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Format: 1 online resource (270 pages)

ISBN: 9783319916897

Series Statement: Fascinating Life Sciences Ser.

Note: Intro -- Foreword -- References -- Contents -- Chapter 1: Introduction: Studying Birds in Time and Space -- 1.1 Why and How to Study Bird Species -- 1.2 Physical and Behavioral Aspects of Birds -- 1.3 The Spatial Component -- 1.4 Ecology Matters: Bird Species in the Anthropocene -- References -- Chapter 2: Integrative Taxonomy of Birds: The Nature and Delimitation of Species -- 2.1 The Centrality of Species -- 2.2 Why Is There a Species Problem? -- 2.2.1 Monism vs. Pluralism -- 2.2.2 Realism vs. Anti-realism -- 2.2.3 Theoretical vs. Operational -- 2.2.4 Pattern vs. Process -- 2.2.5 Prospective vs. Historical -- 2.2.6 Concerns by End Users -- 2.3 The Lineage Concept -- 2.4 Corollaries of the Lineage Concept -- 2.5 Integrative Taxonomy -- 2.5.1 Why Multiple Data? -- 2.5.2 Why Integrate? -- 2.6 Strengths of Integrative Taxonomy -- 2.7 What Is Not Integrative Taxonomy? -- 2.7.1 Falsification by a ``Defining ́́Species Criterion -- 2.7.2 Standardization of Species Criteria -- 2.8 The Dynamics of Taxonomic Change -- 2.9 The Drivers of Taxonomic Change -- 2.10 Benefits of Integrative Taxonomy to Other Fields -- 2.10.1 Speciation Studies -- 2.10.2 Biogeography -- 2.10.3 Conservation -- 2.11 Remaining Issues -- References -- Suggestion for Further Reading -- Chapter 3: Studying Speciation: Genomic Essentials and Approaches -- 3.1 What Is an Avian Genome? -- 3.1.1 Structure of the Genetic Material -- 3.1.1.1 Noncoding and Coding Regions -- 3.1.1.2 Autosomes Versus Sex Chromosomes -- 3.1.1.3 Nuclear Genome and Mitochondrial Genome -- 3.1.2 The Chicken Model: History and Overview -- 3.2 How Does the Genome ``Work?́́ -- 3.2.1 Replication of the DNA -- 3.2.2 Transcription: RNA Synthesis -- 3.2.3 Translation -- 3.2.4 One Gene: One Function? -- 3.2.5 Categorical vs. Quantitative Traits -- 3.2.6 Phenotypic Plasticity -- 3.3 How Does the Genome Evolve?. , 3.3.1 Modification of the DNA -- 3.3.2 Mutation -- 3.3.3 Selection -- 3.3.4 Genetic Drift -- 3.3.5 Geographic Variation and Dispersal -- 3.3.6 Recombination and Migration -- 3.3.7 Gene Duplication -- 3.4 How to Study Speciation Using Genomic Features? -- 3.4.1 PCR-Based Molecular Markers -- 3.4.1.1 Ribosomal Genes -- 3.4.1.2 Mitochondrial DNA Markers -- 3.4.1.3 Microsatellites -- 3.4.2 Expressed Sequence Tags -- 3.4.3 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms -- 3.4.4 Restriction-site-associated DNA sequencing -- 3.4.5 Genotyping by sequencing -- 3.4.6 Transcriptomics -- 3.4.7 ``Whole ́́Genome Sequencing -- 3.4.7.1 Different Strategies for Sequencing Genomes -- 3.4.7.2 Limitations of Analyzing Genomes -- 3.4.8 Epigenome -- 3.5 Closing Words -- References -- Chapter 4: Morphological Variation in Birds: Plasticity, Adaptation, and Speciation -- 4.1 General Aspects of Phenotypic Variation in Birds -- 4.2 The Historical Role of Morphological Criteria for Species Delimitation -- 4.3 Phenotypic Variation and Plasticity of Characters -- 4.4 Assessing Morphological Variation -- 4.5 Disentangling Phylogenetic and Adaptive Constraints -- 4.6 A Contemporary Perspective on Morphological Variation -- References -- Chapter 5: Song: The Learned Language of Three Major Bird Clades -- 5.1 Eager Birds: The Advanced Learners -- 5.2 Passerine Song -- 5.3 The Best Singer Takes It All: Female Preference and Sexual Selection -- 5.4 How It All Began: A Brief History of Bioacoustic Studies -- 5.5 Telltale Songs: Evolution and Phylogenetic Information of Vocalizations -- 5.6 Vocal Learning as a Pacemaker of Evolution -- 5.7 Dialects: Spatial Variation -- 5.8 Competition for Acoustic Space: The Role of Ecology -- 5.9 Dialects as a Language Barrier and Isolating Mechanism -- 5.10 Sympathy in Sympatry: Bilingual Birds in a Hybrid Zone -- References. , Chapter 6: Timing Matters: Allochronic Contributions to Population Divergence -- 6.1 Timing Is Everything! -- 6.2 Clockworks -- 6.3 Allochrony: Differences in Timing Between Individuals, Populations, and Species -- 6.4 Isolation by the Clock -- 6.5 Conclusions -- Further Reading -- References -- Chapter 7: (Micro)evolutionary Changes and the Evolutionary Potential of Bird Migration -- 7.1 History and Geographic Origins -- 7.2 Regulation -- 7.2.1 Variation in Migratory Strategy -- 7.2.2 Migratory Traits Are Inherited -- 7.2.3 Underlying Genetic Architecture: Simple and Common? -- 7.2.4 Marker-Based Approaches: Candidate Genes for Migration -- 7.2.5 Enhancing Scale and Resolution: Genome-Wide Approaches -- 7.3 Population Differentiation and Speciation -- References -- Chapter 8: Avian Diversity and Distributions and Their Evolution Through Space and Time -- 8.1 Spatiotemporal Diversification of Modern Birds -- 8.2 Global Distribution and Diversity Patterns -- 8.3 Geography of Speciation -- 8.4 Vicariance vs. Dispersal and the Dynamics of Range Evolution in Birds -- References -- Chapter 9: Modeling Avian Distributions and Niches: Insights into Invasions and Speciation in Birds -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 The Conceptual Background of SDMs or What Is a Niche? -- 9.3 How to Build a Species Distribution Model? -- 9.3.1 Occurrence Data -- 9.3.2 Predictor Variables -- 9.3.3 Algorithms -- 9.3.4 Niche Comparisons -- 9.4 Niche Conservatism -- 9.5 Evaluating Avian Invasions -- 9.6 Speciation and Niche Evolution -- 9.7 Assisting Taxonomy -- References -- Chapter 10: Phylogeography and the Role of Hybridization in Speciation -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Some General Observations from Avian Phylogeography: Historical Population Size Changes and Introgression -- 10.3 Phylogeography, Sex Chromosomes, and Speciation. , 10.4 Bird Species with No Known or Very Few Genetic Differences -- 10.5 Hybrid Zones: A Closer Look -- 10.5.1 Suture Zones and Multiple Hybrid Zones -- 10.5.2 Detail Emerging from Single Species and Hybrid Zones: Three Case Studies -- 10.6 Mitonuclear Incompatibility, Hybridization, and Speciation -- 10.7 Ring Species as a Special Case of Divergence with Gene Flow: Are There Any Surviving Examples? -- 10.8 Hybrid Species -- 10.8.1 Hybrid Zones Sometimes Move -- 10.9 A View to the Future -- References -- Chapter 11: Ecological Speciation: When and How Variation Among Environments Can Drive Population Divergence -- 11.1 Approaches Toward the Study of Speciation -- 11.2 Four Ways to Increase Ecological Performance: Which May Each Drive Speciation -- 11.3 Ecological Speciation Driven by Natural Selection -- 11.4 Ecological Speciation Driven by Phenotypic Plasticity -- 11.5 Ecological Speciation Driven by Adjustment of the Environment -- 11.6 Ecological Speciation Driven by Selection of the Environment -- 11.7 Feedbacks Between Plasticity, Adjusting the Environment, Selection of the Environment, and Natural Selection -- References -- Chapter 12: Climate Change Impacts on Bird Species -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Birds and Climate Change: Is There an Impact? -- 12.2.1 Climate Change Indicators -- 12.3 What Are the Consequences of Climate Change for Birds? -- 12.4 Projections of Potential Climate Change Impacts: What Else Is Waiting for Us? -- 12.5 Do Niches and Interactions with Abiotic and Biotic Environment ``Evolve?́́ -- 12.6 Conservation Implications -- References -- Chapter 13: Impact of Urbanization on Birds -- 13.1 A Brief History of Urbanization -- 13.2 Birds and the City -- 13.2.1 Species Vanish from the City -- 13.2.2 Species Flourish or Persist in the City -- 13.2.3 Species Change -- 13.3 Urban Environment as a Barrier for Movement. , 13.4 The Urban Drivers -- 13.5 Phenotypic Changes and Responses as a Result of Urban Life -- 13.5.1 Physiology -- 13.5.1.1 Stress Physiology and Its Implications -- 13.5.1.2 Nutritional Physiology and Its Implications -- 13.5.2 Behavior -- 13.5.2.1 Behavioral Responses to Chemical Pollution -- 13.5.2.2 Behavioral Responses to Noise -- 13.5.2.3 Behavioral Responses to ALAN -- 13.6 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Glossary.

