.4.3 Choice of Evaluation Methods -- 20.4.4 Choice of Parameters -- 20.5 Evaluation of Bagging+RTs in SEE -- 20.5.1 Friedman Ranking -- 20.5.2 Approaches Most Often Ranked First or Second in Terms of MAE, MMRE and PRED(25) -- 20.5.3 Magnitude of Performance Against the Best -- 20.5.4 Discussion -- 20.6 Further Understanding of Bagging+RTs in SEE -- 20.7 Summary -- Chapter 21: How to Adapt Models in a Dynamic World -- 21.1 Cross-Company Data and Questions Tackled. , 21.2 Related Work. , English

Additional Edition: ISBN 1-336-00889-X

Additional Edition: ISBN 0-12-417295-4

Language: English