Additional Edition: Print version: Tietze, Dieter Thomas Bird Species Cham : Springer International Publishing AG,c2018 ISBN 9783319916880

Language: English

Subjects: Biology

Keywords: Electronic books. ; Electronic books. ; Electronic books. ; Hochschulschrift

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Format: 1 online resource (308 pages)

Edition: 1st ed.

ISBN: 9783030105341

Series Statement: Demographic Research Monographs

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Bibliography -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Part I Introductory and Methodological -- 1 Introduction: Sensitivity Analysis - What and Why? -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Sensitivity, Calculus, and Matrix Calculus -- 1.3 Some Issues -- 1.3.1 Prospective and Retrospective Analyses: Sensitivity and Decomposition -- 1.3.2 Uncertainty Propagation -- 1.3.3 Why Not Just Simulate? -- 1.3.4 Sensitivity and Identifying Targets for Intervention -- 1.3.5 The Dream of Easy Interpretation -- 1.4 The Importance of Change -- Bibliography -- 2 Matrix Calculus and Notation -- 2.1 Introduction: Can It Possibly Be That Simple? -- 2.2 Notation and Matrix Operations -- 2.2.1 Notation -- 2.2.2 Operations -- 2.2.3 The Vec Operator and Vec-Permutation Matrix -- 2.2.4 Roth's Theorem -- 2.3 Defining Matrix Derivatives -- 2.4 The Chain Rule -- 2.5 Derivatives from Differentials -- 2.5.1 Differentials of Scalar Function -- 2.5.2 Differentials of Vectors and Matrices -- 2.6 The First Identification Theorem -- 2.6.1 The Chain Rule and the First IdentificationTheorem -- 2.7 Elasticity -- 2.8 Some Useful Matrix Calculus Results -- 2.9 LTRE Decomposition of Demographic Differences -- 2.10 A Protocol for Sensitivity Analysis -- Bibliography -- Part II Linear Models -- 3 The Sensitivity of Population Growth Rate: Three Approaches -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Hamilton's Equation for Age-Classified Populations -- 3.2.1 Effects of Changes in Mortality -- 3.2.2 Effects of Changes in Fertility -- 3.2.3 History and Perspectives -- 3.3 Stage-Classified Populations: Eigenvalue Perturbations -- 3.3.1 Age-Classified Models as a Special Case -- 3.3.2 Sensitivity to Lower-Level DemographicParameters -- 3.3.3 History -- 3.4 Growth Rate Sensitivity via Matrix Calculus -- 3.5 Second Derivatives of Population Growth Rate -- 3.6 Conclusion -- Bibliography. , 4 Sensitivity Analysis of Longevity and Life Disparity -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Life Expectancy in Age-Classified Populations -- 4.2.1 Derivation -- 4.3 A Markov Chain Model for the Life Cycle -- 4.3.1 A Markov Chain Formulation of the Life Cycle -- 4.3.2 Occupancy Times -- 4.3.3 Longevity -- 4.3.4 Age or Stage at Death -- 4.3.5 Life Lost and Life Disparity -- 4.4 Sensitivity Analysis -- 4.4.1 Sensitivity of the Fundamental Matrix -- 4.4.2 Sensitivity of Life Expectancy -- 4.4.3 Generalizing the Keyfitz-Pollard Formula -- 4.4.4 Sensitivity of the Variance of Longevity -- 4.4.5 Sensitivity of the Distribution of Age at Death -- 4.4.6 Sensitivity of Life Disparity -- 4.5 A Time-Series LTRE Decomposition: Life Disparity -- 4.6 Conclusion -- Bibliography -- 5 Individual Stochasticity and Implicit Age Dependence -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.1.1 Age and Stage, Implicit and Explicit -- 5.1.2 Individual Stochasticity and Heterogeneity -- 5.1.3 Examples -- 5.2 Markov Chains -- 5.2.1 An Absorbing Markov Chain -- 5.2.2 Occupancy Times and the Fundamental Matrix -- 5.2.3 Sensitivity of the Fundamental Matrix -- 5.3 From Stage to Age -- 5.3.1 Variance in Occupancy Time -- 5.3.2 Longevity and Life Expectancy -- 5.3.3 Variance in Longevity -- 5.3.4 Cohort Generation Time -- 5.4 The Net Reproductive Rate -- 5.4.1 Net Reproductive Rate in Periodic Environments -- 5.4.2 Sensitivity of the Net Reproductive Rate -- 5.4.3 Invasion Exponents, Selection Gradients, and R0 -- 5.4.4 Beyond R0: Individual Stochasticity in Lifetime Reproduction -- 5.5 Variable and Stochastic Environments -- 5.5.1 A Model for Variable Environments -- 5.5.2 The Fundamental Matrix -- 5.5.3 Longevity in a Variable Environment -- 5.5.3.1 Variance in Longevity -- 5.5.4 A Time-Varying Example: Lomatium bradshawii -- 5.6 The Importance of Individual Stochasticity -- 5.7 Discussion. , A Appendix: Derivations -- A.1 Variance in Occupancy Times -- A.2 Life Expectancy -- A.3 Variance in Longevity -- A.4 Net Reproductive Rate -- A.5 Cohort Generation Time -- A.5.1 Sensitivity of Generation Time -- Bibliography -- 6 AgeStage-Classified Models -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Model Construction -- 6.3 Sensitivity Analysis -- 6.4 Examples -- 6.4.1 Population Growth Rate and Selection Gradients -- 6.4.2 Distributions of Age and Stage at Death -- 6.4.2.1 Perturbation Analysis -- 6.5 Discussion -- 6.5.1 Reducibility and Ergodicity -- 6.5.2 A Protocol for AgeStage-Classified Models -- A Appendix: Population Growth and Reducible Matrices -- Bibliography -- Part III Time-Varying and Stochastic Models -- 7 Transient Population Dynamics -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Time-Invariant Models -- 7.3 Sensitivity of What? Choosing Dependent Variables -- 7.4 Elasticity Analysis -- 7.5 Sensitivity of Time-Varying Models -- 7.6 Sensitivity of Subsidized Populations -- 7.7 Sensitivity of Nonlinear Models -- 7.8 Sensitivity of Population Projections -- 7.9 Discussion -- Bibliography -- 8 Periodic Models -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.1.1 Perturbation Analysis -- 8.2 Linear Models -- 8.2.1 A Simple Harvest Model -- 8.3 Multistate Models -- 8.4 Nonlinear Models and Delayed Density Dependence -- 8.4.1 Averages -- 8.4.2 A Nonlinear Example -- 8.5 LTRE Decomposition Analysis -- 8.6 Discussion -- Bibliography -- 9 LTRE Decomposition of the Stochastic Growth Rate -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Decomposition with Derivatives -- 9.3 Kitagawa and Keyfitz: Decomposition Without Derivatives -- 9.4 Stochastic Population Growth -- 9.4.1 Environment-Specific Sensitivities -- 9.5 LTRE Decomposition Analysis for logλs -- 9.5.1 Case 1: Vital Rates Differ, Environments Identical -- 9.5.2 Case 2: Vital Rates Identical, Environments Differ -- 9.5.3 Case 3: Vital Rates and Environments Differ. , 9.6 An Example: Fire and an Endangered Plant -- 9.6.1 The Stochastic Fire Environment -- 9.6.2 LTRE Analysis -- 9.7 Discussion -- Bibliography -- Part IV Nonlinear Models -- 10 Sensitivity Analysis of Nonlinear Demographic Models -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Density-Dependent Models -- 10.2.1 Linearizations Around Equilibria -- 10.2.2 Sensitivity of Equilibrium -- 10.2.3 Dependent Variables: Beyond -- 10.2.4 Reactivity and Transient Dynamics -- 10.2.5 Elasticity Analysis -- 10.2.6 Continuous-Time Models -- 10.3 Environmental Feedback Models -- 10.4 Subsidized Populations and Competition for Space -- 10.4.1 Density-Independent Subsidized Populations -- 10.4.2 Linear Subsidized Models with Competitionfor Space -- 10.4.3 Density-Dependent Subsidized Models -- 10.5 Stable Structure and Reproductive Value -- 10.5.1 Stable Structure -- 10.5.2 Reproductive Value -- 10.5.3 Sensitivity of the Dependency Ratio -- 10.5.4 Sensitivity of Mean Age and Related Quantities -- 10.5.5 Sensitivity of Variance in Age -- 10.6 Frequency-Dependent Two-Sex Models -- 10.6.1 Sensitivity of the Population Structure -- 10.6.2 Population Growth Rate in Two-Sex Models -- 10.6.3 The Birth Matrix-Mating Rule Model -- 10.7 Sensitivity of Population Cycles -- 10.7.1 Sensitivity of the Population Vector -- 10.7.2 Sensitivity of Weighted Densities and TimeAverages -- 10.7.3 Sensitivity of Temporal Variance in Density -- 10.7.4 Periodic Dynamics in Periodic Environments -- 10.8 Dynamic Environmental Feedback Models -- 10.9 Stage-Structured Epidemics -- 10.10 Moments of Longevity in Nonlinear Models -- 10.11 Summary -- References -- Part V Markov Chains -- 11 Sensitivity Analysis of Discrete Markov Chains -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Absorbing Chains -- 11.2.1 Occupancy: Visits to Transient States -- 11.2.2 Time to Absorption -- 11.2.3 Number of States Visited Before Absorption. , 11.2.4 Multiple Absorbing States and Probabilities of Absorption -- 11.2.5 The Quasistationary Distribution -- 11.3 Life Lost Due to Mortality -- 11.4 Ergodic Chains -- 11.4.1 The Stationary Distribution -- 11.4.2 The Fundamental Matrix -- 11.4.3 The First Passage Time Matrix -- 11.4.4 Mixing Time and the Kemeny Constant -- 11.4.5 Implicit Parameters and Compensation -- 11.5 Species Succession in a Marine Community -- 11.5.1 Biotic Diversity -- 11.5.2 The Kemeny Constant and Ecological Mixing -- 11.6 Discussion -- A Appendix A: Proofs -- A.1 Derivatives of the Moments of Occupancy Times -- A.2 Derivatives of the Moments of Time to Absorption -- B Appendix B: Marine Community Matrix -- References -- 12 Sensitivity Analysis of Continuous Markov Chains -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.1.1 Absorbing Markov Chains -- 12.2 Occupancy Time in Transient States -- 12.3 Longevity: Time to Absorption -- 12.4 Multiple Absorbing States and Probabilities of Absorption -- 12.5 The Embedded Chain: Discrete Transitions Within a Continuous Process -- 12.6 An Example: A Model of Disease Progression -- 12.6.1 Sensitivity Results -- 12.6.2 Sensitivity of the Embedded Chain -- 12.7 Discussion -- References.

Additional Edition: Print version: Caswell, Hal Sensitivity Analysis: Matrix Methods in Demography and Ecology Cham : Springer International Publishing AG,c2019 ISBN 9783030105334

Language: English

Subjects: Economics , Sociology

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Format: XIX, 375 Seiten , Illustrationen , 24 cm

ISBN: 3540413766

Series Statement: Wissenschaftsethik und Technikfolgenbeurteilung 8

Note: 1 Einführung/Introduction -- 1.1 Ausgangslage, Aufgaben und Zielsetzung -- 1.2 Inhaltsübersicht in Kurzfassung -- 1.3 Opening, Tasks, and Purpose -- 1.4 Summary of Contents -- 2 Möglichkeiten der Transplantationsmedizin Leidverminderung und Lebensrettung -- 2.1 Präventivmedizin -- 2.2 Alternativen zur Transplantation -- 2.3 Mögliche Zell-, Gewebs- und Organtransplantationen -- 2.4 Grundsätzliches zur Indikationsstellung -- 2.5 Die Ergebnisse der therapeutischen allogenen Zell-, Gewebe- und Organtransplantation -- 2.6 Verbesserung der Lebensqualität durch Transplantation -- 2.7 Psychologische Aspekte -- 2.8 Das Problem des Organmangels -- 2.9 Suche nach Abhilfe -- 2.10 Ethisch-rechtliche Überlegungen zur Verantwortung von Staat und Gesellschaft für den Schutz des Lebens und der Gesundheit der Bürger -- 2.11 Schlussfolgerung -- 3 Neuere Alternativen: Biotechnologie -- 3.1 Grundlagen und Begriffe -- 3.2 Extrazelluläre Matrices (EZM) und Biomaterialien -- 3.3 Benutzte Zellen -- 3.4 Bioreaktoren -- 3.5 Verkapselung von Zellen -- 3.6 Komplexe bioartifizielle Systeme -- 3.7 Biologische Reaktionen gegen Fremdmaterial -- 3.8 Biologische Beurteilung bioartifizieller Konstrukte -- 3.9 Schlussfolgerung -- 4 Entwicklung der Xenotransplantation -- 4.1 Geschichte der Xenotransplantation -- 4.2 Begriff der Xenotransplantation -- 4.3 Stand der tierexperimentellen 'Xenotransplantation' -- 4.4 Schlussfolgerung -- 5 Tiere als Quelle für Xenotransplantate -- 5.1 Vorzüge eines Einsatzes von Tiertransplantaten -- 5.2 Das Problem der Inanspruchnahme von Tieren zu vom Menschen gesetzten Zwecken -- 5.3 Anatomische und physiologische Probleme der Xenotransplantation -- 5.4 Artgerechtheit der Tieraufzucht und Tierhaltung (SPF) unter den Bedingungen der Xenotransplantation -- 5.5 Schlussfolgerung -- 6 Immunologie der Xenotransplantation -- 6.1 Grundlagen, Begriffe, Gliederungen -- 6.2 Mechanismen immunologischer Transplantation , 6.3 Beeinflussung der Abstoßungsreaktionen (Wege zur immunologischen Akzeptanz von Transplantaten) -- 6.4 Schlussfolgerung -- 7 Erstellung transgener Tiere -- 7.1 Bedeutung der Gentechnik und Klonierung für die Xenotransplantation -- 7.2 Gentechnische Grundlagen -- 7.3 Gentechnische Veränderungen und ihre Konsequenzen -- 7.4 Gentechnische Veränderung von Tieren aus ethischer Sicht -- 7.5 Erstellung transgener Schweine -- 7.6 Klonieren und Klone -- 7.7 Schlussfolgerung -- 8 Infektionsgefahren und ihre Einschätzbarkeit -- 8.1 Begriff der Xenozoonose -- 8.2 Die Virolyse -- ein Hauptabwehrsystem gegen behüllte Viren, die von Nicht-Primaten stammen -- 8.3 Unterbindung der Virolyse -- 8.4 Überwinden der physikalischen Barrieren gegen Virusinfektion infolge eines die Artgrenzen überschreitenden Zell-, Gewebeoder Organtransfers -- 8.5 Konsequenzen der Unterbindung der Virolyse und der Umgehung von physikalischen Barrieren -- 8.6 Persistente Viren -- 8.7 Schweine als potentielle Organquelle -- 8.8 Übertragungsrisiko von Schweineviren auf Menschen -- 8.9 Mechanismen der Neubildung von pathogenen Viren -- 8.10 Mögliche Adaptation der Viren -- 8.11 Das virusfreie Schwein -- 8.12 Screening Prozeduren für zoonotische Erreger -- 8.13 Schlussfolgerung -- 9 Risikobewertung -- 9.1 Virale Risikobewertung -- 9.2 Virale Risikoabschätzung -- 9.3 Der Umgang mit dem Infektionsrisiko aus philosophischer Sicht -- 9.3.1 Gefahr und Risiko -- 9.4 Schlussfolgerung -- 10 Anthropologische und ethische Implikationen der Xenotransplantation -- 10.1 Anthropologische Grundfragen der Xenotransplantation -- 10.2 Ethische Fragen der Xenotransplantation -- 10.3 Schlussfolgerung -- 11 Rechtlicher Regelungsrahmen der Xenotransplantation- national und international -- 11.1 Rechtlicher Regelungsrahmen. Einführung -- 11.2 Schlussfolgerung -- 12 Anwendungs- und Folgekosten der Xenotransplantation , 12.1 Kosten für die Generierung gentechnisch veränderter Schweine -- 12.2 Haltungskosten für Schweine im konventionellen und im SPF-Bereich -- 12.3 Erwartete Kosten bei Organentnahme von transgenen Tieren -- 12.4 Transplantationskosten -- 12.5 Kosten der Nachbehandlung mit und ohne Immunsuppression -- 12.6 Kostenanalysen für den Bereich der Xenotransplantation -- 12.7 Markt für die Xenotransplantation -- 12.8 Schlussfolgerung -- 13 Grundsätze und Empfehlungen -- Personenregister -- Autorenverzeichnis , Eine Alternative zu den etablierten Transplantationsmethoden könnte die Xenotransplantation sein, bei der von zu diesem Zweck gezüchteten, möglicherweise auch genetisch veränderten Tieren die benötigten Gewebe gewonnen werden könnten. Die vorliegende Studie ist das Arbeitsergebnis einer interdisziplinär zusammengesetzten Projektgruppe, die den aktuellen Stand der Xenotransplantationsmethodik und -technologie untersuchte und ihre Verwendung für medizinische Zwecke beurteilte. Ausgehend von einer Analyse der Situation in der Transplantationsmedizin und einer Diskussion der Alternativen zur Allotransplantation werden in der vorliegenden Studie unter medizinischen, immunologischen, physiologischen, genetischen, virologischen, ethischen, rechtlichen und ökonomischen Aspekten Anwendungsbedingungen und -möglichkeiten der Xenotransplantation geprüft und Handlungsempfehlungen für die weitere Entwicklung der Xenotransplantation gegeben

Language: German

Subjects: Engineering , Medicine

Keywords: Heterotransplantation ; Forschungsprojekt ; Empfehlung ; Heterotransplantation ; Ethik ; Heterotransplantation ; Recht ; Heterotransplantation

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URL: Inhaltsverzeichnis

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Author information: Beckmann, Jan P. 1937-

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Format: 1 online resource (x, 201 pages) : , IntechOpen

Edition: 1st ed.

Note: Intro -- Acknowledgements -- Abbreviations and acronyms -- Executive summary -- 1. Summary of recommendations -- 1.1 Recommendations for the management of urethral discharge -- 1.2 Recommendations for the management of vaginal discharge -- 1.3 Recommendations for the management of lower abdominal pain among women -- 1.4 Recommendations for the management of genital ulcer disease, including anorectal ulcers -- 1.5 Recommendations for the management of anorectal discharge -- 2. Introduction and overview of the development of WHO guidelines for the management of symptomatic sexually transmitted infections -- 2.1 Epidemiology and global burden of sexually transmitted infections -- 2.2 STIs and HIV -- 2.3 Objectives and rationale for developing the guidelines -- 2.4 Objectives of the guidelines -- 2.5 Target audience -- 2.6 Guiding principles -- 2.7 Methods for developing the guidelines -- 2.8 Reviews of the evidence -- 2.9 Modelling outcomes -- 2.10 Presentation of the evidence -- 2.11 Making recommendations -- 2.12 Managing conflicts of interest -- 3. Case management for people with STIs -- 3.1 Objectives of STI case management -- 3.2 Requirements to achieve the objectives of STI case management -- 4. Diagnostic tests for asymptomatic and symptomatic people with STIs -- 4.1 Role of microscopy in diagnosing STIs and other reproductive tract infections -- 4.2 Quality-assured laboratory testing with a fully operational management system -- 5. Rationale for standardized treatment recommendations -- 6. Implementing the syndromic approach for the management of STIs -- 7. Urethral discharge syndrome -- 7.1 Clinical presentation - symptoms -- 7.2 Examination findings - signs -- 7.3 Laboratory diagnosis -- 7.4 Recommendations for the management of urethral discharge -- 7.5 Treatment recommendations for urethral discharge -- 8. Vaginal discharge syndrome. , 8.1 T. vaginalis -- 8.2 Candidiasis -- 8.3 Bacterial vaginosis -- 8.4 Cervical infection - gonococcal and/or chlamydial cervicitis -- 8.5 Recommendations for the management of vaginal discharge -- 8.6 Treatment options for vaginal discharge -- 9. Lower abdominal pain -- 9.1 Recommendations for the management of lower abdominal pain among women -- 9.2 Treatment for people presenting with lower abdominal pain -- 10. Genital ulcer disease syndrome -- 10.1 Herpes simplex virus -- 10.2 Syphilis -- 10.3 H. ducreyi (chancroid) -- 10.4 Recommendations for the management of genital ulcer disease, including anorectal ulcers -- 10.5 Treatment of genital ulcer disease, including anorectal ulcers -- 11. Anorectal discharge -- 11.1 Anatomical sites of infection -- 11.2 Sexual practices that may be associated with anorectal infections -- 11.3 Examination -- 11.4 Recommendations for the management of anorectal discharge -- 11.5 Treatment recommendations for anorectal infections -- 12. Dissemination and implementation of the guidelines -- 12.1 Dissemination -- 12.2 Updating the STI guidelines and user feedback -- 12.3 Implementation considerations -- 13. Surveillance and research needs -- 13.1 Challenges in STI surveillance and anticipated responses -- 13.2 Research needs in STI case management -- References -- Annex 1. STI Guideline Development Group -- Annex 2. Declarations of conflicts of interest -- Annex 3. Evidence-to-decision table: urethral discharge -- Annex 4. Evidence-to-decision table: vaginal discharge -- Annex 5. Evidence-to-decision table: lower abdominal pain -- Annex 6. Evidence-to-decision table: genital ulcer disease -- Annex 7. Evidence-to-decision table: anorectal discharge -- Annex 8. Supplemental materials.

Additional Edition: ISBN 92-4-002416-6

Language: English

Keywords: Guideline

URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK572659/

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Format: 1 online resource (174 pages)

Edition: 1st ed.

ISBN: 9783030109738

Series Statement: SpringerBriefs in Population Studies

Note: Intro -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- 1 Who Is Missing? Undercounts and Omissions in the U.S. Census -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Audience -- 1.3 Terminology -- 1.3.1 Net Undercounts, Omissions, and Hard-to-Count Populations -- 1.4 Perspectives on Differential Undercounts -- 1.5 Contents of This Book -- 1.6 Summary -- References -- 2 The Importance of Census Accuracy: Uses of Census Data -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Political Power -- 2.3 Distribution of Public Funds -- 2.3.1 Federal Distribution 2015-2030 Based on Census-Derived Figures -- 2.4 Population Estimates, Projections, and Surveys -- 2.5 Using Census Data for Planning -- 2.6 Use of Census Data in Business -- 2.7 Use of Census Data in Civil Rights Protection -- 2.8 Public Perceptions of Growth or Decline -- 2.9 Science and Scholarship -- 2.10 Census Planning -- 2.11 Summary -- References -- 3 Methodology Used to Measure Census Coverage -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Demographic Analysis Methodology -- 3.3 Dual-Systems Estimates Methodology -- 3.4 Strengths and Limitations of DA and DSE Methods -- 3.5 Consistencies and Inconsistencies Between DA and DSE Results -- 3.6 Measuring the Net Undercount by Race -- 3.7 Summary -- References -- 4 The Big Picture -- Fundamentals of Differential Undercounts -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Census Coverage Differentials by Age -- 4.3 Census Coverage Differentials by Sex -- 4.4 Census Coverage Differentials by Race -- 4.4.1 Hispanics -- 4.5 Census Coverage Differentials by Tenure -- 4.6 Other Groups Missed in the Census -- 4.7 Summary -- References -- 5 Census Coverage Differentials by Age -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Census Net Undercounts by Age -- 5.3 High Net Overcounts of College-Age Population -- 5.4 Net Overcounts of Elderly Population -- 5.5 Omissions in the 2010 Census -- 5.6 Trends Over Time -- 5.7 Summary -- References. , 6 Census Coverage Differentials by Sex -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Undercounts by Sex and Age -- 6.3 Undercount by Sex and Race -- 6.4 Net Undercount and Omissions Rates for Males and Females by Age and Tenure -- 6.5 Differential Census Coverage by Sex Over Time -- 6.6 Sex and Sexual Orientation -- 6.7 Summary -- References -- 7 Census Coverage of the Hispanic Population -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Net Undercount Rates of Hispanic Adults -- 7.3 Omissions Rates for Hispanics -- 7.4 Differences in Census Coverage by Tenure -- 7.5 Census Coverage of Hispanic Children Age 0-19 -- 7.6 Bilingual Questionnaires -- 7.7 Hispanic Trend Data from 1990 to 2010 -- 7.8 Census Coverage of Hispanic Subgroups -- 7.9 Summary -- References -- 8 Census Coverage of the Black Population -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Census Coverage of the Black Population by Age and Sex -- 8.3 Census Coverage of Black Children -- 8.4 Census Omissions Rates for the Black Population -- 8.5 Net Coverage by Tenure -- 8.6 Census Coverage of the Black Population Over Time -- 8.7 Summary -- References -- 9 Census Coverage of the Asian Population -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 2010 Census Coverage of Asians Alone or in Combination by Age and Sex -- 9.3 Census 2010 Omissions Rates for Asians Alone or in Combination -- 9.4 Differential Undercounts of Asians by Tenure -- 9.5 Trend Data from 1990 to 2010 -- 9.6 Census Coverage of Asian Subgroups -- 9.7 Summary -- References -- 10 Census Coverage of American Indians and Alaskan Natives -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Undercount of American Indians and Alaskan Natives -- 10.3 Census Coverage on Reservations -- 10.4 Omissions Rates for American Indians and Alaskan Natives -- 10.5 Coverage of American Indians and Alaskan Natives by Tenure -- 10.6 Trend Data from 1990 to 2010 -- 10.7 Potential Addition of a Question on Citizenship -- 10.8 Summary -- References. , 11 Census Coverage of the Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander Population -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Census Coverage of Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islanders Alone or in Combination -- 11.3 Census 2010 Omissions Rates for Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islanders Alone or in Combination and Non-Hispanic Whites Alone -- 11.4 Coverage of Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islanders Alone or in Combination by Tenure -- 11.5 Trend Data from 1990 to 2010 -- 11.6 Summary -- References -- 12 Undercount Differentials by Tenure -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Census Coverage by Tenure -- 12.3 Differential Census Coverage by Tenure, Race, and Hispanic Origin -- 12.4 Differential Omissions Rates by Tenure, Race, and Hispanic Origin -- 12.5 Net Coverage Rates Over Time by Tenure -- 12.6 Tenure and Socioeconomic Status -- 12.7 Summary -- References -- 13 Potential Explanations for Why People Are Missed in the U.S. Census -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 What Is an Omission? -- 13.3 Broad Ideas About Why People Are Missed in the Census -- 13.4 People Missed in the Census Due to Failure of Steps in the Data Collection Process -- 13.5 Missing Households -- 13.6 People Omitted on Census Questionnaires that Are Returned -- 13.7 People Omitted in the Census Because of Confusion -- 13.8 Large and Complex Households -- 13.9 Confusion About What Types of People Should Be Included in the Census -- 13.10 People Deliberately Concealed -- 13.11 Barriers Posed by Questionnaire Design -- 13.12 People Missed Because of Estimation and Processing Errors -- 13.13 Summary -- References -- 14 Census Bureau Efforts to Eliminate Differential Undercounts -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Undercount Adjustment -- 14.3 Enhanced Outreach to Promote Participation in the Census -- 14.3.1 Paid Advertising -- 14.3.2 Census Bureau Partnership Program -- 14.3.3 Census in Schools. , 14.4 Changes to the Census-Taking Process -- 14.5 Census Costs and Coverage Differentials -- 14.6 The Emergence of Philanthropy -- 14.7 Summary -- References -- 15 Getting Ready for the 2020 Census -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Other Issues Hampering 2020 Census Planning -- 15.3 The 2020 Census and Differential Undercounts -- 15.4 Use of Administrative Records -- 15.5 Summary -- References -- 16 Summary -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Net Undercounts and Omissions -- 16.3 Cumulative Impact -- 16.4 The 2020 Census -- 16.5 What Can You Do?.

Additional Edition: Print version: O'Hare, William P. Differential Undercounts in the U. S. Census Cham : Springer International Publishing AG,c2019 ISBN 9783030109721

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Note: Intro -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- 1 Managing Protected Areas: People and Places: Introduction -- 2 What Does the Global Biodiversity Framework Mean for Protected and Conserved Areas? -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 30% of the Planet -- 2.3 Inland Waters -- 2.4 Ocean and Marine Areas -- 2.5 Other Effective Area-Based Conservation Mechanisms (OECMs) -- 2.6 Indigenous and Traditional Territories -- 2.7 Effective Conservation -- 2.8 Equitable Conservation -- 2.9 Integration into Wider Landscapes and Seascapes -- 2.10 The Rights of Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities -- 2.11 Implementing Target Three -- 2.12 Conclusion -- References -- 3 Landscapes of the Romantic Sublime: The Legacy of Nineteenth-Century Artistic Visions and Contributions to the Development of the Management of Natural Heritage -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Romanticism and Natural Places: A Global View -- 3.3 The Cultural Context of the Management of Natural Heritage in Britain in the Late Nineteenth Century -- 3.4 Natural Heritage and the Legacy of the Romantic Movement -- References -- 4 Islandscapes: Tourism, COVID-19, Climate Change and Challenges to Natural Landscapes. A Caribbean Perspective and View from Barbados -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 The Tourist and Barbados -- 4.3 Conclusion -- References -- 5 Managing Heritage Landscapes of Cultural Value: A View from the National Trust Portfolio in Purbeck, Southern England -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Managing Heritage Landscapes in the UK: The National Trust -- 5.3 The National Trust Isle of Purbeck Portfolio -- 5.4 Conclusion -- References -- 6 Between High and Low Tide. Participatory Approaches to Managing England's Coastal and Riverine Natural and Cultural Heritage: A Case Study from the CITiZAN Initiative -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 The CITiZAN Project in Context. , 6.3 A Citizen Science Model for Managing Coastal Heritage -- 6.4 The CITiZAN Structure -- 6.5 The Mersea Island Discovery programme-A Case Study -- 6.6 What Could CITiZAN Have Done Better? -- 6.7 Conclusion -- References -- 7 Managing a UNESCO World Heritage Site in a Post-colonial, Post-conflict and Post-disaster Destination. The Case of the Haitian National History Park -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 A Wider Context -- 7.3 Haiti as a Post-Colonial, Post-Conflict and Post-Disaster Destination -- 7.4 Managing the Haitian National Heritage Park -- 7.5 Conclusion -- References -- 8 Sustainable Project Management of Green Spaces, Protected and Conserved Areas: Opportunities and Challenges -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Green Spaces, Protected and Conserved Areas: An Overview of International and UK Project Initiatives -- 8.3 Good Governance -- 8.4 Good Management: Sound Design and Planning and Leadership Qualities -- 8.5 International Teams: Online Management and Hybrid Working -- 8.6 Effective Management -- 8.7 Conclusion -- References -- 9 (Re)Connecting with Nature: Exploring Nature-Based Interventions for Psychological Health and Wellbeing -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Moving Towards Nature-Based Interventions -- 9.3 Mapping the Evidence Base -- Mechanisms of Change -- Intervention Context -- Impact on Health Inequalities -- 9.4 Conclusions -- References -- 10 Significant Spaces: Exploring the Health and Wellbeing Impacts of Natural Environments -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Nature-Health Pathways -- 10.3 Implementing Nature in Policy, Planning and Design -- 10.4 What Are the Evidence Gaps? -- 10.5 Conclusion -- References -- 11 Judaism and Engagements with Nature: Theology and Practice -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 From an Idea to IDEA -- 11.3 Eco-Theology in Doctrine and Practice -- 11.4 Israel: People and Place -- 11.5 Conclusion -- References. , 12 Islam and Engagements with Nature -- Theology and Practice -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Islam and the Earth: From Theology to Practices -- 12.3 Islamic Engagement with the Earth: Personal Practices -- 12.4 Global Muslim Engagements with the Earth -- 12.5 Conclusion -- References -- 13 What Have We Learned from the Impact of the Pandemic on Our Relationship with Nature? The Importance of Views from Home -- 13.1 Introduction. The Importance of Nature Viewed from Home -- 13.2 The Influence of Views on Mental Health and Well-Being -- 13.3 The Value of Home Views During the COVID-19 Pandemic -- 13.4 The GreenCOVID Study -- 13.5 Evaluation of Views from Home -- 13.6 Contact with the Outdoors from Home -- 13.7 Rating of Views of Nature from the Home -- 13.8 Views as a Protective Factor Against Depression, Anxiety and for Well-Being -- 13.9 Discussion -- Conclusions -- References -- 14 Impacts and Lessons Learned from the COVID-19 Pandemic for Protected and Conserved Area Management -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Ecological Impacts and Solutions -- 14.3 Social Impacts and Solutions -- 14.4 Economic Impacts and Solutions -- 14.5 Regional Differences -- 14.6 Green List Guidance in the Recovery of PCAs -- 14.7 Lessons Learned and Recommendations -- Responses to Address the Ecological Impacts: -- Responses to Address the Social Impacts: -- Responses to Address the Economic Impacts: -- References -- 15 Tourism and Visitor Management in Protected Areas Post-pandemic: The English Context -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Impacts of COVID -- 15.3 The Case of the UK -- 15.4 Management Frameworks, Guidelines, and Toolkits: Pro-Action and Adaptation -- 15.5 The Pandemic, Protected Areas, Management Strategies, and Outcomes: Case of Dorset, UK -- 15.6 Management Responses: The Case of Covid Visitor and Impact Management Study (COVIM) -- 15.7 Case Study Areas. , 15.8 Environmental and Visitor Studies -- 15.9 Key Findings -- 15.10 Discussion -- References -- 16 Climate Change-Protected Areas as a Tool to Address a Global Crisis -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Impacts of Climate Change on Protected Areas -- 16.3 Protected Areas as a Tool for Climate Adaptation -- Ecological Adaptation -- Human Adaptation -- 16.4 Protected Areas as a Tool for Climate Mitigation -- Forests -- Grasslands -- Freshwater Wetlands -- Blue Carbon -- 16.5 Policy and Action to Enhance the Role of Protected Areas as Tools to Address Climate Change -- Expanding and Enhancing the Global Protected Areas Network -- Incorporating Protected Areas into National and International Climate Strategies and Agreements -- Planning and Managing Protected Areas for Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation -- References -- 17 The Virtual Wild: Exploring the Intersection of Virtual Reality and Natural Environments -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Overview of Virtual Reality Technology: Definition, Development, and Its Potential Uses -- 17.3 Closing the Knowledge-To-Action Gap: Communication Strategies for Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation -- 17.4 Virtual Reality and Prosocial Behaviour: Evidence from Laboratory Studies -- 17.5 Emotional Framing of Environmental Communication Using Immersive Systems -- 17.6 Virtual Nature Health Promotion -- 17.7 Technology for Ecotourism -- 17.8 Challenges and Limitations -- 17.9 Conclusion -- References -- Index.

Additional Edition: Print version: Finneran, Niall Managing Protected Areas Cham : Springer International Publishing AG,c2023 ISBN 9783031407826

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Note: Intro -- Acknowledgment -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- 1.1 Background -- 1.2 Cancer Profile in the Arab World: An Overview -- 1.3 Cancer Risk Factors -- 1.4 Current Circumstantial Analysis -- 1.5 Oncology Care in the Arab World -- 1.5.1 Role of Cancer Registries -- 1.5.2 Functionality of Oncology Societies in the Arab Region -- 1.6 Cancer Control Framework Recommendations -- 1.7 Cancer in the Arab World Book -- 1.7.1 Book Structure -- 1.8 Closing the Gaps in the Cancer Care System -- 1.9 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 2: General Oncology Care in Algeria -- 2.1 Algeria Demographics -- 2.2 Cancer Statistics in Algeria -- 2.2.1 Cancer Incidence in Algeria -- 2.3 Oncology Care in Algeria -- 2.3.1 National Cancer Control Plan 2015-2019 -- 2.4 Cancer Risk Factors -- 2.5 Cancer Screening Programs -- 2.5.1 Cervical Cancer -- 2.5.2 Breast Cancer -- 2.5.3 Colorectal Cancer -- 2.5.4 Prostate Cancer -- 2.6 Cancer Prevention Programs -- 2.7 Cancer Diagnosis -- 2.8 Treatment -- 2.8.1 Medical Oncology -- 2.8.2 Radiation Therapy -- 2.8.3 Surgery -- 2.8.4 Pediatric Oncology -- 2.8.5 Survivorship Track -- 2.8.6 Palliative Care Track -- 2.9 Research and Education -- 2.9.1 Clinical Trials and Research -- 2.9.2 Scientific Publications -- 2.9.3 Training and Education -- 2.9.4 Paramedical Training -- 2.10 Cost Effective Cancer Care -- 2.11 Challenges and Advantages -- 2.11.1 Access to Innovative Treatments -- 2.11.2 Cancer Care -- 2.12 The Future of Cancer Care in Algeria -- 2.13 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3: General Oncology Care in Bahrain -- 3.1 Bahrain Demographics -- 3.2 Cancer Statistics in Bahrain -- 3.3 Oncology Care in Bahrain -- 3.4 Cancer Risk Factors -- 3.5 Cancer Screening Programs -- 3.6 Cancer Prevention Programs -- 3.7 Cancer Diagnosis -- 3.8 Treatment -- 3.8.1 Medical Oncology. , 3.8.2 Radiation Therapy -- 3.8.3 Surgery -- 3.8.4 Pediatric Oncology -- 3.8.5 Survivorship Track -- 3.8.6 Palliative Care Track -- 3.9 Research and Education -- 3.9.1 National Tumor Board (NTB) -- 3.10 Cost-Effective Cancer Care -- 3.11 Challenges and Advantages -- 3.12 The Future of Cancer Care in Bahrain -- 3.13 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4: General Oncology Care in Egypt -- 4.1 Egypt Demographics -- 4.1.1 Population -- 4.1.2 Regions -- 4.1.3 Economy -- 4.1.4 Government -- 4.1.5 Life Expectancy -- 4.2 Cancer Statistics in Egypt -- 4.3 Oncology Care in Egypt -- 4.3.1 Liver Cancer -- 4.3.2 Breast Cancer -- 4.3.3 Bladder Cancer -- 4.4 Cancer Risk Factors -- 4.4.1 Liver Cancer -- 4.4.2 Bladder Cancer -- 4.5 Cancer Screening Programs -- 4.6 Cancer Prevention Programs -- 4.6.1 Anti-Schistosomiasis Campaigns -- 4.6.2 Anti-HCV and HBV Campaigns -- 4.7 Cancer Diagnosis -- 4.7.1 Imaging -- 4.7.2 Molecular Testing -- 4.7.3 Cytogenetics and Genetic Testing -- 4.8 Treatment -- 4.8.1 Medical Oncology -- 4.8.2 Radiation Therapy -- 4.8.3 Surgery -- 4.8.4 Pediatric Oncology -- 4.8.5 Survivorship Track -- 4.8.6 Palliative Care Track -- 4.9 Research and Education -- 4.10 Cost-Effective Cancer Care -- 4.11 Challenges and Advantages -- 4.12 The Future of Cancer Care in Egypt -- 4.13 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5: General Oncology Care in Iraq -- 5.1 Iraq Demographics -- 5.2 Cancer Statistics in Iraq -- 5.3 Healthcare System in Iraq -- 5.4 Oncology Care in Iraq -- 5.5 Cancer Risk Factors -- 5.6 Cancer Screening Programs -- 5.7 Cancer Prevention Programs -- 5.8 Cancer Diagnosis -- 5.8.1 Imaging -- 5.8.2 Laboratory -- 5.8.3 Cytogenetic and Molecular Genetics -- 5.9 Treatment -- 5.9.1 Medical and Radiation Oncology -- 5.9.2 Medical Oncology -- 5.9.2.1 Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation -- 5.9.3 Radiation Therapy -- 5.9.4 Surgery. , 5.9.5 Pediatric Oncology -- 5.9.6 Survivorship Track -- 5.9.7 Palliative Care Track -- 5.10 Research and Education -- 5.10.1 Research -- 5.10.1.1 The Iraqi Regional Comparative Breast Cancer Research Project -- 5.10.2 Education and Training -- 5.10.2.1 Local Education and Training -- 5.10.2.2 International Collaborations and Country Program Frameworks -- 5.11 Cost-Effective Cancer Care -- 5.12 Challenges and Advantages -- 5.13 The Future of Cancer Care in Iraq -- 5.14 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6: General Oncology Care in Jordan -- 6.1 Jordan Demographics -- 6.2 Cancer Statistics in Jordan -- 6.3 Healthcare System in Jordan -- 6.4 Oncology Care in Jordan -- 6.5 Cancer Risk Factors -- 6.6 Cancer Screening Programs -- 6.7 Cancer Prevention Programs -- 6.8 Cancer Diagnosis -- 6.9 Treatment -- 6.9.1 Medical Oncology -- 6.9.2 Radiation Therapy -- 6.9.3 Surgery -- 6.9.4 Pediatric Oncology -- 6.9.5 Survivorship Track -- 6.9.6 Palliative Care Track -- 6.10 Research and Education -- 6.11 Cost-Effective Cancer Care -- 6.12 Challenges and Advantages -- 6.12.1 Medical Tourism in Jordan -- 6.13 The Future of Cancer Care in Jordan -- 6.14 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7: General Oncology Care in Kuwait -- 7.1 Kuwait Demographics -- 7.2 Cancer Statistics in Kuwait -- 7.3 Cancer Risk Factors -- 7.3.1 Part 1: Ubiquitous Risk Factors: Where Does Kuwait Stand? -- 7.3.2 Part 2: Other Kuwait-Specific Risk Factors -- 7.4 Cancer Screening Programs -- 7.5 Cancer Prevention Programs -- 7.6 Cancer Diagnosis -- 7.6.1 Specialized Laboratory Services -- 7.7 Treatment -- 7.7.1 Medical Oncology -- 7.7.1.1 Malignant Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation (BMT) -- 7.7.2 Radiation Therapy -- 7.7.3 Surgery -- 7.7.4 Pediatric Oncology -- 7.7.5 Survivorship Track -- 7.7.6 Palliative Care Track -- 7.8 Research and Education -- 7.9 Challenges and Advantages. , 7.10 The Future of Cancer Care in Kuwait -- 7.11 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8: General Oncology Care in Lebanon -- 8.1 Lebanon Demography -- 8.2 Cancer Statistics in Lebanon -- 8.3 Healthcare System in Lebanon -- 8.4 Oncology Care in Lebanon -- 8.5 Cancer Risk Factors -- 8.6 Cancer Screening Programs -- 8.7 Cancer Prevention Programs -- 8.8 Cancer Diagnosis -- 8.8.1 Imaging -- 8.8.2 Laboratory -- 8.8.3 Cytogenetics and Medical Genetics -- 8.8.4 Molecular Diagnostics -- 8.9 Treatment -- 8.9.1 Medical Oncology -- 8.9.2 Radiation Therapy -- 8.9.3 Surgery -- 8.9.4 Pediatric Oncology -- 8.9.5 Survivorship Track -- 8.9.6 Palliative Care Track -- 8.10 Research and Education -- 8.11 Cost-Effective Cancer Care -- 8.12 Challenges and Advantages -- 8.12.1 Facilities Providing Cancer Care -- 8.12.2 Treatment Availability -- 8.13 The Future of Cancer Care in Lebanon -- 8.14 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9: General Oncology Care in Libya -- 9.1 Libya Demographics -- 9.2 Cancer Statistics in Libya -- 9.3 Healthcare System in Libya -- 9.4 Oncology Care in Libya -- 9.5 Cancer Risk Factors -- 9.6 Cancer Screening Programs -- 9.7 Cancer Prevention Programs -- 9.8 Cancer Diagnosis -- 9.8.1 Imaging -- 9.8.2 Laboratory -- 9.9 Treatment -- 9.9.1 Medical Oncology -- 9.9.1.1 Advanced Treatments -- 9.9.1.2 Bone Marrow Transplantation -- 9.9.2 Radiation Therapy -- 9.9.3 Surgery -- 9.9.4 Pediatric Oncology -- 9.9.5 Survivorship Track -- 9.9.6 Palliative Care Track -- 9.10 Research and Education -- 9.10.1 Research -- 9.10.2 Education and Training -- 9.11 Cost-Effective Cancer Care -- 9.12 Challenges and Advantages -- 9.12.1 Medical Tourism in Libya -- 9.13 The Future of Cancer Care in Libya -- 9.14 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10: General Oncology Care in Mauritania -- 10.1 Mauritania Demographics -- 10.2 Cancer Statistics in Mauritania. , 10.3 Healthcare System in Mauritania -- 10.4 Oncology Care in Mauritania -- 10.5 Cancer Risk Factors -- 10.6 Cancer Screening Programs -- 10.7 Cancer Prevention Programs -- 10.8 Cancer Diagnosis -- 10.9 Treatment -- 10.9.1 Medical Oncology -- 10.9.2 Radiation Therapy -- 10.9.3 Surgery -- 10.9.4 Pediatric Oncology -- 10.9.5 Survivorship Track -- 10.9.6 Palliative Care Track -- 10.10 Research and Education -- 10.11 Cost-Effective Cancer Care -- 10.12 Challenges and Advantages -- 10.13 The Future of Cancer Care in Mauritania -- 10.14 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 11: General Oncology Care in Morocco -- 11.1 Morocco Demographics -- 11.2 Cancer Statistics in Morocco -- 11.3 Cancer Risk Factors -- 11.3.1 Tobacco -- 11.3.2 Alcohol -- 11.3.3 Obesity -- 11.3.4 Other Risk Factors -- 11.4 Cancer Screening Programs -- 11.5 Cancer Prevention Programs -- 11.6 Cancer Diagnosis -- 11.7 Treatment -- 11.7.1 Medical Oncology -- 11.7.2 Radiation Therapy -- 11.7.3 Surgery -- 11.7.4 Pediatric Oncology -- 11.7.5 Survivorship Track -- 11.7.6 Palliative Care Track -- 11.8 Research and Education -- 11.8.1 Research -- 11.8.2 Education -- 11.9 Cost-Effective Cancer Care -- 11.10 Challenges and Advantages -- 11.11 The Future of Cancer Care in Morocco -- 11.11.1 Quality Improvement -- 11.11.2 Information Systems -- 11.12 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 12: General Oncology Care in Oman -- 12.1 Oman Demographics -- 12.2 Cancer Statistics in Oman -- 12.3 Healthcare System in Oman -- 12.4 Oncology Care in Oman -- 12.4.1 Access to Cancer Care services -- 12.4.2 Multi-sectoral Efforts to Prevent and Control Cancer -- 12.4.3 National Oncology Center: The Royal Hospital -- 12.4.4 Other Cancer Centers -- 12.4.5 National Cancer Registry -- 12.4.6 Community Obligations -- 12.4.7 The Cancer Care Plan -- 12.5 Cancer Risk Factors -- 12.6 Cancer Screening Programs. , 12.7 Cancer Prevention Programs.

Additional Edition: Print version: Al-Shamsi, Humaid O. Cancer in the Arab World Singapore : Springer Singapore Pte. Limited,c2022 ISBN 9789811679445

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Format: 1 online resource (377 p.)

Edition: 3rd ed.

ISBN: 1-283-59448-X , 9786613906939 , 1-4557-2805-5

Series Statement: PDL handbook series

Content: This reference guide brings together a wide range of essential data on the sterilization of plastics and elastomers, enabling engineers to make optimal material choices and design decisions. The data tables in this book enable engineers and scientists to select the right materials, and right sterilization method for a given product or application. The third edition includes new text chapters that provide the underpinning knowledge required to make best use of the data. Larry McKeen has also added detailed descriptions of sterilization methods for most common polymer classes such as p

Note: Description based upon print version of record. , Front Cover; The Effect of Sterilization on Plastics and Elastomers; Copyright; Contents; Preface; Chapter1 - Introduction to Food Irradiation and Medical Sterilization; 1.1 Pathogens; 1.2 Food-Borne Disease Control; 1.3 Medical Sterilization; 1.4 Bioterrorism; 1.5 Summary; References; Chapter2 - Introduction to Plastics and Polymers; 2.1 Polymerization; 2.2 Copolymers; 2.3 Linear, Branched, and Cross-Linked Polymers; 2.4 Polarity; 2.5 Unsaturation; 2.6 Steric Hindrance; 2.7 Isomers; 2.8 Inter- and Intramolecular Attractions in Polymers; 2.9 General Classifications; 2.10 Plastic Compositions , 2.11 SummaryReferences; Chapter3 - Introduction to the Physical, Mechanical, and Thermal Properties of Plastics and Elastomers; 3.1 Physical Property Testing; 3.2 Mechanical Testing of Plastics; 3.3 Thermal Property Testing of Plastics; References; Chapter4 - Styrenic Plastics; 4.1 Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene Copolymer; 4.2 Methacrylate-Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene Copolymer; 4.3 Polystyrene; 4.4 SAN Copolymer; 4.5 Styrene-Butadiene Copolymers; References; Chapter5 - Polyesters; 5.1 Liquid Crystalline Polymers; 5.2 Polybutylene Terephthalate; 5.3 Polycarbonate , 5.4 Polyethylene Terephthalate5.5 Polycyclohexylene-Dimethylene Terephthalate; 5.6 Copolyesters; 5.7 Polyethylene Naphthalate; 5.8 Polyphthalate Carbonate; References; Chapter6 - Polyimides; 6.1 Polyamide-Imide; 6.2 Polyetherimide; 6.3 Polyimide; References; Chapter7 - Polyamides (Nylons); 7.1 Polyamide 6 (Nylon 6); 7.2 Polyamide 11 (Nylon 11); 7.3 Polyamide 12 (Nylon 12); 7.4 Polyamide 66 (Nylon 66); 7.5 Polyarylamide; 7.6 Copolymers/Terpolymers; References; Chapter8 - Polyolefins; 8.1 Polyethylene; 8.2 Polypropylene; 8.3 Poly-4-Methyl-1-Pentene; 8.4 Cyclic Olefin Copolymer; 8.5 Plastomer , ReferencesChapter9 - Polyvinyls and Acrylics; 9.1 Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate Copolymer; 9.2 Ethylene-Vinyl Alcohol Copolymer; 9.3 Polyvinyl Chloride; 9.4 Polyvinylidene Chloride; 9.5 Polyacrylics; 9.6 Acrylonitrile-Methyl Acrylate Copolymer; 9.7 Ionomers; References; Chapter10 - Fluoropolymers; 10.1 Polytetrafluoroethylene; 10.2 Fluorinated Ethylene Propylene; 10.3 Perfluoroalkoxy; 10.4 Amorphous Fluoropolymer - Teflon AF®; 10.5 Polyvinyl Fluoride; 10.6 Polychlorotrifluoroethylene; 10.7 Polyvinylidene Fluoride; 10.8 Ethylene-Tetrafluoroethylene Copolymer , 10.9 Ethylene-Chlorotrifluoroethylene CopolymerReferences; Chapter11 - High-Temperature/High-Performance Polymers; 11.1 Polyether Ether Ketone; 11.2 Polyaryletherketone; 11.3 Polyphenylene Sulfide; 11.4 Polysulfone; 11.5 Polyphenylsulfone; 11.6 Polyethersulfone; 11.7 Parylene (Poly(p-Xylylene)); 11.8 Polyoxymethylene (Acetal Homopolymer)/Polyoxymethylene Copolymer (Acetal Copolymer); 11.9 Self-Reinforced Polymers; References; Chapter12 - Renewable Resource and Biodegradable Polymers; 12.1 Polyanhydrides; 12.2 CellophaneTM; 12.3 Nitrocellulose; 12.4 Ethyl Cellulose (Hydroxyethylcellulose) , 12.5 Polycaprolactone , English

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Format: 1 online resource (337 pages)

Edition: 2nd ed.

ISBN: 1-5231-4485-8 , 1-77467-003-8

Content: Self-Healing Materials: Principles and Technology, Second Edition provides engineers and researchers in both industry and academia the information they need to deploy self-healing technology in a range of potential applications, from adhesives to the automotive industry, and from electronics to biomedical implants. Sections discuss the principal mechanisms of self-healing and how these are applied to the development of materials that have the ability to repair themselves, either with minimal or no human intervention.

Note: Front Cover -- Self-Healing Materials Principles and Technology -- Table of Contents -- Copyright Page -- Chapter 1. Introduction. Lessons From Living Things -- Chapter 2. Mechanisms of Self-Healing -- 2.1 Autogenic -- 2.2 Autonomic -- 2.3 Click chemistry -- 2.4 Crosslinking -- 2.5 Delivery method -- 2.6 Hydrogen bonding -- 2.7 Intrinsic -- 2.8 Luminescence -- 2.9 Morphological features and organization -- 2.10 Shape memory -- 2.11 Thermal healing -- 2.12 UV and visible light -- 2.13 Water -- 2.14 Other mechanisms -- Chapter 3. Chemical and Physical Processes Occurring During Self-healing of Polymers -- 3.1 Chemical reactions -- 3.2 Compositional changes -- 3.3 Physical processes -- 3.4 Self-assembly -- Chapter 4. Fault Detection Mechanisms -- Chapter 5. Triggering and Tuning the Healing Processes -- Chapter 6. Activation Energy of Self-Healing -- Chapter 7. Means of Healant Delivery to the Defect Location -- 7.1 Autonomous -- 7.2 Capsule and vascular carriers -- 7.3 Environmental conditions -- 7.4 Liquid flow -- 7.5 Magnetic force -- 7.6 Manual injection -- References -- Chapter 8. Self-healing Timescale -- Chapter 9. Self-healing Extent -- Chapter 10. Molecular Dynamics Simulation -- Chapter 11. Morphology of Healing -- Chapter 12. Selected Experimental Methods in Evaluation of Self-healing Efficiency -- 12.1 X-ray computed tomography -- 12.2 Raman correlation spectroscopy -- 12.3 Raman spectroscopy -- 12.4 Impedance spectroscopy -- 12.5 Water permeability -- 12.6 Surface energy -- Chapter 13. Additives and Chemical Structures Used in Self-healing Technology -- 13.1 Polymers -- 13.2 Capsule-based materials -- 13.3 Catalysts -- 13.4 Chemical structures -- 13.5 Coupling agents -- 13.6 Crosslinkers -- 13.7 Fibers -- 13.8 Magneto-responsive components -- 13.9 Metal complexes -- 13.10 Nanoparticles -- 13.11 Plasticizers -- 13.12 Solvents. , 13.13 Vascular self-healing materials -- Chapter 14. Self-healing of Different Polymers -- 14.1 Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene -- 14.2 Acrylic resin -- 14.3 Alkyd resin -- 14.4 Cellulose and its derivatives -- 14.5 Chitosan -- 14.6 Cyclodextrin -- 14.7 Epoxy resin -- 14.8 Ethylene-vinyl acetate -- 14.9 Natural rubber -- 14.10 Polybutadiene -- 14.11 Poly(butyl acrylate) -- 14.12 Polycyclooctene -- 14.13 Poly(ε-caprolactone) -- 14.14 Polydimethylsiloxane -- 14.15 Poly(ethylene-co-methacrylic acid) -- 14.16 Polyethylene -- 14.17 Poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) -- 14.18 Polyimide -- 14.19 Polyisobutylene -- 14.20 Poly(lactic acid) -- 14.21 Polymethylmethacrylate -- 14.22 Poly(phenylene oxide) -- 14.23 Polyphosphazene -- 14.24 Polypropylene -- 14.25 Polystyrene -- 14.26 Polysulfide -- 14.27 Polyurethanes -- 14.28 Polyvinylalcohol -- 14.29 Polyvinylbutyral -- 14.30 Poly(vinylidene difluoride) -- Chapter 15. Self-healing in Different Products -- 15.1 Adhesives -- 15.2 Aerospace -- 15.3 Asphalt pavement -- 15.4 Automotive -- 15.5 Cementitious materials -- 15.6 Ceramic materials -- 15.7 Coatings -- 15.8 Composites -- 15.9 Corrosion prevention -- 15.10 Dental -- 15.11 Electrical insulation -- 15.12 Electronics -- 15.13 Fabrics -- 15.14 Fibers -- 15.15 Film -- 15.16 Foam -- 15.17 Hydrogels -- 15.18 Laminates -- 15.19 Lubricating oils -- 15.20 Medical devices -- 15.21 Membranes -- 15.22 Mortars -- 15.23 Pipes -- 15.24 Sealants -- 15.25 Solar cells -- 15.26 Thermal barrier coatings -- 15.27 Tires -- Index.

Additional Edition: Print version: Wypych, George Self-Healing Materials San Diego : ChemTec Publishing,c2022 ISBN 9781774670026

Language: English

UID:

Format: 1 online resource (673 p.)

Edition: 1st edition

ISBN: 1-281-01007-3 , 9786611010072 , 0-08-047572-8 , 1-4237-0807-5

Series Statement: The Morgan Kaufmann series in computer graphics and geometric modeling

Content: Today truly useful and interactive graphics are available on affordable computers. While hardware progress has been impressive, widespread gains in software expertise have come more slowly. Information about advanced techniques-beyond those learned in introductory computer graphics texts-is not as easy to come by as inexpensive hardware. This book brings the graphics programmer beyond the basics and introduces them to advanced knowledge that is hard to obtain outside of an intensive CG work environment. The book is about graphics techniques-those that don't require esoteric hardware or

Note: Description based upon print version of record. , Front Cover; Advanced Graphics Programming Using OpenGL; Copyright Page; Contents; Preface; Acknowledgments; Biographies; Part I: Concepts; Chapter 1. Geometry Representation and Modeling; 1.1 Polygonal Representation; 1.2 Decomposition and Tessellation; 1.3 Shading Normals; 1.4 Triangle Stripping; 1.5 Vertices and Vertex Arrays; 1.6 Modeling vs. Rendering Revisited; Chapter 2. 3D Transformations; 2.1 Data Representation; 2.2 Overview of the Transformation Pipeline; 2.3 Normal Transformation; 2.4 Texture Coordinate Generation and Transformation; 2.5 Modeling Transforms , 2.6 Visualizing Transform Sequences2.7 Projection Transform; 2.8 The Z Coordinate and Perspective Projection; 2.9 Vertex Programs; 2.10 Summary; Chapter 3. Color, Shading, and Lighting; 3.1 Representing Color; 3.2 Shading; 3.3 Lighting; 3.4 Fixed-Point and Floating-Point Arithmetic; 3.5 Summary; Chapter 4.Digital Images and Image Manipulation; 4.1 Image Representation; 4.2 Digital Filtering; 4.3 Convolution; 4.4 Images in OpenGL; 4.5 Positioning Images; 4.6 Pixel Store Operations; 4.7 Pixel Transfer Operations; 4.8 ARB Imaging Subset; 4.9 Off-Screen Processing; 4.10 Summary , Chapter 5. Texture Mapping5.1 Loading Texture Images; 5.2 Texture Coordinates; 5.3 Loading Texture Images from the Frame Buffer; 5.4 Environment Mapping; 5.5 3D Texture; 5.6 Filtering; 5.7 Additional Control of Texture Level of Detail; 5.8 Texture Objects; 5.9 Multitexture; 5.10 Texture Environment; 5.11 Summary; Chapter 6. Rasterization and Fragment Processing; 6.1 Rasterization; 6.2 Fragment Operations; 6.3 Framebuffer Operations; 6.4 Summary; Chapter 7. Window System and Platform Integration; 7.1 Renderer and Window State; 7.2 Address Space and Threads; 7.3 Anatomy of a Window , 7.4 Off-Screen Rendering7.5 Rendering to Texture Maps; 7.6 Direct and Indirect Rendering; Chapter 8. OpenGL Implementations; 8.1 OpenGL Versions; 8.2 OpenGL Extensions; 8.3 OpenGL ES for Embedded Systems; 8.4 OpenGL Pipeline Evolution; 8.5 Hardware Implementations of the Pipeline; 8.6 The Future; Part II: Basic Techniques; Chapter 9. Multiple Rendering Passes; 9.1 Invariance; 9.2 Multipass Overview; 9.3 The Multipass Toolbox; 9.4 Multipass Limitations; 9.5 Multipass vs. Micropass; 9.6 Deferred Shading; 9.7 Summary; Chapter 10. Antialiasing; 10.1 Full-Scene Antialiasing; 10.2 Supersampling , 10.3 Area Sampling10.4 Line and Point Antialiasing; 10.5 Antialiasing with Textures; 10.6 Polygon Antialiasing; 10.7 Temporal Antialiasing; 10.8 Summary; Chapter 11. Compositing, Blending, and Transparency; 11.1 Combining Two Images; 11.2 Other Compositing Operators; 11.3 Keying and Matting; 11.4 Blending Artifacts; 11.5 Compositing Images with Depth; 11.6 Other Blending Operations; 11.7 Dissolves; 11.8 Transparency; 11.9 Alpha-Blended Transparency; 11.10 Screen-Door Transparency; 11.11 Summary; Chapter 12. Image Processing Techniques; 12.1 OpenGL Imaging Support; 12.2 Image Storage , 12.3 Point Operations , English

Additional Edition: ISBN 1-55860-659-9

Language: English